Transparent conducting thin films of zinc oxides and aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO) were prepared by the spray pyrolysis technique using an aqueous solution of dehydrate zinc acetate (CH3COOH. 2H2O, pure- Merck A. R. grade) and hex hydrate aluminum chloride (AlCl3 .6H2O) on the micro glass slides. The prepared thin films are found to be highly adherent to the substrate and possess uniform conduction. The optical and electrical properties of the film were investigated in terms of different Al concentration in the starting solution and different substrate temperature. Four probe method in Van der pauw configuration was used for electrical resistivity measurements. The resistivity of Al doped film is observed to vary with doping concentration. The lowest resistivity is observed in the film doping with 2 at % [Al/Zn]. The Hall coefficient measurements show that both ZnO and AZO show the n-type conduction. The carrier concentration was observed to be highest at 2 at% of Al doping. The optical measurements of all the samples with aluminum concentrations was found to be >85 % showing the film to be highly transparent in nature. With increase in Al concentration, the optical band gap was observed increase from 3.27 eV to 3.41 eV.
以脱水乙酸锌(CH3COOH)水溶液为原料，采用喷雾热解技术制备了氧化锌和铝掺杂氧化锌(AZO)透明导电薄膜。2H2O，纯默克A. r级)和六水合物氯化铝(AlCl3 .6 h2o)在微玻片上。发现所制备的薄膜对衬底具有高度粘附性并具有均匀导电性。研究了不同起始溶液中Al浓度和不同衬底温度下薄膜的光学和电学性能。电阻率测量采用范德保形四探针法。观察到铝掺杂膜的电阻率随掺杂浓度的变化而变化。在掺杂2 at % [Al/Zn]的薄膜中观察到最低的电阻率。霍尔系数测量结果表明，ZnO和AZO均表现为n型导电。在Al掺杂率为2%时，载流子浓度最高。所有铝浓度样品的光学测量结果都大于85%，表明该薄膜具有高透明度。随着Al浓度的增加，光学带隙从3.27 eV增加到3.41 eV。
{"title":"Electrical and optical properties of Al doped Zno film prepared by spray pyrolysis technique","authors":"S. Shrestha, Pradeep Basnet","doi":"10.1117/12.799273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.799273","url":null,"abstract":"Transparent conducting thin films of zinc oxides and aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO) were prepared by the spray pyrolysis technique using an aqueous solution of dehydrate zinc acetate (CH3COOH. 2H2O, pure- Merck A. R. grade) and hex hydrate aluminum chloride (AlCl3 .6H2O) on the micro glass slides. The prepared thin films are found to be highly adherent to the substrate and possess uniform conduction. The optical and electrical properties of the film were investigated in terms of different Al concentration in the starting solution and different substrate temperature. Four probe method in Van der pauw configuration was used for electrical resistivity measurements. The resistivity of Al doped film is observed to vary with doping concentration. The lowest resistivity is observed in the film doping with 2 at % [Al/Zn]. The Hall coefficient measurements show that both ZnO and AZO show the n-type conduction. The carrier concentration was observed to be highest at 2 at% of Al doping. The optical measurements of all the samples with aluminum concentrations was found to be >85 % showing the film to be highly transparent in nature. With increase in Al concentration, the optical band gap was observed increase from 3.27 eV to 3.41 eV.","PeriodicalId":426962,"journal":{"name":"International Workshop and Conference on Photonics and Nanotechnology","volume":"276 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123369973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We propose the results of optical Kerr effects in fiber grating for the measurement resolution. When the high power laser is launched into fiber grating, optical Kerr effects are induced in grating region then the effective refractive index is changed depending on the input power. The results that are given by the mathematical simulation, have shown the relation between the reflectivity and Bragg wavelength. All results can be used to analyze and improve the resolution of measurement system for fiber grating sensors and its applications.
