Diffusion-weighted image (DWI) is widely used in acute care hospitals and provides diverse, valuable information about acute stroke. DWI is the gold standard for identifying the infarct core. The DWI infarct pattern is correlated with the pathogenic mechanisms underlying stroke and may predict stroke recurrence and outcome. Therefore, a deeper understanding of DWI is necessary for physicians treating patients with acute ischemic stroke. In this review, the application and interpretation of DWI for acute stroke and future perspectives are discussed.
{"title":"Applications of diffusion-weighted imaging in diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of acute ischemic stroke","authors":"O. Bang, Wenyu Li","doi":"10.23838/PFM.2019.00037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23838/PFM.2019.00037","url":null,"abstract":"Diffusion-weighted image (DWI) is widely used in acute care hospitals and provides diverse, valuable information about acute stroke. DWI is the gold standard for identifying the infarct core. The DWI infarct pattern is correlated with the pathogenic mechanisms underlying stroke and may predict stroke recurrence and outcome. Therefore, a deeper understanding of DWI is necessary for physicians treating patients with acute ischemic stroke. In this review, the application and interpretation of DWI for acute stroke and future perspectives are discussed.","PeriodicalId":42462,"journal":{"name":"Precision and Future Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45928553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: Glial tumors are the most common primary brain tumors. However, their characteristics and prognosis are difficult to discern. There is currently an emphasis on microRNAs (miRNA) as candidate biomarkers for glial tumors. The aim of this study is to identify the specific miRNA patterns in glial tumors by using peptide nucleic acid (PNA)based microarrays in an assortment of glial tumors and normal tissue samples. Methods: Sample files were retrospectively assessed for cases diagnosed as glial tumors at the pathological archives of two institutes. miRNAs of 28 cases of glial tumors were analyzed by microarray. In order to verify the results, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed. miRNA expression was calculated using the 2 method. The expression level of the miRNAs was compared using SPSS version 20.0 (IBM Co.). Results: miRNA expression profiling of glial tumors revealed that 62 miRNAs were detected from glioblastoma and benign brain tissue, with different expression patterns. The expression of miR-296-3p, miR-370, and miR-371-5p was shown to be involved in malignancy. These miRNAs were also increased in the glioblastoma with methylated O6-methyguanine DNA methyltransferase. The expression pattern of miR-296-3p shows same tendency in PNA-based microarray and RT-PCR. Conclusion: These analyses suggest that novel miRNAs can be applicable as diagnostic tools and target therapeutic agents, since miRNAs can positively or negatively regulate glioblastomas.
{"title":"Analysis of microRNA expression in glial tumors by using a peptide nucleic acid-based microarray","authors":"Dae Cheol Kim, Young Zoon Kim","doi":"10.23838/PFM.2019.00044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23838/PFM.2019.00044","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Glial tumors are the most common primary brain tumors. However, their characteristics and prognosis are difficult to discern. There is currently an emphasis on microRNAs (miRNA) as candidate biomarkers for glial tumors. The aim of this study is to identify the specific miRNA patterns in glial tumors by using peptide nucleic acid (PNA)based microarrays in an assortment of glial tumors and normal tissue samples. Methods: Sample files were retrospectively assessed for cases diagnosed as glial tumors at the pathological archives of two institutes. miRNAs of 28 cases of glial tumors were analyzed by microarray. In order to verify the results, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed. miRNA expression was calculated using the 2 method. The expression level of the miRNAs was compared using SPSS version 20.0 (IBM Co.). Results: miRNA expression profiling of glial tumors revealed that 62 miRNAs were detected from glioblastoma and benign brain tissue, with different expression patterns. The expression of miR-296-3p, miR-370, and miR-371-5p was shown to be involved in malignancy. These miRNAs were also increased in the glioblastoma with methylated O6-methyguanine DNA methyltransferase. The expression pattern of miR-296-3p shows same tendency in PNA-based microarray and RT-PCR. Conclusion: These analyses suggest that novel miRNAs can be applicable as diagnostic tools and target therapeutic agents, since miRNAs can positively or negatively regulate glioblastomas.","PeriodicalId":42462,"journal":{"name":"Precision and Future Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42282371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Olaratumab and doxorubicin for the treatment of metastatic soft tissue sarcoma: a retrospective case series","authors":"J. Hur, S. Park, Su Jin Lee","doi":"10.23838/PFM.2019.00016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23838/PFM.2019.00016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42462,"journal":{"name":"Precision and Future Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45979851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As stem cell technologies have rapidly advanced, the stem cell therapy market has been forecast to reach hundreds of millions of USD in market value within the next 5 years. Regulatory frameworks throughout the stem cell market have been concurrently established, which will encourage the advent of a variety of stem cell products in our society. Given the circumstances, stem cell bioprocessing has emerged as one of the most critical fields of research to address a number of issues that currently exist in manufacturing clinical-grade stem cells at an industrial scale. Highly specialized bioreactor designs are at the center of essentially required technologies in the field of stem cell bioprocessing, which ultimately aim for automated, standardized, traceable, cost-effective, safe, and regulatory-compliant manufacture of stem cell-based products. In this review, recently developed bioreactor designs to introduce important regulatory factors to three-dimensional stem cell culture are exemplified, and prerequisites for the ideal bioreactor systems for stem cell bioprocessing are discussed.
