Pub Date : 2015-06-01DOI: 10.4018/IJGEE.2015070103
B. P. Naveem, T. Sitharam, P. Sivapullaiah
This paper presents, unit weight, shear wave velocity, strain-dependent normalized shear modulus reduction and material damping ratio relationships for Mavallipura landfill are developed based on field testing, laboratory measurements and also validated using semi-empirical methods. In addition, one-dimensional seismic response analysis by an equivalent linear method for Mavallipura landfill, Bangalore using the software like SHAKE2000 and DEEPSOIL. Results indicated that the MSW landfill has less shear stiffness and more amplification due to the loose filling and damping, which need to be accounted for seismically safe MSW landfill design in India.
{"title":"Seismic Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill in India","authors":"B. P. Naveem, T. Sitharam, P. Sivapullaiah","doi":"10.4018/IJGEE.2015070103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/IJGEE.2015070103","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents, unit weight, shear wave velocity, strain-dependent normalized shear modulus reduction and material damping ratio relationships for Mavallipura landfill are developed based on field testing, laboratory measurements and also validated using semi-empirical methods. In addition, one-dimensional seismic response analysis by an equivalent linear method for Mavallipura landfill, Bangalore using the software like SHAKE2000 and DEEPSOIL. Results indicated that the MSW landfill has less shear stiffness and more amplification due to the loose filling and damping, which need to be accounted for seismically safe MSW landfill design in India.","PeriodicalId":42473,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74863847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4018/IJGEE.2015010104
T. Sitharam, N. James, M. Nayak
The uniqueness of this paper is large amount of field test data and in addition laboratory test results on undisturbed soil samples, has been analyzed to capture the effect of local site condition and material properties of overlying soil on seismic ground motion characteristics. This study involves the seismic site characterization and ground response analysis of an offshore site in Western Yemen. From the results of field and laboratory tests, dynamic properties such as shear modulus and damping ratio for a very low to high strain levels was determined and site characterization was also carried out. Using seismic cone penetration test (SCPT) data a new correlation has been developed to predict the shear wave velocity. Synthetic ground motion was generated using Boore's stochastic modeling technique for ground response analysis and peak ground acceleration (PGA) was evaluated and presented in the paper. This paper also presents a site specific design response spectrum based on Eurocode, corresponding to 475 and 2500 year return period.
{"title":"Dynamic Characterization and Site Response Studies for an Offshore Site Based on Detailed Geotechnical Tests","authors":"T. Sitharam, N. James, M. Nayak","doi":"10.4018/IJGEE.2015010104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/IJGEE.2015010104","url":null,"abstract":"The uniqueness of this paper is large amount of field test data and in addition laboratory test results on undisturbed soil samples, has been analyzed to capture the effect of local site condition and material properties of overlying soil on seismic ground motion characteristics. This study involves the seismic site characterization and ground response analysis of an offshore site in Western Yemen. From the results of field and laboratory tests, dynamic properties such as shear modulus and damping ratio for a very low to high strain levels was determined and site characterization was also carried out. Using seismic cone penetration test (SCPT) data a new correlation has been developed to predict the shear wave velocity. Synthetic ground motion was generated using Boore's stochastic modeling technique for ground response analysis and peak ground acceleration (PGA) was evaluated and presented in the paper. This paper also presents a site specific design response spectrum based on Eurocode, corresponding to 475 and 2500 year return period.","PeriodicalId":42473,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73190171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4018/IJGEE.2015010103
P. Anbazhagan, D. Manohar
The primary objective of the study is to estimate the energy absorption (EA) capacity, brittleness index (ductility) and stiffness characteristics of Sand-Tire Crumb Mixtures (STCM) using direct shear test and Unconsolidated Undrained (UU) triaxial test for the effective reuse of waste tire crumbs as isolation materials. The properties considered include, strength and deformation characteristics of a STCM. A relatively uniform sand and readily available tire crumb grouped into four size has been selected to generate STCM. Experimental studies have been carried out on STCM with constant density of 1.54 g/cc. Stress-strain curve obtained from UU test has been used to estimate EA. The experimental results show that peak strength, EA and stiffness increases with increasing percentage of tire crumbs up to 25% and starts decreasing thereafter. Among the tested tire crumb sizes, crumb size IV provide the maximum EA without compromising on strength compared to other tire crumb sizes.