{"title":"Nonlinear effects in fiber grating to nano-scale measurement resolution","authors":"P. Phiphithirankarn, P. Yabosdee, P. Yupapin","doi":"10.1117/12.799533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.799533","url":null,"abstract":"We propose the results of optical Kerr effects in fiber grating for the measurement resolution. When the high power laser is launched into fiber grating, optical Kerr effects are induced in grating region then the effective refractive index is changed depending on the input power. The results that are given by the mathematical simulation, have shown the relation between the reflectivity and Bragg wavelength. All results can be used to analyze and improve the resolution of measurement system for fiber grating sensors and its applications.","PeriodicalId":426962,"journal":{"name":"International Workshop and Conference on Photonics and Nanotechnology","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122551629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An extrinsic fiber Fabry-Perot interferometric sensor is reported for use in vibrometric applications. The sensor operates on the principle of a "virtual" dual-cavity generated within the sensing arm due to the introduction of a birefringent element into the optical path of the sensing cavity. The resulting two sets of "phase-shifted" interference signals produced allowed non-ambiguous directional detection as well as improved resolution in displacement measurements. Experimental displacement data obtained using the fiber interferometer were found to be in good agreement with the reference sensor employed. The potential for overcoming polarization-induced signal fading is also qualitatively illustrated.
{"title":"Dynamic displacement measurements with a dual-cavity fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer","authors":"S. Pullteap, H. Seat","doi":"10.1117/12.798958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.798958","url":null,"abstract":"An extrinsic fiber Fabry-Perot interferometric sensor is reported for use in vibrometric applications. The sensor operates on the principle of a \"virtual\" dual-cavity generated within the sensing arm due to the introduction of a birefringent element into the optical path of the sensing cavity. The resulting two sets of \"phase-shifted\" interference signals produced allowed non-ambiguous directional detection as well as improved resolution in displacement measurements. Experimental displacement data obtained using the fiber interferometer were found to be in good agreement with the reference sensor employed. The potential for overcoming polarization-induced signal fading is also qualitatively illustrated.","PeriodicalId":426962,"journal":{"name":"International Workshop and Conference on Photonics and Nanotechnology","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130824010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Verma, T. Ichimura, T. Yano, Y. Inouye, S. Kawata
When Raman scattering is excited from the evanescent light field created by illuminating the apex of a sharp metallic nano-tip, it achieves new aspects with strong enhancement of scattering efficiencies and super resolving capabilities. The primary mechanism of tip-sample interaction is electromagnetic, which is based on the excitation of localized surface plasmon polaritons. However, when the tip is close enough to the sample, typically at molecular distances, the chemical interactions between the tip and the sample become important. Strong temporal fluctuations of Raman scattering, including fluctuations of peak frequencies and peak intensities, together with extraordinary enhancement of several peaks, were observed. These temporal fluctuations, which are typical signature of single molecule detection, were attributed to the changes of molecular orientations of the sample molecules in the upper layer of the nanocluster, which got chemically adsorbed at the tip molecules.
{"title":"Toward single molecule detection through tip-enhanced near-field Raman spectroscopy","authors":"P. Verma, T. Ichimura, T. Yano, Y. Inouye, S. Kawata","doi":"10.1117/12.799265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.799265","url":null,"abstract":"When Raman scattering is excited from the evanescent light field created by illuminating the apex of a sharp metallic nano-tip, it achieves new aspects with strong enhancement of scattering efficiencies and super resolving capabilities. The primary mechanism of tip-sample interaction is electromagnetic, which is based on the excitation of localized surface plasmon polaritons. However, when the tip is close enough to the sample, typically at molecular distances, the chemical interactions between the tip and the sample become important. Strong temporal fluctuations of Raman scattering, including fluctuations of peak frequencies and peak intensities, together with extraordinary enhancement of several peaks, were observed. These temporal fluctuations, which are typical signature of single molecule detection, were attributed to the changes of molecular orientations of the sample molecules in the upper layer of the nanocluster, which got chemically adsorbed at the tip molecules.","PeriodicalId":426962,"journal":{"name":"International Workshop and Conference on Photonics and Nanotechnology","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133886725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The power density characteristics of a Q-switched neodymium doped double-clad fiber laser are presented. a steady state numerical model is developed to simulate this fiber laser. First, the mathematical model governing the dynamic behavior of the fiber laser is developed and then the equations are solved by the finite difference method. The results of the numerical simulation are used to determine the characteristics of the device such as the power density in cavity and out put power per input pump power.
