Malaria is a tropical disease responsible for the death of hundreds of children daily. Effort geared at eliminating the vector that transmit the causative agent are likely to reduce the incidence of malaria and consequent deaths. This study aims to identify the life cycle stage of Anopheles gambiae most susceptible to the insecticide, lambdacyhalothrin. Different life stages of A. gambiae were exposed to six different concentrations of the insecticide in an Insectary at the National Arbor-virus and Vectors Research Centre, Enugu, Southeastern Nigeria. A total of 650 each, of the different life stages and 350 adults selected from the insectary-bred strains were used for the study. The eggs mortality was monitored at 24 hours interval for 7days. Larvae, pupae and adult mortalities were measured after 6, 12 and 24 hours. Total survival and mortality rates were 6.17 and 0.83, respectively. Average developmental duration was 11.4 and 11.2 days for the parent and F1 generations, respectively. Lambdacyhalothrin concentration higher than 0.001mg/l was highly toxic to the different life stages of A. gambiae compared to the control. The first instar larvae (L1) stage was the most susceptible to the insecticide and should be considered the most effective target when planning malaria control interventions.
{"title":"Insectary maintenance of Anopheles gambiae (Dipteran, Culicidae): First instar (L1) larvae depicts the accuracy of a pyrethroid insecticide, for malaria control","authors":"F. Okoh, O. Odikamnoro, J. I. Nzei","doi":"10.4314/tzool.v19i1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/tzool.v19i1.9","url":null,"abstract":"Malaria is a tropical disease responsible for the death of hundreds of children daily. Effort geared at eliminating the vector that transmit the causative agent are likely to reduce the incidence of malaria and consequent deaths. This study aims to identify the life cycle stage of Anopheles gambiae most susceptible to the insecticide, lambdacyhalothrin. Different life stages of A. gambiae were exposed to six different concentrations of the insecticide in an Insectary at the National Arbor-virus and Vectors Research Centre, Enugu, Southeastern Nigeria. A total of 650 each, of the different life stages and 350 adults selected from the insectary-bred strains were used for the study. The eggs mortality was monitored at 24 hours interval for 7days. Larvae, pupae and adult mortalities were measured after 6, 12 and 24 hours. Total survival and mortality rates were 6.17 and 0.83, respectively. Average developmental duration was 11.4 and 11.2 days for the parent and F1 generations, respectively. Lambdacyhalothrin concentration higher than 0.001mg/l was highly toxic to the different life stages of A. gambiae compared to the control. The first instar larvae (L1) stage was the most susceptible to the insecticide and should be considered the most effective target when planning malaria control interventions.","PeriodicalId":426223,"journal":{"name":"Zoologist (The)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134164101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Benin City, the capital of Edo State of Nigeria has undergone tremendous changes in recent times, especially with the aggressive rate of urbanisation in the last two decades. This has invariably resulted in habitat loss and fragmentation for the amphibian community of the city and its environs. In order to determine the effect of urbanization on the amphibian diversity of the area, a survey was undertaken between July 2009 and July 2010 using Visual and Acoustic Encounter Survey method. Higher species diversity and richness was observed from the peri-urban compared to the urban areas. However, the abundance of amphibian in the urban zone was significantly higher than that of the peri-urban zone (p<0.05). Hyperolius concolor phases A and C, H. sylvaticus, Afrixalus nigeriensis and A. vittiger were restricted to the peri-urban area while Ptychadena pumilio and Sclerophrys maculata occurred more in the urban areas. The most dominant species was S. maculata (26.6%) while the least dominant species was A. vittiger (0.22%). Peri-urban areas contributed 53% while the urban zone contributed 47% to total abundance. More tree frogs were collected from the peri-urban than the urban sites, which could be due to the reduced vegetation cover in the latter. However, the paucity of tree frogs in the urban zone did not have any significant impact on the taxa differences between the two zones. The abundance of P. pumilio and P. mascareniensis, which are typical savanna frogs is an indication of the degraded nature of the study area. The low records of A. poecilonotus, A. vittiger and H. concolor phase A and the complete absence of forest-dependent species could be due to their inability to tolerate human influence on the environment. There is need for balance in the use of land resources for urbanization and amphibian conservation.
