Pub Date : 2022-01-03DOI: 10.1007/s10991-021-09292-1
Atul Alexander, Swargodeep Sarkar
Iran and the United States (US) have resorted to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on five occasions to settle their disputes. The latest dispute was initiated by Iran and pertains to US’s decision of withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) agreement and re-imposition of sanctions on Iran, including its nationals and companies. In this brief critique, the authors have analysed the preliminary objections and the ICJ’s approach in deciding the dispute. The authors have noticed that the ICJ digressed from its earlier decisions which involved the Treaty of Amity 1955 between Iran and the US. It is also to be noted that the ICJ has not substantiated its deviation with analytical observation. Also, it is opined that although the international adjudication lacks a system of precedent, it is the sacrosanct duty of the ICJ to establish a coherent jurisprudence in the interest of justice, which the ICJ has consciously neglected to achieve in this present dispute.
{"title":"Shifting Interpretation in International Court of Justice’s Decision in the Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America: A Deliberate Step?","authors":"Atul Alexander, Swargodeep Sarkar","doi":"10.1007/s10991-021-09292-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10991-021-09292-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Iran and the United States (US) have resorted to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on five occasions to settle their disputes. The latest dispute was initiated by Iran and pertains to US’s decision of withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) agreement and re-imposition of sanctions on Iran, including its nationals and companies. In this brief critique, the authors have analysed the preliminary objections and the ICJ’s approach in deciding the dispute. The authors have noticed that the ICJ digressed from its earlier decisions which involved the Treaty of Amity 1955 between Iran and the US. It is also to be noted that the ICJ has not substantiated its deviation with analytical observation. Also, it is opined that although the international adjudication lacks a system of precedent, it is the sacrosanct duty of the ICJ to establish a coherent jurisprudence in the interest of justice, which the ICJ has consciously neglected to achieve in this present dispute.</p>","PeriodicalId":42661,"journal":{"name":"Liverpool Law Review","volume":"62 1-2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138525200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 (as amended), guarantees the right to freedom from discrimination. Similarly, the Land Use Act 2004, which is the principal legislation governing land matters in Nigeria, endorses a right of occupancy system that allows all genders to inherit land, without discrimination. Further, Nigeria is a State party to several regional and international instruments advancing the principles of non-discrimination and gender equality, notably the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights 1986, and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women 1979. Moreover, the various courts of law in Nigeria have lately exhibited strong commitments towards ending discrimination and gender inequality in all its forms in the country. Nonetheless, gender-based restrictions on women’s land inheritance rights persists. This study attributes these challenges to the combined negative influences of weak law enforcement; die-hard socio-economic, cultural and religious norms; and poor knowledge regarding the right to freedom from discrimination on the part of many Nigerian women and girls. Inter alia, it recommends stricter law enforcement regime, as well as educating Nigerian women and girls, particularly those at the grassroots, on the right to freedom from discrimination as viable tools for overcoming the challenges.