{"title":"Steady state numerical model of a Q-switched double-clad fiber laser","authors":"S. Zyabari, A. Zarifkar","doi":"10.1117/12.799261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.799261","url":null,"abstract":"The power density characteristics of a Q-switched neodymium doped double-clad fiber laser are presented. a steady state numerical model is developed to simulate this fiber laser. First, the mathematical model governing the dynamic behavior of the fiber laser is developed and then the equations are solved by the finite difference method. The results of the numerical simulation are used to determine the characteristics of the device such as the power density in cavity and out put power per input pump power.","PeriodicalId":426962,"journal":{"name":"International Workshop and Conference on Photonics and Nanotechnology","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132338915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a second harmonic generation scheme using a nonlinear optic crystal and a multimode Fabry-Perot blue laser diode that has potential to generate widely tunable coherent deep ultraviolet at approximately 225 nm. Using the Fabry-Perot multimode laser diode with the sum-frequency technique, a high second harmonic power is hardly observed due to low conversion efficiency. In this paper, an approximately 1 μW second harmonic ultraviolet power at around 225 nm ultraviolet wavelength and approximately 6 nm ultraviolet wavelength tunability can be obtained using a multi mode blue LD chip, a nonlinear optic crystal, and an external high-Q-cavity setup.
{"title":"Widely tunable ultraviolet C generation using wavelength selective external high-Q-cavity and a blue laser diode system","authors":"C. Tangtrongbenchasil, K. Nonaka","doi":"10.1117/12.798952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.798952","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a second harmonic generation scheme using a nonlinear optic crystal and a multimode Fabry-Perot blue laser diode that has potential to generate widely tunable coherent deep ultraviolet at approximately 225 nm. Using the Fabry-Perot multimode laser diode with the sum-frequency technique, a high second harmonic power is hardly observed due to low conversion efficiency. In this paper, an approximately 1 μW second harmonic ultraviolet power at around 225 nm ultraviolet wavelength and approximately 6 nm ultraviolet wavelength tunability can be obtained using a multi mode blue LD chip, a nonlinear optic crystal, and an external high-Q-cavity setup.","PeriodicalId":426962,"journal":{"name":"International Workshop and Conference on Photonics and Nanotechnology","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132556051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The author has proposed a method, the Levitation Mass Method (LMM). In the LMM, the inertial force of a mass levitated using a pneumatic linear bearing is used as the reference force applied to the objects under test, such as force transducers, materials or structures. The inertial force of the levitated mass is measured using an optical interferometer. In this paper, the previous achievement, the recent achievements, and the future prospects on the methods of generating and measuring the static and dynamic micro-Newton level forces based on the LMM are discussed.
{"title":"Method for generating and measuring static and dynamic small forces","authors":"Y. Fujii","doi":"10.1117/12.798949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.798949","url":null,"abstract":"The author has proposed a method, the Levitation Mass Method (LMM). In the LMM, the inertial force of a mass levitated using a pneumatic linear bearing is used as the reference force applied to the objects under test, such as force transducers, materials or structures. The inertial force of the levitated mass is measured using an optical interferometer. In this paper, the previous achievement, the recent achievements, and the future prospects on the methods of generating and measuring the static and dynamic micro-Newton level forces based on the LMM are discussed.","PeriodicalId":426962,"journal":{"name":"International Workshop and Conference on Photonics and Nanotechnology","volume":"222 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122991211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Transparent titanium oxide thin film was deposited by DC reactive magnetron sputtering method onto glass slides and silicon wafer substrates. The film was characterized by AFM, XRD and spectrophotometer for film's thickness, crystallographic structure and transmission spectrum respectively. The film's thickness was, from AFM, found to be about 296 nm. XRD measurement shows that the film is crystallized in rutile phase. Absorption coefficient and the thickness of the films were calculated from interference of transmittance spectra. Optical constants such as refractive index (n) and extinction coefficient (k) were determined as a function of wavelength over the wavelength range from 400 to 800 nm using envelope methods.