{"title":"Amphibian diversity in urban and peri-urban landscapes of Benin City, a Southern Nigerian City in the rainforest biotope","authors":"M.E. Ijie, E. Alari, S. Ogoanah, M. Aisien","doi":"10.4314/tzool.v19i1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/tzool.v19i1.8","url":null,"abstract":"Benin City, the capital of Edo State of Nigeria has undergone tremendous changes in recent times, especially with the aggressive rate of urbanisation in the last two decades. This has invariably resulted in habitat loss and fragmentation for the amphibian community of the city and its environs. In order to determine the effect of urbanization on the amphibian diversity of the area, a survey was undertaken between July 2009 and July 2010 using Visual and Acoustic Encounter Survey method. Higher species diversity and richness was observed from the peri-urban compared to the urban areas. However, the abundance of amphibian in the urban zone was significantly higher than that of the peri-urban zone (p<0.05). Hyperolius concolor phases A and C, H. sylvaticus, Afrixalus nigeriensis and A. vittiger were restricted to the peri-urban area while Ptychadena pumilio and Sclerophrys maculata occurred more in the urban areas. The most dominant species was S. maculata (26.6%) while the least dominant species was A. vittiger (0.22%). Peri-urban areas contributed 53% while the urban zone contributed 47% to total abundance. More tree frogs were collected from the peri-urban than the urban sites, which could be due to the reduced vegetation cover in the latter. However, the paucity of tree frogs in the urban zone did not have any significant impact on the taxa differences between the two zones. The abundance of P. pumilio and P. mascareniensis, which are typical savanna frogs is an indication of the degraded nature of the study area. The low records of A. poecilonotus, A. vittiger and H. concolor phase A and the complete absence of forest-dependent species could be due to their inability to tolerate human influence on the environment. There is need for balance in the use of land resources for urbanization and amphibian conservation.","PeriodicalId":426223,"journal":{"name":"Zoologist (The)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121949977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samples of broiler starter feed, grower mash, broiler finisher feed and layers mash were collected from three commercial feed manufacturers and were coded commercial feed A (CFA), commercial feed B (CFB) and commercial feed C (CFC). The proximate compositions of the feed samples were determined using the methods of the Association of the Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Forage samples of Andropogon gayanus and Panicum maximum at young growth stage were also collected from two locations, Ado-Ekiti and Port Harcourt (PH). The proximate composition for broiler starter feed was 8.2% DM, 19.9%CP, 3.2% crude fat, 4.2% crude fibre, 10.3% ash, and 2893.8kcal/kg ME. Growers mash had 8.2% DM, 15.1% CP, 2.0 % crude fat, 5.3% crude fibre, 14.0% ash and 2663.3kcal/kg energy. The results of A. gayanus from Ado-Ekiti was 11.46% DM, 9.16% CP, 0.89 fat, 32.18% crude fibre, 8.07% ash, and 1103.6kcal/kg energy, while P. maximum had 16.37% DM, 11.50%CP, 1.21% crude fat, 32.65% crude fibre 8.78% ash and 1215.4kcal/kg energy. Proximate composition of A. gayanus from PH was 10.38% DM, 10.823% CP, 0.883% crude fat, 30.803% crude fibre, 8.807% ash, and 1176.382kcal/kg energy. The results of the poultry feeds revealed little variation from what the labels state. Panicum maximum showed more promise than A. gayanus. Results of the proximate analysis of the poultry feed and forages examined in this study suggest that the commercial feed producers largely maintain the required nutritive contents of the feed types they produce, and the forages hold quality promise as feed resource for ruminants and forage reserve consideration. It is therefore, recommended that regular monitoring and screening of feed and feed resources should be done and sustained to ensure the safety and quality of animal feed.