{"title":"Bioreactor systems are essentially required for stem cell bioprocessing","authors":"J. Cha, Min-Young Lee, Jongin Hong","doi":"10.23838/PFM.2018.00128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23838/PFM.2018.00128","url":null,"abstract":"As stem cell technologies have rapidly advanced, the stem cell therapy market has been forecast to reach hundreds of millions of USD in market value within the next 5 years. Regulatory frameworks throughout the stem cell market have been concurrently established, which will encourage the advent of a variety of stem cell products in our society. Given the circumstances, stem cell bioprocessing has emerged as one of the most critical fields of research to address a number of issues that currently exist in manufacturing clinical-grade stem cells at an industrial scale. Highly specialized bioreactor designs are at the center of essentially required technologies in the field of stem cell bioprocessing, which ultimately aim for automated, standardized, traceable, cost-effective, safe, and regulatory-compliant manufacture of stem cell-based products. In this review, recently developed bioreactor designs to introduce important regulatory factors to three-dimensional stem cell culture are exemplified, and prerequisites for the ideal bioreactor systems for stem cell bioprocessing are discussed.","PeriodicalId":42462,"journal":{"name":"Precision and Future Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48021529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Yun, Jung Yoon, Jong-Won Kim, Sun-Hee Kim, C. Jung, Hee-Jin Kim
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm with the molecular hallmark of BCR-ABL1 chimeric transcripts from t(9;22)(q24;q22). In more than 95% of CML, the fusion occurs in the major breakpoint cluster region (M-bcr) of BCR, most commonly producing the e14a2 or e13a2 type. CML with e1a2 BCR-ABL1 by fusion in minor bcr is rare, accounting for approximately 1% of CML. CML with e1a2 BCR-ABL1 is reportedly associated with monocytosis and poor prognosis. Here we describe a woman who underwent bone marrow (BM) study with an impression of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia based on thrombocytosis and prominent monocytosis. Genetic workup revealed, however, t(9;22) and e1a2 BCR-ABL1, which indicated CML and explained her unusual monocytosis. A review of serial complete blood counts (CBC) before the BM study demonstrated that isolated monocytosis preceded the abnormalities in other parameters of CBC. The patient is on follow-up with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI, dasatinib) medication. Close monitoring is required due to the association of e1a2 BCR-ABL1 with poor response to TKI and frequent disease progression. Timely genetic workup and determination of the precise type of BCR-ABL1 transcripts are critical for the diagnosis and stratification of this rare subtype of CML with distinct genotype-phenotype correlations.
{"title":"Isolated monocytosis was the flag preceding abnormalities in other parameters of complete blood counts in chronic myeloid leukemia with e1a2 (minor, P190) BCR-ABL1 chimeric transcripts","authors":"J. Yun, Jung Yoon, Jong-Won Kim, Sun-Hee Kim, C. Jung, Hee-Jin Kim","doi":"10.23838/PFM.2019.00023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23838/PFM.2019.00023","url":null,"abstract":"Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm with the molecular hallmark of BCR-ABL1 chimeric transcripts from t(9;22)(q24;q22). In more than 95% of CML, the fusion occurs in the major breakpoint cluster region (M-bcr) of BCR, most commonly producing the e14a2 or e13a2 type. CML with e1a2 BCR-ABL1 by fusion in minor bcr is rare, accounting for approximately 1% of CML. CML with e1a2 BCR-ABL1 is reportedly associated with monocytosis and poor prognosis. Here we describe a woman who underwent bone marrow (BM) study with an impression of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia based on thrombocytosis and prominent monocytosis. Genetic workup revealed, however, t(9;22) and e1a2 BCR-ABL1, which indicated CML and explained her unusual monocytosis. A review of serial complete blood counts (CBC) before the BM study demonstrated that isolated monocytosis preceded the abnormalities in other parameters of CBC. The patient is on follow-up with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI, dasatinib) medication. Close monitoring is required due to the association of e1a2 BCR-ABL1 with poor response to TKI and frequent disease progression. Timely genetic workup and determination of the precise type of BCR-ABL1 transcripts are critical for the diagnosis and stratification of this rare subtype of CML with distinct genotype-phenotype correlations.","PeriodicalId":42462,"journal":{"name":"Precision and Future Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45187717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Updates on Structural Neuroimaging of Narcolepsy with Cataplexy","authors":"E. Joo","doi":"10.23838/PFM.2018.00149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23838/PFM.2018.00149","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42462,"journal":{"name":"Precision and Future Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43750568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chronic insomnia disorder is the most widely reported clinical condition in medicine. It has a significant impact on populations and is characterized by chronically disturbed sleep and sleep loss, non-refreshing sleep, and heightened arousal in bed. Poor sleep is associated with a wide range of negative health outcomes, and it is reported that poorer quality of life and medical, neurological, and psychiatric comorbidities disrupt sleep. Sleep difficulties may result from multiple etiologies; however, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying chronic insomnia disorder are not sufficiently understood. Recently, numerous neuroimaging studies have been conducted to investigate the structural or functional derangement in the brains of patients with chronic insomnia disorder. The development of neuroimaging techniques has provided insight into the pathophysiological mechanisms that make patients with chronic sleep disturbances vulnerable to cognitive impairment.
