Pub Date : 2021-02-01DOI: 10.1002/9781118689585.ch3
T. Umebayashi, Norihito Katsuma, H. Nomura
We investigate the evolution of the ionization rates by the decay of radionuclides in protoplanetary disks at the early stage of planet formation where size growth and settling of dust particles proceed extensively. Because most of the nuclides to ionize gas, such as short-lived nuclide 26Al and long-lived one 40K, are refractory elements, they are contained in the solid material of dust particles. Thus, the ionization by these nuclides is affected by the following three processes: (1) the change of the relative abundance of dust particles due to the settling toward the midplane of the disk, (2) the energy loss of emitted energetic particles inside the solid material of dust particles, and (3) the absorption of energetic particles by the other dust particles located nearby. In this series of papers we comprehensively investigate the basic physical processes, calculate the settling and size growth of dust particles numerically, and clarify the evolution of the ionization rates relative to their initial values in various disk models at this stage. In this paper we investigate the energy-loss processes concerning dust particles, formulate the coalescence equation for settling particles, and apply them to quiescent disk models that are similar to the solar nebula. For simplicity, dust particles are assumed to be compact spheres that remain perfect sticking for mutual collisions. Because the settling of dust particles is not appreciable in the first 103 yr, the ionization rate varies little except in the outermost part near the disk surface. As the settling proceeds, the rate around the midplane increases considerably. The maximum ionization rates by 26Al in the minimum mass solar nebula are about 100, 51, and 14 times larger than their initial values for the orbits R = 0.5, 1, and 5 AU, respectively, which are close to or exceed the ionization rate by cosmic ray in the interstellar medium. The rates by 40K also increase by factors of about 36, 19, and 5 at the same orbits. In the inner orbital regions, these rates exceed the rates by the attenuated cosmic rays by an order of magnitude. The rates in the residual parts decrease extensively as time goes by, because amounts of the floating dust particles decrease continuously.
{"title":"C","authors":"T. Umebayashi, Norihito Katsuma, H. Nomura","doi":"10.1002/9781118689585.ch3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118689585.ch3","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the evolution of the ionization rates by the decay of radionuclides in protoplanetary disks at the early stage of planet formation where size growth and settling of dust particles proceed extensively. Because most of the nuclides to ionize gas, such as short-lived nuclide 26Al and long-lived one 40K, are refractory elements, they are contained in the solid material of dust particles. Thus, the ionization by these nuclides is affected by the following three processes: (1) the change of the relative abundance of dust particles due to the settling toward the midplane of the disk, (2) the energy loss of emitted energetic particles inside the solid material of dust particles, and (3) the absorption of energetic particles by the other dust particles located nearby. In this series of papers we comprehensively investigate the basic physical processes, calculate the settling and size growth of dust particles numerically, and clarify the evolution of the ionization rates relative to their initial values in various disk models at this stage. In this paper we investigate the energy-loss processes concerning dust particles, formulate the coalescence equation for settling particles, and apply them to quiescent disk models that are similar to the solar nebula. For simplicity, dust particles are assumed to be compact spheres that remain perfect sticking for mutual collisions. Because the settling of dust particles is not appreciable in the first 103 yr, the ionization rate varies little except in the outermost part near the disk surface. As the settling proceeds, the rate around the midplane increases considerably. The maximum ionization rates by 26Al in the minimum mass solar nebula are about 100, 51, and 14 times larger than their initial values for the orbits R = 0.5, 1, and 5 AU, respectively, which are close to or exceed the ionization rate by cosmic ray in the interstellar medium. The rates by 40K also increase by factors of about 36, 19, and 5 at the same orbits. In the inner orbital regions, these rates exceed the rates by the attenuated cosmic rays by an order of magnitude. The rates in the residual parts decrease extensively as time goes by, because amounts of the floating dust particles decrease continuously.","PeriodicalId":425100,"journal":{"name":"The Herodotus Encyclopedia","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130185913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-18DOI: 10.1002/9781118689585.ch1
C. Berubé
A MOLECULE ELECTRONIC DENSITY ON THE DIPOLE MOMENT OF UNIT CELL AND HOLE CONDUCTIVITY OF THIN POLYCRYSTALLINE FILMS OF ANTHRONE AND ANTHRAQUINONE The electronic structure of anthrone and anthraquinone molecules in the gas state and in the simulated crystal unit cell were calculated with time dependent-density functional theory (TD-DFT) method. The values of dipole moment of single molecule and of single crystal unit cell were also determined with TD-DFT method. The results of TD-DFT were compared with known crystal structures of both compounds [1,2]. For both molecules it was observed improvement of matching the length of corresponding bonds when calculated for the unit cell. Unexpectedly high value of dipole moment was calculated for the single unit cell of anthrone. This fact can be responsible for the nano-dimension properties of anthrone as the carriers mobility or high boiling point.