{"title":"Quality assessment of some commercially produced animal feeds and two native forages in southern Nigeria","authors":"O.P. Onyagbodor, J. O. Oyedeji","doi":"10.4314/tzool.v19i1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/tzool.v19i1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Samples of broiler starter feed, grower mash, broiler finisher feed and layers mash were collected from three commercial feed manufacturers and were coded commercial feed A (CFA), commercial feed B (CFB) and commercial feed C (CFC). The proximate compositions of the feed samples were determined using the methods of the Association of the Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Forage samples of Andropogon gayanus and Panicum maximum at young growth stage were also collected from two locations, Ado-Ekiti and Port Harcourt (PH). The proximate composition for broiler starter feed was 8.2% DM, 19.9%CP, 3.2% crude fat, 4.2% crude fibre, 10.3% ash, and 2893.8kcal/kg ME. Growers mash had 8.2% DM, 15.1% CP, 2.0 % crude fat, 5.3% crude fibre, 14.0% ash and 2663.3kcal/kg energy. The results of A. gayanus from Ado-Ekiti was 11.46% DM, 9.16% CP, 0.89 fat, 32.18% crude fibre, 8.07% ash, and 1103.6kcal/kg energy, while P. maximum had 16.37% DM, 11.50%CP, 1.21% crude fat, 32.65% crude fibre 8.78% ash and 1215.4kcal/kg energy. Proximate composition of A. gayanus from PH was 10.38% DM, 10.823% CP, 0.883% crude fat, 30.803% crude fibre, 8.807% ash, and 1176.382kcal/kg energy. The results of the poultry feeds revealed little variation from what the labels state. Panicum maximum showed more promise than A. gayanus. Results of the proximate analysis of the poultry feed and forages examined in this study suggest that the commercial feed producers largely maintain the required nutritive contents of the feed types they produce, and the forages hold quality promise as feed resource for ruminants and forage reserve consideration. It is therefore, recommended that regular monitoring and screening of feed and feed resources should be done and sustained to ensure the safety and quality of animal feed.","PeriodicalId":426223,"journal":{"name":"Zoologist (The)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133575272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A survey on the diversity and abundance of earthworms in southwestern Nigeria was carried out. Earthworm and soil samples were collected from thirty different locations within the sub-region. Earthworms were identified and soil samples were analysed for mineral and metal loads, using standard procedures. Taxonomic analysis of collected earthworm samples revealed 24 species belonging to eight families namely Moniligastridae, Megascolecidae, Acanthodrilidae, Octochaetidae, Ocnerodrilidae, Eudrilidae and Almidae. These include some genera and species that are reported for the first time from Nigeria. Analysis of earthworm biomass showed that Libyodrilus violaceus had the highest biomass (104.4g/m2) while Hyperiodrilus africanus had the highest density (160 worms/m2). Earthworm biomass correlated negatively but significantly with pH (p<0.01). Analysis of earthworm abundance in relation to soil types indicates that E. eugeniae was present in all seven soil types studied, while only Alma millsoni and H. lagosensis can be used as indicators of ferruginous tropical soils and red-yellow ferralsols. Earthworms from this study revealed affinity for various combinations of sand and loam soils. The present results revealed a decline in earthworm abundance when compared with previous works. This work revealed the need to harness the habitat factors, which support earthworm abundance for use in both earthworm and soil conservation efforts.
