Aims: We sought to re-examine the incidence of thyroid cancer among breast cancer survivors by performing a population-based, cohort analysis using the SEER-9 database. Methods: We identified 704,370 breast cancer patients, 49,663 thyroid cancer patients and 1526 patients who developed thyroid cancer after breast cancer (B1T). Results: Risk for developing thyroid cancer is greatest among survivors diagnosed with breast cancer at age less than 50 years. In general, B1T patients are younger with smaller tumors, and have a greater percentage of invasive ductal carcinoma. They develop thyroid cancer at an older age, and have a greater percentage of aggressive subtypes. Conclusion: Recognition of this association between thyroid and breast cancer should prompt increased awareness in these cancer patient populations.
{"title":"Increased incidence of thyroid cancer among breast cancer survivors: an analysis of the SEER-9 database (1973–2011)","authors":"J. Kuo, J. Chabot, James A. Lee","doi":"10.2217/IJE.15.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/IJE.15.31","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: We sought to re-examine the incidence of thyroid cancer among breast cancer survivors by performing a population-based, cohort analysis using the SEER-9 database. Methods: We identified 704,370 breast cancer patients, 49,663 thyroid cancer patients and 1526 patients who developed thyroid cancer after breast cancer (B1T). Results: Risk for developing thyroid cancer is greatest among survivors diagnosed with breast cancer at age less than 50 years. In general, B1T patients are younger with smaller tumors, and have a greater percentage of invasive ductal carcinoma. They develop thyroid cancer at an older age, and have a greater percentage of aggressive subtypes. Conclusion: Recognition of this association between thyroid and breast cancer should prompt increased awareness in these cancer patient populations.","PeriodicalId":42691,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrine Oncology","volume":"211 1","pages":"21-31"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2016-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/IJE.15.31","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68216791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Glover, Nunki Hassan, L. J. S. Joo, Grace T Y Kwok, Jing Zhao, S. Sidhu
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) has poor outcomes and there is a need for novel effective treatments for metastatic disease and adjuvant therapy. miRNAs are small endogenous noncoding RNAs that control gene expression. miRNAs are dysregulated in all cancers and manipulation of miRNA levels is under investigation as a novel therapy in other cancers with poor outcomes such as mesothelioma. In this review, the rationale for miRNA therapy will be presented along with the current understanding of the role of miRNA dysregulation and miRNA regulation of ACC. Potential therapeutic approaches of miRNA therapy using established delivery systems such as liposomes and targeted nanocells will be presented, along with the future challenges of establishing miRNA therapy in clinical trials for ACC.
{"title":"Could miRNA replacement be a novel therapy for adrenocortical carcinoma","authors":"A. Glover, Nunki Hassan, L. J. S. Joo, Grace T Y Kwok, Jing Zhao, S. Sidhu","doi":"10.2217/IJE.15.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/IJE.15.28","url":null,"abstract":"Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) has poor outcomes and there is a need for novel effective treatments for metastatic disease and adjuvant therapy. miRNAs are small endogenous noncoding RNAs that control gene expression. miRNAs are dysregulated in all cancers and manipulation of miRNA levels is under investigation as a novel therapy in other cancers with poor outcomes such as mesothelioma. In this review, the rationale for miRNA therapy will be presented along with the current understanding of the role of miRNA dysregulation and miRNA regulation of ACC. Potential therapeutic approaches of miRNA therapy using established delivery systems such as liposomes and targeted nanocells will be presented, along with the future challenges of establishing miRNA therapy in clinical trials for ACC.","PeriodicalId":42691,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrine Oncology","volume":"3 1","pages":"67-76"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2016-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/IJE.15.28","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68217182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3704, Durham, NC 27710, USA Duke Clinical Research Institute, 2400 Pratt St, Durham, NC 27705, USA *Author for correspondence: Tel.: +1 919 668 1767; Fax: +1 919 684 6044; Julie.sosa@duke.edu
{"title":"Does current thyroid cancer staging accurately reflect the impact of lymph node metastases on survival in younger patients","authors":"M. Adam, S. Reed, S. Roman, J. Sosa","doi":"10.2217/IJE.15.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/IJE.15.25","url":null,"abstract":"Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3704, Durham, NC 27710, USA Duke Clinical Research Institute, 2400 Pratt St, Durham, NC 27705, USA *Author for correspondence: Tel.: +1 919 668 1767; Fax: +1 919 684 6044; Julie.sosa@duke.edu","PeriodicalId":42691,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrine Oncology","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2016-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/IJE.15.25","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68217133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: We investigated the association of delay in diagnosis with stage, grade, symptoms, primary site of the tumor and survival in patients with well-differentiated (G1G2) neuroendocrine tumor (NET). Patients and Methods: We collected data of 227 patients who were referred to the NKI-AVL and Westfriesgasthuis between 2003 and 2009. The date of onset and nature of first symptoms, as well as the date of NET diagnosis were reported in order to calculate the delay in diagnosis. Univariate linear regression analyses and Kaplan–Meier curves were performed to examine the association between delay in diagnosis, patient characteristics and survival. Results: The median delay in diagnosis was 16 (0–296) months. There was no association between delay and survival and stage of disease. Patients with a NET from the small bowel showed a longer delay than from other sites. Patients with a G1NET had longer delays than patients with G2NET. Patients with a longer delay were more likely to have psychological problems. Conclu...