{"title":"A","authors":"C. Berubé","doi":"10.1002/9781118689585.ch1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118689585.ch1","url":null,"abstract":"A MOLECULE ELECTRONIC DENSITY ON THE DIPOLE MOMENT OF UNIT CELL AND HOLE CONDUCTIVITY OF THIN POLYCRYSTALLINE FILMS OF ANTHRONE AND ANTHRAQUINONE The electronic structure of anthrone and anthraquinone molecules in the gas state and in the simulated crystal unit cell were calculated with time dependent-density functional theory (TD-DFT) method. The values of dipole moment of single molecule and of single crystal unit cell were also determined with TD-DFT method. The results of TD-DFT were compared with known crystal structures of both compounds [1,2]. For both molecules it was observed improvement of matching the length of corresponding bonds when calculated for the unit cell. Unexpectedly high value of dipole moment was calculated for the single unit cell of anthrone. This fact can be responsible for the nano-dimension properties of anthrone as the carriers mobility or high boiling point.","PeriodicalId":425100,"journal":{"name":"The Herodotus Encyclopedia","volume":"300 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121460139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Algorithmic approach of hypothesis testing of identity of distribution laws of random values is offered. Its basis is made by technique of creation of confidence borders for a probability density.
给出了随机值分布规律一致性假设检验的算法方法。它的基础是建立概率密度置信边界的技术。
{"title":"N","authors":"A. V. Lapko, V. A. Lapko, E. A. Yuronen","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvx077ht.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvx077ht.17","url":null,"abstract":"Algorithmic approach of hypothesis testing of identity of distribution laws of random values is offered. Its basis is made by technique of creation of confidence borders for a probability density.","PeriodicalId":425100,"journal":{"name":"The Herodotus Encyclopedia","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123692486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-31DOI: 10.1515/9783110477214-010
Een van de belangrijkste
{"title":"I","authors":"Een van de belangrijkste","doi":"10.1515/9783110477214-010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110477214-010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":425100,"journal":{"name":"The Herodotus Encyclopedia","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129671915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1980-12-31DOI: 10.1515/9783110608144-053
A. Salame-Méndez, A. Castro-Campillo, H. Serrano, M. Garcia-Suarez, J. L. Gómez-Olivares, E. Canchola-Martínez, N. González-Ruiz, J. Ramírez-Pulido
Determination of reproductive season is based on the presence of pregnant females and male testis position and size in several micro-mammals in wild life. However, the endocrine function of the testicles is unknown. Our goal was to evaluate, on a monthly basis during the two reproductive seasons of the year, the relationship between circulating testosterone level and testis recrudescence on adult males of free living Black-eared deermouse Peromyscus melanotis from a mid-latitude temperate forest. Our evidence shows a pattern of raise and fall, though decoupled by a month, between both processes, which sheds light on their physiological relationship in this species, as well as about its plasticity to respond to environmental conditions. They also warn us against customarily inferences about reproductive activity based only in position and size of testes. Finally, our evidence contributes to the scarce knowledge of the endocrine function in some particular events of the reproductive biology of Peromyscus melanotis, and on the reproductive biology of Peromyscus in temperate mid-latitudes.
{"title":"J","authors":"A. Salame-Méndez, A. Castro-Campillo, H. Serrano, M. Garcia-Suarez, J. L. Gómez-Olivares, E. Canchola-Martínez, N. González-Ruiz, J. Ramírez-Pulido","doi":"10.1515/9783110608144-053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110608144-053","url":null,"abstract":"Determination of reproductive season is based on the presence of pregnant females and male testis position and size in several micro-mammals in wild life. However, the endocrine function of the testicles is unknown. Our goal was to evaluate, on a monthly basis during the two reproductive seasons of the year, the relationship between circulating testosterone level and testis recrudescence on adult males of free living Black-eared deermouse Peromyscus melanotis from a mid-latitude temperate forest. Our evidence shows a pattern of raise and fall, though decoupled by a month, between both processes, which sheds light on their physiological relationship in this species, as well as about its plasticity to respond to environmental conditions. They also warn us against customarily inferences about reproductive activity based only in position and size of testes. Finally, our evidence contributes to the scarce knowledge of the endocrine function in some particular events of the reproductive biology of Peromyscus melanotis, and on the reproductive biology of Peromyscus in temperate mid-latitudes.","PeriodicalId":425100,"journal":{"name":"The Herodotus Encyclopedia","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1980-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125607456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The research aimed to evaluate the use of synthetic or natural auxins on the growth of tomato seedlings. The seeds of Solanum Lycopersicum "Marmande" were sown in polystyrene plug plant trays (104 cells). Two doses of natural or synthetic exogenous auxins (200 ppm and 100 ppm) were supplied to the substrate through the irrigation water with an ebb and flow system 3, 11, and 17 days after sowing (05, 11, and 13th BBCH growth stage, respectively). A commercial biostimulant based on Ecklonia maxima extracts (Basfoliar® Kelp SL Compo) was used as a source of natural auxin while 1-naphthaleneacetic acid NAA was used as a synthetic auxin. Seedlings supplied only with water