{"title":"Implications of ecological parameters on earthworm diversity and abundance in southwestern Nigeria","authors":"A. Aladesida, S. Owa","doi":"10.4314/tzool.v19i1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/tzool.v19i1.3","url":null,"abstract":"A survey on the diversity and abundance of earthworms in southwestern Nigeria was carried out. Earthworm and soil samples were collected from thirty different locations within the sub-region. Earthworms were identified and soil samples were analysed for mineral and metal loads, using standard procedures. Taxonomic analysis of collected earthworm samples revealed 24 species belonging to eight families namely Moniligastridae, Megascolecidae, Acanthodrilidae, Octochaetidae, Ocnerodrilidae, Eudrilidae and Almidae. These include some genera and species that are reported for the first time from Nigeria. Analysis of earthworm biomass showed that Libyodrilus violaceus had the highest biomass (104.4g/m2) while Hyperiodrilus africanus had the highest density (160 worms/m2). Earthworm biomass correlated negatively but significantly with pH (p<0.01). Analysis of earthworm abundance in relation to soil types indicates that E. eugeniae was present in all seven soil types studied, while only Alma millsoni and H. lagosensis can be used as indicators of ferruginous tropical soils and red-yellow ferralsols. Earthworms from this study revealed affinity for various combinations of sand and loam soils. The present results revealed a decline in earthworm abundance when compared with previous works. This work revealed the need to harness the habitat factors, which support earthworm abundance for use in both earthworm and soil conservation efforts.","PeriodicalId":426223,"journal":{"name":"Zoologist (The)","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133755576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Haematological parameters are good indicators of the physiological status of animals and useful in understanding the relationship of blood to the environment. This study was carried out to compare the fasting levels of blood glucose and haematological parameters (Red blood cell count, Packed cell volume, Haemoglobin concentration, White blood cell count, Platelet count, and differential White blood cell counts) in Wistar rats, Rattus norvegicus and the common African toad, Bufo regularis. Ten rats and ten toads were used in the study. The animals were divided into two groups. Group I consists of 10 rats while Group II consists of 10 toads. The animals were fasted overnight before blood samples were collected for the determination of blood glucose and blood parameters. The blood glucose was determined using modified glucose oxidase method while the blood parameters were determined using standard laboratory techniques. The results of the study showed that the fasting blood glucose level in rats was significantly higher than that of toad. The fasting levels of blood parameters, packed cell volume, red blood cell counts, haemoglobin concentration in the toad were significantly lower than those of rats while the white blood cell counts of the toads were significantly higher compared with the rats. There were no significant differences in neutrophil, monocyte, eosinophil and lymphocyte counts of rats when compared with those of the toad.
{"title":"Comparative study of fasting blood glucose and haematological parameters of Wistar rat, Rattus norvegicus and the common African toad, Bufo regularis","authors":"G. Isehunwa, A. Adenuga, A. Alada","doi":"10.4314/tzool.v19i1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/tzool.v19i1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Haematological parameters are good indicators of the physiological status of animals and useful in understanding the relationship of blood to the environment. This study was carried out to compare the fasting levels of blood glucose and haematological parameters (Red blood cell count, Packed cell volume, Haemoglobin concentration, White blood cell count, Platelet count, and differential White blood cell counts) in Wistar rats, Rattus norvegicus and the common African toad, Bufo regularis. Ten rats and ten toads were used in the study. The animals were divided into two groups. Group I consists of 10 rats while Group II consists of 10 toads. The animals were fasted overnight before blood samples were collected for the determination of blood glucose and blood parameters. The blood glucose was determined using modified glucose oxidase method while the blood parameters were determined using standard laboratory techniques. The results of the study showed that the fasting blood glucose level in rats was significantly higher than that of toad. The fasting levels of blood parameters, packed cell volume, red blood cell counts, haemoglobin concentration in the toad were significantly lower than those of rats while the white blood cell counts of the toads were significantly higher compared with the rats. There were no significant differences in neutrophil, monocyte, eosinophil and lymphocyte counts of rats when compared with those of the toad.","PeriodicalId":426223,"journal":{"name":"Zoologist (The)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130357069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Akwa Ibom State is one of the six maritime states in Nigeria and has a shoreline of approximately 129km. Three important rivers (Cross, Imo and Kwa