{"title":"Energy Absorption Capacity and Shear Strength Characteristics of Waste Tire Crumbs and Sand Mixtures","authors":"P. Anbazhagan, D. Manohar","doi":"10.4018/IJGEE.2015010103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/IJGEE.2015010103","url":null,"abstract":"The primary objective of the study is to estimate the energy absorption (EA) capacity, brittleness index (ductility) and stiffness characteristics of Sand-Tire Crumb Mixtures (STCM) using direct shear test and Unconsolidated Undrained (UU) triaxial test for the effective reuse of waste tire crumbs as isolation materials. The properties considered include, strength and deformation characteristics of a STCM. A relatively uniform sand and readily available tire crumb grouped into four size has been selected to generate STCM. Experimental studies have been carried out on STCM with constant density of 1.54 g/cc. Stress-strain curve obtained from UU test has been used to estimate EA. The experimental results show that peak strength, EA and stiffness increases with increasing percentage of tire crumbs up to 25% and starts decreasing thereafter. Among the tested tire crumb sizes, crumb size IV provide the maximum EA without compromising on strength compared to other tire crumb sizes.","PeriodicalId":42473,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90210286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4018/IJGEE.2015010102
D. Fereidooni
Analyses have been carried out considering the occurred earthquakes, geologic and seismotectonic conditions of the region covering a radius of 100 Km keeping Khoy as the center. The major seismic sources are small and large faults identified in the study area mostly directed in NW-SE. The MCE and PGA were measured based on both DSHA and PSHA approaches. The results of DSHA show that the MCE and PGA evaluated values are 6.8 Richter and 0.31g, which might be created by Chahar-Sotoon and Askar-Abad faults, respectively. The results of PSHA show that the MCE evaluated value is 6.1 Richter for a 0.64 probability in a 50- year period. Seismic hazard parameters have been evaluated considering the available earthquake data using Gutenberg-Richter relationship method. The ‘a' and ‘b' parameters were estimated 6.03 and 0.94, respectively. For earthquakes with magnitudes equal or greater than 6.1 Richter, the values of returning period (TR) and annual occurrence probability (PT) were obtained 112 and 0.009, respectively. The results obtained from two mentioned methods are matched to each other.
{"title":"Seismic Hazard Assessment of the City of Khoy and Its Vicinity, NW of Iran","authors":"D. Fereidooni","doi":"10.4018/IJGEE.2015010102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/IJGEE.2015010102","url":null,"abstract":"Analyses have been carried out considering the occurred earthquakes, geologic and seismotectonic conditions of the region covering a radius of 100 Km keeping Khoy as the center. The major seismic sources are small and large faults identified in the study area mostly directed in NW-SE. The MCE and PGA were measured based on both DSHA and PSHA approaches. The results of DSHA show that the MCE and PGA evaluated values are 6.8 Richter and 0.31g, which might be created by Chahar-Sotoon and Askar-Abad faults, respectively. The results of PSHA show that the MCE evaluated value is 6.1 Richter for a 0.64 probability in a 50- year period. Seismic hazard parameters have been evaluated considering the available earthquake data using Gutenberg-Richter relationship method. The ‘a' and ‘b' parameters were estimated 6.03 and 0.94, respectively. For earthquakes with magnitudes equal or greater than 6.1 Richter, the values of returning period (TR) and annual occurrence probability (PT) were obtained 112 and 0.009, respectively. The results obtained from two mentioned methods are matched to each other.","PeriodicalId":42473,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89819963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4018/IJGEE.2015010101
Taha Ashoori, K. Pakiman
Increasing requirements of industries and research institutes to analytically results of interaction soil-foundation related systems, reveals the importance of the dynamic impedance functions than ever before. The dynamic impedance function relations are presented for mass less rigid foundations which is possible to obtain dynamic response of foundations for different frequencies and masses accordingly. In this study, the dynamic impedance functions were investigated using physical modeling tests on sandy soil with finite thickness soil stratum over bedrock. The tests were carried out inside a steel container of dimensions 1A—1A—0.8m in length, width and height respectively which was filled into container with Babolsar sand by using air – pluviation technique after calibration test with relative density of 55.1 percent. The selected foundations were square and circular with same surface area and rectangular with length to width ratio of 2 that were investigated to determine effects of shape, inertia, embedment ratio, dynamic force amplitude and bedrock on horizontal impedance.