were used as a control. The treatments had significant effects on many morphological and physiological parameters (plant height, stem diameter, plant fresh and dry weight, leaf number and area, stomatal conductance, plant water use, and water use efficiency). Seedlings treated with both doses of exogenous auxin provided via Ecklonia maxima extracts increased their fresh and dry weight by 31% and 37% respectively and were taller and leafier than the control seedlings. The use of NAA had a negative effect on plant height and stem fresh and dry weight but did not alter the other morpho-physiological parameters as compared to the control seedlings. The treatments with auxins from algae extract during nursery growth improved the performance of tomato seedlings but the benefits could be probably ascribed not only to auxins themselves but to the synergic effect of the other organic compounds contained in the product (amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and vitamins)
{"title":"P","authors":"Martin Meschede, H. Murawski, W. Meyer","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv9hvskw.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv9hvskw.20","url":null,"abstract":"The research aimed to evaluate the use of synthetic or natural auxins on the growth of tomato seedlings. The seeds of Solanum Lycopersicum \"Marmande\" were sown in polystyrene plug plant trays (104 cells). Two doses of natural or synthetic exogenous auxins (200 ppm and 100 ppm) were supplied to the substrate through the irrigation water with an ebb and flow system 3, 11, and 17 days after sowing (05, 11, and 13th BBCH growth stage, respectively). A commercial biostimulant based on Ecklonia maxima extracts (Basfoliar® Kelp SL Compo) was used as a source of natural auxin while 1-naphthaleneacetic acid NAA was used as a synthetic auxin. Seedlings supplied only with water were used as a control. The treatments had significant effects on many morphological and physiological parameters (plant height, stem diameter, plant fresh and dry weight, leaf number and area, stomatal conductance, plant water use, and water use efficiency). Seedlings treated with both doses of exogenous auxin provided via Ecklonia maxima extracts increased their fresh and dry weight by 31% and 37% respectively and were taller and leafier than the control seedlings. The use of NAA had a negative effect on plant height and stem fresh and dry weight but did not alter the other morpho-physiological parameters as compared to the control seedlings. The treatments with auxins from algae extract during nursery growth improved the performance of tomato seedlings but the benefits could be probably ascribed not only to auxins themselves but to the synergic effect of the other organic compounds contained in the product (amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and vitamins)","PeriodicalId":425100,"journal":{"name":"The Herodotus Encyclopedia","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1937-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122451679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Artuqids, one of the first Turkish principalities in Anatolia after the Manzikert victory, gave Artuqids, one of the first Turkish principalities in Anatolia after the Manzikert victory, gave importance to economic activities during they dominated in Amid (Diyarbekir), Mardin, Meyyâfârikîn (Silvan), Nusaybin, Düneysir (Koçhisar, Kızıltepe), Hısn-ı Keyfâ (Hasankeyf) and Harput. Due to the economic policies, taxes have fallen, trade volume and investments have increased, prosperity has increased and Artuqid has started to receive immigration. As a natural consequence of economic activities, the Artuqid governors spent a large part of the proceeds on the material and spiritual development of the cities. Bazaar, market, inn, Turkish bath, caravanserai, bridge, madrasah, library, hospital, water channel were builted, mines have been operated, leather and handicraft workshops were presented to the public service. Thus, not only many commercial, religious, scientific, social and cultural public buildings have been built, but they have also allocated foundations to some of the architectural works. The Artuklu governors worked to transfer the economic resources of the country to social and cultural life and to present a happy and peaceful life for the people.
{"title":"T","authors":"D. Kaya","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvxcrxh5.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvxcrxh5.25","url":null,"abstract":"Artuqids, one of the first Turkish principalities in Anatolia after the Manzikert victory, gave Artuqids, one of the first Turkish principalities in Anatolia after the Manzikert victory, gave importance to economic activities during they dominated in Amid (Diyarbekir), Mardin, Meyyâfârikîn (Silvan), Nusaybin, Düneysir (Koçhisar, Kızıltepe), Hısn-ı Keyfâ (Hasankeyf) and Harput. Due to the economic policies, taxes have fallen, trade volume and investments have increased, prosperity has increased and Artuqid has started to receive immigration. As a natural consequence of economic activities, the Artuqid governors spent a large part of the proceeds on the material and spiritual development of the cities. Bazaar, market, inn, Turkish bath, caravanserai, bridge, madrasah, library, hospital, water channel were builted, mines have been operated, leather and handicraft workshops were presented to the public service. Thus, not only many commercial, religious, scientific, social and cultural public buildings have been built, but they have also allocated foundations to some of the architectural works. The Artuklu governors worked to transfer the economic resources of the country to social and cultural life and to present a happy and peaceful life for the people.","PeriodicalId":425100,"journal":{"name":"The Herodotus Encyclopedia","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1928-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134608176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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