Ibo) transiting through some Nigerian states, terminally pass through the state before discharging into the Atlantic Ocean. Despite the extensive drainage systems and huge fisheries potentials of the state, very little is known about her role in the sustainable productivity of major fish populations. This study was undertaken to bridge information gap on fish type, migratory path and breeding sites of some fish fauna in order to protect fish populations and diversity. The study revealed that Characidae, Cyprinidae, Cichlidae, Clariidae, Schilbeidae and Bagridae dominated the freshwater fauna, while Clupeidae, Carangidae and Ariidae dominated marine piscifauna. Mbo, Udung Uko, Oron Urbuan and Itu in the state serve as major migratory path for several diadromous fishes. The floodplains of the major rivers at Itu, Uruan, Okobo and Ibiono (Cross River), Oruk Anam, Ikot Abasi and Ukanafun (Imo River) and Eket, Onna Nsit Ubium and Etinan Local Government Areas (Kwa Ibo River) serve as major breeding sites. Consequently, the state hosts hundreds of fishermen that depend solely on fishing for their livelihood. However, fish diversity and productivity are threatened by pollution, unorthodox fishing techniques, over exploitation, deforestation and replacement of mangrove plants with exotic nypa palm. This study shows that Akwa Ibom State occupies a prime position in the sustainable fish productivity and biodiversity of the entire Niger Delta region and Nigeria. It is suggested that a well-coordinated strategy that should involve fishers, community leaders, researchers, non-governmental organizations (NGO) and governmental agencies be adopted to protect fish productivity and diversity of the major drainage systems that pass through the state.
{"title":"Fish types, breeding grounds and migratory routes in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria","authors":"O. Okogwu, F. A. Elebe, G. Nwonumara","doi":"10.4314/tzool.v19i1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/tzool.v19i1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Akwa Ibom State is one of the six maritime states in Nigeria and has a shoreline of approximately 129km. Three important rivers (Cross, Imo and Kwa Ibo) transiting through some Nigerian states, terminally pass through the state before discharging into the Atlantic Ocean. Despite the extensive drainage systems and huge fisheries potentials of the state, very little is known about her role in the sustainable productivity of major fish populations. This study was undertaken to bridge information gap on fish type, migratory path and breeding sites of some fish fauna in order to protect fish populations and diversity. The study revealed that Characidae, Cyprinidae, Cichlidae, Clariidae, Schilbeidae and Bagridae dominated the freshwater fauna, while Clupeidae, Carangidae and Ariidae dominated marine piscifauna. Mbo, Udung Uko, Oron Urbuan and Itu in the state serve as major migratory path for several diadromous fishes. The floodplains of the major rivers at Itu, Uruan, Okobo and Ibiono (Cross River), Oruk Anam, Ikot Abasi and Ukanafun (Imo River) and Eket, Onna Nsit Ubium and Etinan Local Government Areas (Kwa Ibo River) serve as major breeding sites. Consequently, the state hosts hundreds of fishermen that depend solely on fishing for their livelihood. However, fish diversity and productivity are threatened by pollution, unorthodox fishing techniques, over exploitation, deforestation and replacement of mangrove plants with exotic nypa palm. This study shows that Akwa Ibom State occupies a prime position in the sustainable fish productivity and biodiversity of the entire Niger Delta region and Nigeria. It is suggested that a well-coordinated strategy that should involve fishers, community leaders, researchers, non-governmental organizations (NGO) and governmental agencies be adopted to protect fish productivity and diversity of the major drainage systems that pass through the state.","PeriodicalId":426223,"journal":{"name":"Zoologist (The)","volume":"37 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129130126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The menace of microplastics in the aquatic ecosystems is of increasing concern worldwide mainly due to their impact on the entire ecosystem and human health. In order to contribute to knowledge, the incidence of microplastics in water and fish samples from Ndibe beach area of Cross River, Nigeria was studied. Ndibe beach is a recreational beach that hosts thousands of tourists and commuters annually. Recently, several residential and commercial areas have developed around the beach with attendant increase in the amount of plastics and other types of wastes deposited in and around the beach. Water samples collected from ten locations within the beach and fish samples (50 Chrysichthys sp. and 30 Clarias sp.) were analysed for microplastics using standard methods. The results showed that the water and fish samples contained microplastics of various sizes. The microplastics level was higher in water samples (68%) compared to the fish samples (32%). This calls for proper sensitization of residents and tourists around the area on the dangers associated with microplastics in aquatic ecosystem in order to regulate its discharge into and around the Cross River. This will help to mitigate the negative consequences of microplastics on the ecosystem integrity of the river and human health.