{"title":"Chronic insomnia disorder: perspectives from structural neuroimaging","authors":"E. Joo","doi":"10.23838/PFM.2018.00156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23838/PFM.2018.00156","url":null,"abstract":"Chronic insomnia disorder is the most widely reported clinical condition in medicine. It has a significant impact on populations and is characterized by chronically disturbed sleep and sleep loss, non-refreshing sleep, and heightened arousal in bed. Poor sleep is associated with a wide range of negative health outcomes, and it is reported that poorer quality of life and medical, neurological, and psychiatric comorbidities disrupt sleep. Sleep difficulties may result from multiple etiologies; however, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying chronic insomnia disorder are not sufficiently understood. Recently, numerous neuroimaging studies have been conducted to investigate the structural or functional derangement in the brains of patients with chronic insomnia disorder. The development of neuroimaging techniques has provided insight into the pathophysiological mechanisms that make patients with chronic sleep disturbances vulnerable to cognitive impairment.","PeriodicalId":42462,"journal":{"name":"Precision and Future Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44004163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Park, Jeeyun Lee, T. Sohn, D. Lim, Kyoung-Mee Kim, J. An, M. Choi, Jun Ho Lee, J. Bae, Sung Kim, Su Jin Lee, Seung-Tae Kim, Joon-Oh Park, Y. Park, Ho Yeong Lim, W. Kang
Purpose: The Adjuvant chemoRadioTherapy In Stomach Tumors 2 (ARTIST 2) trial was conducted to compare the efficacy between adjuvant chemotherapy regimens and chemoradiotherapy in D2-resected, node-positive, stage 2 or 3 gastric cancer. Methods: In this prospective, multicenter, phase III trial, we randomly assigned patients to three treatment arms: patients who receive adjuvant S-1 for 1 year, S-1 plus oxaliplatin (SOX) for 6 months, or SOX plus chemoradiotherapy (SOXRT). Herein, we report the safety outcomes of patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. Results: Among a total of 514 patients registered between February 2013 and December 2017, 499 patients who either completed or discontinued the assigned study treatments were included in the present analysis. All the three treatment arms were generally well-tolerated, with the overall treatment completion rate of 94% (96% in S-1, 93% in SOX, and 92% in SOXRT). The median delivered dose of radiotherapy in the SOXRT arm was 4,500 cGy (range, 0 to 4,500 cGy). The most frequently observed adverse events were fatigue (29%) in S-1 arm and peripheral neuropathy in the SOX and SOXRT arms (59% and 50%, respectively). Conclusion: Our preliminary data confirm that there are no significant safety concerns in ARTIST 2 trial (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT0176146). According to the Independent Data Monitoring Committee, patient accrual is underway.