{"title":"The effect of delay in diagnosis in patients with neuroendocrine tumors","authors":"A. Keizer, T. Korse, W. Meijer, M. Tesselaar","doi":"10.2217/IJE.15.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/IJE.15.32","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: We investigated the association of delay in diagnosis with stage, grade, symptoms, primary site of the tumor and survival in patients with well-differentiated (G1G2) neuroendocrine tumor (NET). Patients and Methods: We collected data of 227 patients who were referred to the NKI-AVL and Westfriesgasthuis between 2003 and 2009. The date of onset and nature of first symptoms, as well as the date of NET diagnosis were reported in order to calculate the delay in diagnosis. Univariate linear regression analyses and Kaplan–Meier curves were performed to examine the association between delay in diagnosis, patient characteristics and survival. Results: The median delay in diagnosis was 16 (0–296) months. There was no association between delay and survival and stage of disease. Patients with a NET from the small bowel showed a longer delay than from other sites. Patients with a G1NET had longer delays than patients with G2NET. Patients with a longer delay were more likely to have psychological problems. Conclu...","PeriodicalId":42691,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrine Oncology","volume":"67 1","pages":"33-39"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2016-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/IJE.15.32","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68216802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neuroendocrine tumor liver metastases are commonly present at the time of neuroendocrine tumor diagnosis. Surgical resection is potentially curative and achieves the best long-term results but is not feasible in many patients. Angiographic liver-directed treatment modalities such as transarterial embolization, transarterial chemoembolization and selective internal radiotherapy using Yttrium-90 ([90]Y)-labeled microspheres have been shown to be effective treatments with liver predominant disease. Here, we review the management of neuroendocrine tumor liver metastases including selective internal radiotherapy.
{"title":"Selective internal radiation therapy for the treatment of inoperable neuroendocrine tumor liver metastases","authors":"H. Mohammadi, M. Chuong, F. Moeslein, N. Sharma","doi":"10.2217/IJE.15.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/IJE.15.33","url":null,"abstract":"Neuroendocrine tumor liver metastases are commonly present at the time of neuroendocrine tumor diagnosis. Surgical resection is potentially curative and achieves the best long-term results but is not feasible in many patients. Angiographic liver-directed treatment modalities such as transarterial embolization, transarterial chemoembolization and selective internal radiotherapy using Yttrium-90 ([90]Y)-labeled microspheres have been shown to be effective treatments with liver predominant disease. Here, we review the management of neuroendocrine tumor liver metastases including selective internal radiotherapy.","PeriodicalId":42691,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrine Oncology","volume":"3 1","pages":"77-83"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2016-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/IJE.15.33","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68216813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) patients, a number of recent studies compare the ability of different, new imaging modalities to existing modalities to localize the important neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) that contribute to their decreased life expectancy (pancreatic NETs [pNETs] and thymic carcinoids). These included the use of 68Ga-DOTATOC-PET/CT, endoscopic ultrasound and MRI. The current paper analyzes these results in light of current guidelines and controversies involved in the treatment/management of MEN1 patients. Particular attention is paid to results in these studies with thymic carcinoids and nonfunctional pNETs/gastrinomas, which recent studies show are particularly important in determining long-term survival. These studies show a number of promising imaging results but also raise a number of controversies, which will need to be addressed both in their use initially and for serial studies in these patients.
{"title":"Imaging in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: recent studies show enhanced sensitivities but increased controversies.","authors":"Tetsuhide Ito, R. Jensen","doi":"10.2217/IJE.15.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/IJE.15.29","url":null,"abstract":"In multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) patients, a number of recent studies compare the ability of different, new imaging modalities to existing modalities to localize the important neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) that contribute to their decreased life expectancy (pancreatic NETs [pNETs] and thymic carcinoids). These included the use of 68Ga-DOTATOC-PET/CT, endoscopic ultrasound and MRI. The current paper analyzes these results in light of current guidelines and controversies involved in the treatment/management of MEN1 patients. Particular attention is paid to results in these studies with thymic carcinoids and nonfunctional pNETs/gastrinomas, which recent studies show are particularly important in determining long-term survival. These studies show a number of promising imaging results but also raise a number of controversies, which will need to be addressed both in their use initially and for serial studies in these patients.","PeriodicalId":42691,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrine Oncology","volume":"3 1 1","pages":"53-66"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2016-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/IJE.15.29","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68217202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The incidence of thyroid cancer is increasing worldwide. Current standards in the diagnosis and management of thyroid cancer are limited by the uncertainty of fine-needle aspiration samples that are indeterminate in nature. Molecular markers have the potential to improve the accuracy of thyroid fine-needle aspiration and to aid the physician in giving a more accurate diagnosis and prognosis. This paper summarizes the various molecular markers currently available.