{"title":"Assessment of the incidence of microplastics at Ndibe, Cross River, Nigeria","authors":"G. Nwonumara, P. O. Okoro, O. Okogwu","doi":"10.4314/tzool.v19i1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/tzool.v19i1.7","url":null,"abstract":"The menace of microplastics in the aquatic ecosystems is of increasing concern worldwide mainly due to their impact on the entire ecosystem and human health. In order to contribute to knowledge, the incidence of microplastics in water and fish samples from Ndibe beach area of Cross River, Nigeria was studied. Ndibe beach is a recreational beach that hosts thousands of tourists and commuters annually. Recently, several residential and commercial areas have developed around the beach with attendant increase in the amount of plastics and other types of wastes deposited in and around the beach. Water samples collected from ten locations within the beach and fish samples (50 Chrysichthys sp. and 30 Clarias sp.) were analysed for microplastics using standard methods. The results showed that the water and fish samples contained microplastics of various sizes. The microplastics level was higher in water samples (68%) compared to the fish samples (32%). This calls for proper sensitization of residents and tourists around the area on the dangers associated with microplastics in aquatic ecosystem in order to regulate its discharge into and around the Cross River. This will help to mitigate the negative consequences of microplastics on the ecosystem integrity of the river and human health.","PeriodicalId":426223,"journal":{"name":"Zoologist (The)","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134283761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Ojelade, I. T. Omoniyi, W. O. Abdul, A. Arowosegbe
The influence of environmental variables on the seasonal and spatial distribution of plankton was studied for 24 months between February 2015 and January 2017 in the marine coastal water of Ogun State, Nigeria. The coastline was stratified into three sampling stations, and surface water samples were collected monthly per station for physico-chemical and plankton analyses. Mean values of physico-chemical parameters were: temperature (28.60±0.27°C), salinity (29.25±0.45‰), pH (7.38±0.07), electrical conductivity (42.13±0.33μS/l), total dissolved solids (29.59±0.30mg/l), dissolved oxygen (6.48±0.07mg/l), phosphate (1.36×10-2±0.39mg/l) and nitrate (2.25×10-2±0.65mg/l). The dominant phytoplankton and zooplankton groups were Diatomaceae (42.06%) and Calanoids (25.42%), respectively. Spatial diversity analysis of plankton in the study area showed that the highest (19, 35) species richness and abundance (5703, 12,452) for phytoplankton and zooplankton, respectively occurred in Site 3. Seasonal species richness of phytoplankton and zooplankton was higher in the wet (27, 40) than the dry (23, 38) season. Canonical correspondence analysis explained 77.8% of the influence of environmental variables on plankton distribution. Water temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, phosphate, pH, TDS and nitrate were the most marked factors that affected the distribution and abundance of plankton.