{"title":"Assessing the Application of the Principles of Non-discrimination and Gender Equality in Relation to Devolution of Land upon Death in Nigeria","authors":"Daniel Ugwo Eze, Edith Ogonnaya Nwosu, Okechukwu Timothy Umahi, Uchechukwu Nwoke","doi":"10.1007/s10991-021-09290-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10991-021-09290-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 (as amended), guarantees the right to freedom from discrimination. Similarly, the Land Use Act 2004, which is the principal legislation governing land matters in Nigeria, endorses a right of occupancy system that allows all genders to inherit land, without discrimination. Further, Nigeria is a State party to several regional and international instruments advancing the principles of non-discrimination and gender equality, notably the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights 1986, and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women 1979. Moreover, the various courts of law in Nigeria have lately exhibited strong commitments towards ending discrimination and gender inequality in all its forms in the country. Nonetheless, gender-based restrictions on women’s land inheritance rights persists. This study attributes these challenges to the combined negative influences of weak law enforcement; die-hard socio-economic, cultural and religious norms; and poor knowledge regarding the right to freedom from discrimination on the part of many Nigerian women and girls. Inter alia, it recommends stricter law enforcement regime, as well as educating Nigerian women and girls, particularly those at the grassroots, on the right to freedom from discrimination as viable tools for overcoming the challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":42661,"journal":{"name":"Liverpool Law Review","volume":"101 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138525155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-03DOI: 10.1007/s10991-021-09291-2
Atul Alexander,Kuldeep Khichi
{"title":"Resisting United Nations Security Council Resolutions","authors":"Atul Alexander,Kuldeep Khichi","doi":"10.1007/s10991-021-09291-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10991-021-09291-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42661,"journal":{"name":"Liverpool Law Review","volume":"82 1","pages":"129-132"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138525154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-28DOI: 10.1007/s10991-021-09289-w
Swargodeep Sarkar
{"title":"Julien Fouret (Consulting Editor): Enforcement of Investment Treaty Arbitration Awards: A Global Guide","authors":"Swargodeep Sarkar","doi":"10.1007/s10991-021-09289-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10991-021-09289-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42661,"journal":{"name":"Liverpool Law Review","volume":"43 1","pages":"597 - 601"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45648231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-06DOI: 10.1007/s10991-021-09287-y
Nathan Tamblyn
{"title":"The Defence of Illegality in Private Law","authors":"Nathan Tamblyn","doi":"10.1007/s10991-021-09287-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10991-021-09287-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42661,"journal":{"name":"Liverpool Law Review","volume":"43 1","pages":"33 - 55"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46818534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-24DOI: 10.1007/s10991-021-09284-1
Gary Wilson
{"title":"Tamsin Phillipa Paige, Petulant and Contrary: Approaches by the Permanent Five Members of the UN Security Council to the Concept of ‘threat to the peace’ under Article 39 of the UN Charter","authors":"Gary Wilson","doi":"10.1007/s10991-021-09284-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10991-021-09284-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42661,"journal":{"name":"Liverpool Law Review","volume":"48 10","pages":"497-500"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138525168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-15DOI: 10.1007/s10991-021-09282-3
Souvik Mukherjee, N. Chakrabarti
{"title":"Is “Contribution to the Host States Development” An Essential Criterion to Define Investment Under International Investment Law?: A Search Through the Lens of Arbitral Awards","authors":"Souvik Mukherjee, N. Chakrabarti","doi":"10.1007/s10991-021-09282-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10991-021-09282-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42661,"journal":{"name":"Liverpool Law Review","volume":"42 1","pages":"429 - 463"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10991-021-09282-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47949697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-27DOI: 10.1007/s10991-021-09280-5
A. Arimoro
{"title":"Interrogating the Criminalisation of Same-Sex Sexual Activity: A Study of Commonwealth Africa","authors":"A. Arimoro","doi":"10.1007/s10991-021-09280-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10991-021-09280-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42661,"journal":{"name":"Liverpool Law Review","volume":"42 1","pages":"379 - 399"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10991-021-09280-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47489448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-16DOI: 10.1007/s10991-021-09279-y
Serhii Lashyn
{"title":"The Aporia of EU Citizenship","authors":"Serhii Lashyn","doi":"10.1007/s10991-021-09279-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10991-021-09279-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42661,"journal":{"name":"Liverpool Law Review","volume":"42 1","pages":"361 - 377"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10991-021-09279-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43855984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-26DOI: 10.1007/s10991-021-09276-1
J. Sarkin
{"title":"Promoting the Rights of Victims in Under-Resourced Places by Using Science and Technology That Can be Used by Ordinary People, to Deal with Human Rights Violations: Bolstering the Right to the Truth","authors":"J. Sarkin","doi":"10.1007/s10991-021-09276-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10991-021-09276-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42661,"journal":{"name":"Liverpool Law Review","volume":"42 1","pages":"339 - 360"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10991-021-09276-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43301139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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