{"title":"The management of thyroid nodules and cancer in the molecular era","authors":"Ling-sheng Zhou, K. Patel","doi":"10.2217/IJE.15.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/IJE.15.18","url":null,"abstract":"The incidence of thyroid cancer is increasing worldwide. Current standards in the diagnosis and management of thyroid cancer are limited by the uncertainty of fine-needle aspiration samples that are indeterminate in nature. Molecular markers have the potential to improve the accuracy of thyroid fine-needle aspiration and to aid the physician in giving a more accurate diagnosis and prognosis. This paper summarizes the various molecular markers currently available.","PeriodicalId":42691,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrine Oncology","volume":"2 1","pages":"301-315"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2015-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/IJE.15.18","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68216828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zollinger–Ellison syndrome (ZES) is a common manifestation of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). At least 90% of MEN1-ZES patients have multiple duodenal gastrinomas, making the duodenum the target organ of ZES. The indication and the timing of surgery in MEN1-ZES is controversial, since there is yet no parameter that indicates an aggressive course of disease and long-term survival is generally good. An imageable, most likely nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm (pNEN) >1–2 cm seems to be a good surrogate parameter to indicate surgery in order to prevent distant metastatic pNEN disease, although some groups indicate surgery at the time of biochemical ZES evidence. The optimal surgical procedure is also controversial. Different strategies encomprise local excision via duodenotomy with or without distal pancreatic resection and regional lymphadenectomy to partial pancreaticoduodenectomy. At present, the timing and type of surgery for MEN1-ZES should be individualized according to patie...
{"title":"Controversies in surgery for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1-associated Zollinger–Ellison syndrome","authors":"D. Bartsch, M. Albers","doi":"10.2217/IJE.15.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/IJE.15.17","url":null,"abstract":"Zollinger–Ellison syndrome (ZES) is a common manifestation of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). At least 90% of MEN1-ZES patients have multiple duodenal gastrinomas, making the duodenum the target organ of ZES. The indication and the timing of surgery in MEN1-ZES is controversial, since there is yet no parameter that indicates an aggressive course of disease and long-term survival is generally good. An imageable, most likely nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm (pNEN) >1–2 cm seems to be a good surrogate parameter to indicate surgery in order to prevent distant metastatic pNEN disease, although some groups indicate surgery at the time of biochemical ZES evidence. The optimal surgical procedure is also controversial. Different strategies encomprise local excision via duodenotomy with or without distal pancreatic resection and regional lymphadenectomy to partial pancreaticoduodenectomy. At present, the timing and type of surgery for MEN1-ZES should be individualized according to patie...","PeriodicalId":42691,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrine Oncology","volume":"2 1","pages":"263-271"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2015-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/IJE.15.17","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68216492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Therapeutic central compartment neck dissection (CCND) is required for confirmed nodal metastasis in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. The need for routine prophylactic CCND in patients with papillary thyroid cancer is controversial. This article presents the current evidence to inform the debate against the background of the recommendations of US and British thyroid cancer guidelines. Potential advantages of pCCND include reduced local recurrence, preventing the need for further central compartment surgery and improved staging. Opponents claim that there is no proven patient benefit and that there is increased risk of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury and hypocalcemia.
{"title":"Central neck dissection in the treatment of well-differentiated thyroid cancer","authors":"P. Truran, B. Harrison","doi":"10.2217/IJE.15.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/IJE.15.19","url":null,"abstract":"Therapeutic central compartment neck dissection (CCND) is required for confirmed nodal metastasis in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. The need for routine prophylactic CCND in patients with papillary thyroid cancer is controversial. This article presents the current evidence to inform the debate against the background of the recommendations of US and British thyroid cancer guidelines. Potential advantages of pCCND include reduced local recurrence, preventing the need for further central compartment surgery and improved staging. Opponents claim that there is no proven patient benefit and that there is increased risk of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury and hypocalcemia.","PeriodicalId":42691,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrine Oncology","volume":"2 1","pages":"291-299"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2015-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/IJE.15.19","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68216838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Nasikas, Michael Sofopoulos, N. Arnogiannaki, G. Sakorafas
C-cell hyperplasia (CCH) is considered as a preneoplastic lesion associated with various endocrinopathies. Traditionally it is subdivided into reactive (benign) CCH and neoplastic. We report here a case of a young male, where CCH was an incidental finding after total thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid cancer.
{"title":"C-cell hyperplasia as an incidental finding in a patient with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma","authors":"D. Nasikas, Michael Sofopoulos, N. Arnogiannaki, G. Sakorafas","doi":"10.2217/IJE.15.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/IJE.15.21","url":null,"abstract":"C-cell hyperplasia (CCH) is considered as a preneoplastic lesion associated with various endocrinopathies. Traditionally it is subdivided into reactive (benign) CCH and neoplastic. We report here a case of a young male, where CCH was an incidental finding after total thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid cancer.","PeriodicalId":42691,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Endocrine Oncology","volume":"2 1","pages":"257-262"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2015-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/IJE.15.21","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68216901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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