{"title":"Seasonal and spatial occurrence of plankton and environmental variables in Ogun coastal water on the Bight of Benin","authors":"O. Ojelade, I. T. Omoniyi, W. O. Abdul, A. Arowosegbe","doi":"10.4314/tzool.v19i1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/tzool.v19i1.1","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of environmental variables on the seasonal and spatial distribution of plankton was studied for 24 months between February 2015 and January 2017 in the marine coastal water of Ogun State, Nigeria. The coastline was stratified into three sampling stations, and surface water samples were collected monthly per station for physico-chemical and plankton analyses. Mean values of physico-chemical parameters were: temperature (28.60±0.27°C), salinity (29.25±0.45‰), pH (7.38±0.07), electrical conductivity (42.13±0.33μS/l), total dissolved solids (29.59±0.30mg/l), dissolved oxygen (6.48±0.07mg/l), phosphate (1.36×10-2±0.39mg/l) and nitrate (2.25×10-2±0.65mg/l). The dominant phytoplankton and zooplankton groups were Diatomaceae (42.06%) and Calanoids (25.42%), respectively. Spatial diversity analysis of plankton in the study area showed that the highest (19, 35) species richness and abundance (5703, 12,452) for phytoplankton and zooplankton, respectively occurred in Site 3. Seasonal species richness of phytoplankton and zooplankton was higher in the wet (27, 40) than the dry (23, 38) season. Canonical correspondence analysis explained 77.8% of the influence of environmental variables on plankton distribution. Water temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, phosphate, pH, TDS and nitrate were the most marked factors that affected the distribution and abundance of plankton.","PeriodicalId":426223,"journal":{"name":"Zoologist (The)","volume":"129 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134118251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the many biomarkers for determining the effects of pollutants on fish is changes in organ histopathology. Leaves of Balanites aegyptiaca have been reported to have phytochemicals with fish anaesthetic property. This study sought to determine the effect of graded acute concentrations (200.00, 250.00, 300.00.350.00 and 400.00 mg/L) of B. aegyptiaca on histopathology of gills, kidney and liver of mixed sex of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings. A total of 120 O. niloticus fingerlings (mean weight 23±0.03 g and mean total length 12.50±0.39 cm) were exposed to the plant extract. Paraffin wax method and haematoxylin-eosin staining techniques of tissue processing were adopted for the examination of the gills, kidney and liver. Dose-dependent histopathological changes were observed in the three organs (gills, kidney and liver) i.e. histopathological alterations increase with increase in concentration of the plant extract. Gills showed lamellae fusion, haemorrhage, desquamation, atrophy and secondary lamellae erosion while kidney and liver indicated atrophy, necrosis, haemorrhage, hyperplasia and hypertrophy. Structural alterations were evident in the gills, kidney and liver of O. niloticus fingerlings exposed to the concentrations of aqueous crude leaf extract of B. aegyptiaca therefore it should be used with caution during fish anaesthesia. Keywords: Histopathology; Gill; Kidney; Liver; Balanites aegyptiaca; Oreochromis niloticus.
{"title":"Histopathological alterations in gills, kidney and liver of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings exposed to aqueous leaf extract of Desert Date (Balanites aegyptiaca)","authors":"A. I. Wakawa, S. Audu","doi":"10.4314/TZOOL.V18I1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/TZOOL.V18I1.12","url":null,"abstract":"One of the many biomarkers for determining the effects of pollutants on fish is changes in organ histopathology. Leaves of Balanites aegyptiaca have been reported to have phytochemicals with fish anaesthetic property. This study sought to determine the effect of graded acute concentrations (200.00, 250.00, 300.00.350.00 and 400.00 mg/L) of B. aegyptiaca on histopathology of gills, kidney and liver of mixed sex of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings. A total of 120 O. niloticus fingerlings (mean weight 23±0.03 g and mean total length 12.50±0.39 cm) were exposed to the plant extract. Paraffin wax method and haematoxylin-eosin staining techniques of tissue processing were adopted for the examination of the gills, kidney and liver. Dose-dependent histopathological changes were observed in the three organs (gills, kidney and liver) i.e. histopathological alterations increase with increase in concentration of the plant extract. Gills showed lamellae fusion, haemorrhage, desquamation, atrophy and secondary lamellae erosion while kidney and liver indicated atrophy, necrosis, haemorrhage, hyperplasia and hypertrophy. Structural alterations were evident in the gills, kidney and liver of O. niloticus fingerlings exposed to the concentrations of aqueous