{"title":"Results from the safety interim analysis of the adjuvant chemoradiotherapy in stomach tumors 2 trial: a multicenter, randomized phase III clinical trial","authors":"S. Park, Jeeyun Lee, T. Sohn, D. Lim, Kyoung-Mee Kim, J. An, M. Choi, Jun Ho Lee, J. Bae, Sung Kim, Su Jin Lee, Seung-Tae Kim, Joon-Oh Park, Y. Park, Ho Yeong Lim, W. Kang","doi":"10.23838/PFM.2018.00177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23838/PFM.2018.00177","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The Adjuvant chemoRadioTherapy In Stomach Tumors 2 (ARTIST 2) trial was conducted to compare the efficacy between adjuvant chemotherapy regimens and chemoradiotherapy in D2-resected, node-positive, stage 2 or 3 gastric cancer. Methods: In this prospective, multicenter, phase III trial, we randomly assigned patients to three treatment arms: patients who receive adjuvant S-1 for 1 year, S-1 plus oxaliplatin (SOX) for 6 months, or SOX plus chemoradiotherapy (SOXRT). Herein, we report the safety outcomes of patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. Results: Among a total of 514 patients registered between February 2013 and December 2017, 499 patients who either completed or discontinued the assigned study treatments were included in the present analysis. All the three treatment arms were generally well-tolerated, with the overall treatment completion rate of 94% (96% in S-1, 93% in SOX, and 92% in SOXRT). The median delivered dose of radiotherapy in the SOXRT arm was 4,500 cGy (range, 0 to 4,500 cGy). The most frequently observed adverse events were fatigue (29%) in S-1 arm and peripheral neuropathy in the SOX and SOXRT arms (59% and 50%, respectively). Conclusion: Our preliminary data confirm that there are no significant safety concerns in ARTIST 2 trial (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT0176146). According to the Independent Data Monitoring Committee, patient accrual is underway.","PeriodicalId":42462,"journal":{"name":"Precision and Future Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43227390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is one of the most common inherited neuropathies and is both genetically and clinically heterogeneous, with variable inheritance modes. With regard to clinical and genetic aspects, CMT is divided into several subtypes, including CMT1, CMT2, CMT3, CMT4, CMT5, CMT6, X-linked CMT, and intermediate CMT. Up to date, more than 90 causative genes for CMT have been identified. Furthermore, previous animal studies reported some molecules to have therapeutic effects on specific CMT subtypes, depending on the underlying genetic cause. Therefore, accurate genetic diagnosis is of crucial importance when performing customized therapy. Finally, recent investigations on induced pluripotent stem cells expanded the possibility of both patient-specific cell therapy and drug discovery. The current review focuses on the latest classification updates for accurate CMT diagnosis.
{"title":"Clinical and genetic aspects of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease subtypes","authors":"S. H. Nam, Byung-Ok Choi","doi":"10.23838/PFM.2018.00163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23838/PFM.2018.00163","url":null,"abstract":"Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is one of the most common inherited neuropathies and is both genetically and clinically heterogeneous, with variable inheritance modes. With regard to clinical and genetic aspects, CMT is divided into several subtypes, including CMT1, CMT2, CMT3, CMT4, CMT5, CMT6, X-linked CMT, and intermediate CMT. Up to date, more than 90 causative genes for CMT have been identified. Furthermore, previous animal studies reported some molecules to have therapeutic effects on specific CMT subtypes, depending on the underlying genetic cause. Therefore, accurate genetic diagnosis is of crucial importance when performing customized therapy. Finally, recent investigations on induced pluripotent stem cells expanded the possibility of both patient-specific cell therapy and drug discovery. The current review focuses on the latest classification updates for accurate CMT diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":42462,"journal":{"name":"Precision and Future Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43464753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liver cancer is the fifth most common malignancy worldwide and the third most common cause of cancer-related death. Five hundred million individuals are infected by hepatitis B or C virus. Of these cases, some will progress to liver failure and cancer. Systemic treatments against liver cancer show poor efficacy mainly because of high resistance and poor response to therapeutics and high degree of tumor heterogeneity. Although progress has been made in combinational treatment of liver cancer, no effective disease-modifying therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been developed to date. A comprehensive understanding of HCC pathogenesis will enable identification of biomarkers and therapeutic targets and provide insights into mechanism-based strategies for HCC treatment. However, the identification of cellular origins of liver cancer remains a challenging issue. This review focuses on HCC heterogeneity that escapes current treatment strategies and causes disease recurrence to provide a better understanding for the biology of liver cancer.
{"title":"Implication of hepatocyte dedifferentiation in pathogenesis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma","authors":"Hyunsoo Kim, Eun-Ji Park, Chang-Woo Lee","doi":"10.23838/PFM.2018.00135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23838/PFM.2018.00135","url":null,"abstract":"Liver cancer is the fifth most common malignancy worldwide and the third most common cause of cancer-related death. Five hundred million individuals are infected by hepatitis B or C virus. Of these cases, some will progress to liver failure and cancer. Systemic treatments against liver cancer show poor efficacy mainly because of high resistance and poor response to therapeutics and high degree of tumor heterogeneity. Although progress has been made in combinational treatment of liver cancer, no effective disease-modifying therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been developed to date. A comprehensive understanding of HCC pathogenesis will enable identification of biomarkers and therapeutic targets and provide insights into mechanism-based strategies for HCC treatment. However, the identification of cellular origins of liver cancer remains a challenging issue. This review focuses on HCC heterogeneity that escapes current treatment strategies and causes disease recurrence to provide a better understanding for the biology of liver cancer.","PeriodicalId":42462,"journal":{"name":"Precision and Future Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44123248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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