{"title":"Determination of the optical constants and thickness of titanium oxide thin film by envelope method","authors":"N. Witit-anun, P. Rakkwamsuk, P. Limsuwan","doi":"10.1117/12.799420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.799420","url":null,"abstract":"Transparent titanium oxide thin film was deposited by DC reactive magnetron sputtering method onto glass slides and silicon wafer substrates. The film was characterized by AFM, XRD and spectrophotometer for film's thickness, crystallographic structure and transmission spectrum respectively. The film's thickness was, from AFM, found to be about 296 nm. XRD measurement shows that the film is crystallized in rutile phase. Absorption coefficient and the thickness of the films were calculated from interference of transmittance spectra. Optical constants such as refractive index (n) and extinction coefficient (k) were determined as a function of wavelength over the wavelength range from 400 to 800 nm using envelope methods.","PeriodicalId":426962,"journal":{"name":"International Workshop and Conference on Photonics and Nanotechnology","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114484557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The propagation characteristics of a random-metal dielectric film acting as a propagating far-field light/optical near-field converter were investigated. A finite-difference time-domain method was used for the analysis of the characteristics, because of the complicated structure of the film formed with fused silica balls and silver paste. The propagating efficiency of the optical intensity was estimated, and two efficiency-determining factors were clarified; the optical coupling efficiency determined by the silica ball size, and the absorption determined by the silver layer between the silica balls.
{"title":"Propagation characteristics of a random-metal dielectric film for an optical near-field generator","authors":"A. Utsumi, M. Fukuda","doi":"10.1117/12.798953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.798953","url":null,"abstract":"The propagation characteristics of a random-metal dielectric film acting as a propagating far-field light/optical near-field converter were investigated. A finite-difference time-domain method was used for the analysis of the characteristics, because of the complicated structure of the film formed with fused silica balls and silver paste. The propagating efficiency of the optical intensity was estimated, and two efficiency-determining factors were clarified; the optical coupling efficiency determined by the silica ball size, and the absorption determined by the silver layer between the silica balls.","PeriodicalId":426962,"journal":{"name":"International Workshop and Conference on Photonics and Nanotechnology","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123355524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Fadhali, Saktioto, J. Zainal, Y. Munajat, Jalil Ali, R. Rahman
This paper presents some analysis for the matching between the elliptical mode field of 1550nm high power laser diode with the circular mode field of the single mode fiber in order to obtain high coupling efficiency with relaxed misalignment tolerances. Three coupling schemes namely Butt, single ball lens and double ball lenses coupling schemes have been employed in pigtailing the butterfly laser diode module using laser welding technique with dual beams from Nd:YAG laser welding system for the attachment of coupling components. The process of fiber attachment to laser diode and welding of various coupling components, such as lens holders, fiber ferrule and welding clips have been performed in what is so called active alignment process, where the system continues measuring the coupled power during the process of coupling and welding of coupling components in their holder to each other and to the main substrate. It has been found that double ball lenses coupling scheme is efficient and more effective for mode matching of highly elliptical (large divergence ratio) laser diode mode field with the circular mode field of a single mode fiber, whereas for small divergence ratios the single ball lens is adequate.
{"title":"Mode matching for efficient laser diode to single mode fiber coupling","authors":"M. Fadhali, Saktioto, J. Zainal, Y. Munajat, Jalil Ali, R. Rahman","doi":"10.1117/12.799264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.799264","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents some analysis for the matching between the elliptical mode field of 1550nm high power laser diode with the circular mode field of the single mode fiber in order to obtain high coupling efficiency with relaxed misalignment tolerances. Three coupling schemes namely Butt, single ball lens and double ball lenses coupling schemes have been employed in pigtailing the butterfly laser diode module using laser welding technique with dual beams from Nd:YAG laser welding system for the attachment of coupling components. The process of fiber attachment to laser diode and welding of various coupling components, such as lens holders, fiber ferrule and welding clips have been performed in what is so called active alignment process, where the system continues measuring the coupled power during the process of coupling and welding of coupling components in their holder to each other and to the main substrate. It has been found that double ball lenses coupling scheme is efficient and more effective for mode matching of highly elliptical (large divergence ratio) laser diode mode field with the circular mode field of a single mode fiber, whereas for small divergence ratios the single ball lens is adequate.","PeriodicalId":426962,"journal":{"name":"International Workshop and Conference on Photonics and Nanotechnology","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131273029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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