crude leaf extract of B. aegyptiaca therefore it should be used with caution during fish anaesthesia. \u0000Keywords: Histopathology; Gill; Kidney; Liver; Balanites aegyptiaca; Oreochromis niloticus.","PeriodicalId":426223,"journal":{"name":"Zoologist (The)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130988009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The role of protected areas is for the long-term conservation of biodiversity. This study investigated the effectiveness of the Hadejia-Nguru Ramsar Wetlands Protected Areas in maintaining bird community. We assessed and compared species’ richness, relative abundance and conservation status of birds between Protected Areas (PAs) and Unprotected Areas (UPAs) of the wetland. The study was conducted from October to December, 2015. Point-count method was employed during the study. Forty-eight points of 100 m radius and 400 m intervals were surveyed in PAs and 51 points in the UPAs. A total of 42, 255 individual birds of 148 species’ belonging to 23 orders and 50 families were recorded. Uprotected Areas had 133 species and PAs 121 species (p = 0.4514), however, PAs had higher birds abundance than unprotected areas. The two areas shared a greater percentage of species composition by 85%. Two globally threatened species were also recorded, the European Turtle Dove Streptopelia turtur (Vulnerable) and Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus (Near Threatened). White-faced Whistling Duck Dendrocygna viduata, and Garganey Spatula querquedula were the dominant species in both areas. Results further revealed that PAs had slightly higher bird population with stable trend than UPAs, in contrast, though those with increasing population were more in UPAs. Overall, the population trend of birds in both habitats was found to be stable. Majority of resident species’ population trend were found to be on the increase, or stable, while intra- African and Palearctic migrants were found to be declining. This study highlights that not only PAs of the HNWs are important for bird conservation, but UPAs, too, are of great significance for the long-term conservation of the wetland bird community. Legal protection of certain wetland areas especially in the UPAs may help preserve larger bird species.Keywords: Bird conservation; Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands; protected and unprotected areas; threats.
{"title":"Bird species’ richness, relative abundance and conservation status in protected and unprotected areas of the Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands, north-east Nigeria","authors":"A. Ringim, D. Aliyu","doi":"10.4314/TZOOL.V16I1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/TZOOL.V16I1.3","url":null,"abstract":"The role of protected areas is for the long-term conservation of biodiversity. This study investigated the effectiveness of the Hadejia-Nguru Ramsar Wetlands Protected Areas in maintaining bird community. We assessed and compared species’ richness, relative abundance and conservation status of birds between Protected Areas (PAs) and Unprotected Areas (UPAs) of the wetland. The study was conducted from October to December, 2015. Point-count method was employed during the study. Forty-eight points of 100 m radius and 400 m intervals were surveyed in PAs and 51 points in the UPAs. A total of 42, 255 individual birds of 148 species’ belonging to 23 orders and 50 families were recorded. Uprotected Areas had 133 species and PAs 121 species (p = 0.4514), however, PAs had higher birds abundance than unprotected areas. The two areas shared a greater percentage of species composition by 85%. Two globally threatened species were also recorded, the European Turtle Dove Streptopelia turtur (Vulnerable) and Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus (Near Threatened). White-faced Whistling Duck Dendrocygna viduata, and Garganey Spatula querquedula were the dominant species in both areas. Results further revealed that PAs had slightly higher bird population with stable trend than UPAs, in contrast, though those with increasing population were more in UPAs. Overall, the population trend of birds in both habitats was found to be stable. Majority of resident species’ population trend were found to be on the increase, or stable, while intra- African and Palearctic migrants were found to be declining. This study highlights that not only PAs of the HNWs are important for bird conservation, but UPAs, too, are of great significance for the long-term conservation of the wetland bird community. Legal protection of certain wetland areas especially in the UPAs may help preserve larger bird species.Keywords: Bird conservation; Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands; protected and unprotected areas; threats.","PeriodicalId":426223,"journal":{"name":"Zoologist (The)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132590773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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