{"title":"Dynamic Response of Different Types of Shallow Foundation over Sandy Soils to Horizontal Harmonic Loading","authors":"Taha Ashoori, K. Pakiman","doi":"10.4018/IJGEE.2015010101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/IJGEE.2015010101","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing requirements of industries and research institutes to analytically results of interaction soil-foundation related systems, reveals the importance of the dynamic impedance functions than ever before. The dynamic impedance function relations are presented for mass less rigid foundations which is possible to obtain dynamic response of foundations for different frequencies and masses accordingly. In this study, the dynamic impedance functions were investigated using physical modeling tests on sandy soil with finite thickness soil stratum over bedrock. The tests were carried out inside a steel container of dimensions 1A—1A—0.8m in length, width and height respectively which was filled into container with Babolsar sand by using air – pluviation technique after calibration test with relative density of 55.1 percent. The selected foundations were square and circular with same surface area and rectangular with length to width ratio of 2 that were investigated to determine effects of shape, inertia, embedment ratio, dynamic force amplitude and bedrock on horizontal impedance.","PeriodicalId":42473,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80009796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-07-01DOI: 10.4018/IJGEE.2014070101
S. G. Joshi, I. Gupta, L. R. Pattanur, P. Murnal
The inhomogenieties of the foundation can be modeled explicitly in standard FEM procedure, however, the results vary significantly with the extent of foundation block modeled and mechanism of applying the input earthquake excitation. The substructure approach provides mathematically exact solution but assumes average properties for the entire foundation as viscoelastic half space. This paper has carried out detailed investigations with varying impedance contrasts and different size of foundation block to show that the results, with suitably deconvoluted free-field ground acceleration time-history applied at the base of foundation block in the FEM approach, are in good agreement with the substructure approach. However, the other variants of the FEM approach may lead to erroneous and overestimated stresses in the dam body. As the foundation of gravity dams can generally be approximated as an equivalent homogeneous half-space, the more accurate and efficient substructure approach can be used to model the dam-foundation rock interaction (SSI) effects in most practical situations.
{"title":"Investigating the Effect of Depth and Impedance of Foundation Rock in Seismic Analysis of Gravity Dams","authors":"S. G. Joshi, I. Gupta, L. R. Pattanur, P. Murnal","doi":"10.4018/IJGEE.2014070101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/IJGEE.2014070101","url":null,"abstract":"The inhomogenieties of the foundation can be modeled explicitly in standard FEM procedure, however, the results vary significantly with the extent of foundation block modeled and mechanism of applying the input earthquake excitation. The substructure approach provides mathematically exact solution but assumes average properties for the entire foundation as viscoelastic half space. This paper has carried out detailed investigations with varying impedance contrasts and different size of foundation block to show that the results, with suitably deconvoluted free-field ground acceleration time-history applied at the base of foundation block in the FEM approach, are in good agreement with the substructure approach. However, the other variants of the FEM approach may lead to erroneous and overestimated stresses in the dam body. As the foundation of gravity dams can generally be approximated as an equivalent homogeneous half-space, the more accurate and efficient substructure approach can be used to model the dam-foundation rock interaction (SSI) effects in most practical situations.","PeriodicalId":42473,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2014-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81522844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-07-01DOI: 10.4018/IJGEE.2014070104
S. Saran, Hasan Rangwala
The main objective of the paper is to develop a simplified procedure for the seismic design of a rigid retaining wall. For the design of a rigid retaining wall various parameters that are taken in to consideration include height of the wall, angle of inclination of backfill, backface angle of the wall, surcharge on backfill, safe bearing pressure of base medium and horizontal as well as vertical seismic acceleration coefficients. Safe design of a wall should satisfy four criteria, namely, factor of safety against sliding shall not exceed given limits, factor of safety against overturning shall be less than its permissible value, maximum pressure at the base of wall shall not exceed safe bearing pressure of the base soil and minimum pressure at the base of wall shall be greater than zero. In this paper an attempt has been made to give a simplified procedure for the seismic design of a rigid retaining wall. A parametric study to check the effect of various parameters affecting the seismic design of wall is carried out.
{"title":"Seismic Design and Parametric Study of Rigid Retaining Walls","authors":"S. Saran, Hasan Rangwala","doi":"10.4018/IJGEE.2014070104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/IJGEE.2014070104","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of the paper is to develop a simplified procedure for the seismic design of a rigid retaining wall. For the design of a rigid retaining wall various parameters that are taken in to consideration include height of the wall, angle of inclination of backfill, backface angle of the wall, surcharge on backfill, safe bearing pressure of base medium and horizontal as well as vertical seismic acceleration coefficients. Safe design of a wall should satisfy four criteria, namely, factor of safety against sliding shall not exceed given limits, factor of safety against overturning shall be less than its permissible value, maximum pressure at the base of wall shall not exceed safe bearing pressure of the base soil and minimum pressure at the base of wall shall be greater than zero. In this paper an attempt has been made to give a simplified procedure for the seismic design of a rigid retaining wall. A parametric study to check the effect of various parameters affecting the seismic design of wall is carried out.","PeriodicalId":42473,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2014-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73174896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-07-01DOI: 10.4018/IJGEE.2014070102
P. Chauhan, G. Devi, Abha Mittal
Micro-tremor measurements are one of the most commonly used methods for site response studies and have been widely used by most of the researchers because of its cost effectiveness. This method gives a realistic estimate of the natural ground frequency and can be applied in the areas where large earthquakes do not occur often. Due to the close relation between the nature of micro-tremors and the fundamental dynamic behavior of the surface soil layer, they are frequently used in the field of hazard estimation. The results of micro-tremor analysis are used as an important input for seismic microzonation studies around the world. Himalayan region is one of the most active seismic zones of the world. As such Jammu city lies in Zone IV on Seismic zoning map of India. It has been rocked by 25 earthquakes in between 1828 to 2005 of magnitude 6.0 or more. Jammu, the winter capital of Jammu & Kashmir state is a fast growing city. The micro-tremor data has been collected from locations covering almost every part of Jammu city using Altus K2 SMA. The data were collected by keeping SMA at each site for few hours. On the basis of natural frequency (Nf) the entire study area has been divided into four zones. The natural frequency Nf value shows that the central part of the city is less vulnerable zone, as compared to other parts of the Jammu city. An attempt has been made to compute the vulnerability index (Kg), which could be considered as the indicator of higher damaged areas. The results are in good agreement with the past damaging history of the city.
{"title":"Site Response Study of Jammu City using Micro-tremor Measurements","authors":"P. Chauhan, G. Devi, Abha Mittal","doi":"10.4018/IJGEE.2014070102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/IJGEE.2014070102","url":null,"abstract":"Micro-tremor measurements are one of the most commonly used methods for site response studies and have been widely used by most of the researchers because of its cost effectiveness. This method gives a realistic estimate of the natural ground frequency and can be applied in the areas where large earthquakes do not occur often. Due to the close relation between the nature of micro-tremors and the fundamental dynamic behavior of the surface soil layer, they are frequently used in the field of hazard estimation. The results of micro-tremor analysis are used as an important input for seismic microzonation studies around the world. Himalayan region is one of the most active seismic zones of the world. As such Jammu city lies in Zone IV on Seismic zoning map of India. It has been rocked by 25 earthquakes in between 1828 to 2005 of magnitude 6.0 or more. Jammu, the winter capital of Jammu & Kashmir state is a fast growing city. The micro-tremor data has been collected from locations covering almost every part of Jammu city using Altus K2 SMA. The data were collected by keeping SMA at each site for few hours. On the basis of natural frequency (Nf) the entire study area has been divided into four zones. The natural frequency Nf value shows that the central part of the city is less vulnerable zone, as compared to other parts of the Jammu city. An attempt has been made to compute the vulnerability index (Kg), which could be considered as the indicator of higher damaged areas. The results are in good agreement with the past damaging history of the city.","PeriodicalId":42473,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2014-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83524108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-07-01DOI: 10.4018/IJGEE.2014070103
Sima Ghosh
In this present paper, a circular failure surface passing through the toe is assumed for a homogeneous soil, and the Fellenius line is used to locate the centre of the most critical circle. Using limit equilibrium analysis under the influence of static forces such as weight of potential slide mass and surcharge along with the pseudo-static seismic forces are considered to obtain the factor of safety of the slopes. Factor of safety is found through the application of force equilibrium. The effects of variation of different parameters like slope angle (i), soil friction angle (F) and seismic acceleration coefficients both in the horizontal and vertical directions (kh and kv respectively) on the factor of safety are presented. Finally, the present results are compared to the existing solutions available in literature and found to give minimum values of factor of safety using the present approach for seismic slope stability analysis.
{"title":"Pseudo-Static Analysis of Slope Considering Circular Rupture Surface","authors":"Sima Ghosh","doi":"10.4018/IJGEE.2014070103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/IJGEE.2014070103","url":null,"abstract":"In this present paper, a circular failure surface passing through the toe is assumed for a homogeneous soil, and the Fellenius line is used to locate the centre of the most critical circle. Using limit equilibrium analysis under the influence of static forces such as weight of potential slide mass and surcharge along with the pseudo-static seismic forces are considered to obtain the factor of safety of the slopes. Factor of safety is found through the application of force equilibrium. The effects of variation of different parameters like slope angle (i), soil friction angle (F) and seismic acceleration coefficients both in the horizontal and vertical directions (kh and kv respectively) on the factor of safety are presented. Finally, the present results are compared to the existing solutions available in literature and found to give minimum values of factor of safety using the present approach for seismic slope stability analysis.","PeriodicalId":42473,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2014-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74944869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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