Pub Date : 2023-12-04DOI: 10.24908/iee.2023.16.3.n
John DeLong, Mary I. O'Connor, Van Savage, Thomas Luhring, C-Elisa Schaum, Mike Sears
We suggest rethinking ecology as a set of continuous, interconnected dynamics and spatial networks that would represent an alternative framework to the traditional organizational levels—cell, organism, population, community, and ecosystem. We draw on unifying biological theories—information theory, cell theory, and metabolic theories—to propose a continuous space for living systems that avoids epistemological constraints imposed by a priori assumptions of discrete levels of biological organization. The discrete levels of organization that ecologists have traditionally envisioned can be viewed instead as coarse-grained, localized groupings within continuous dimensions of information (I), cell number (C), and energy flux (E). Moving from levels of organization to emergent properties of information, cells, and energy flux allows us to illustrate how diverse ecological and evolutionary phenomena—such as allometric and diversity-related scaling patterns, predator-prey dynamics, evolutionary trajectories, and alternative stable states—can be represented within the same continuum. We suggest that there may be structure within this information-cells-energetic flux (ICE) framework that unifies ecology from the beginning of life to the present and provides a useful lens through which patterns and processes in nature can be viewed.
{"title":"Beyond individual, population, and community: Considering information, cell number, and energy flux as fundamental dimensions of life across scales","authors":"John DeLong, Mary I. O'Connor, Van Savage, Thomas Luhring, C-Elisa Schaum, Mike Sears","doi":"10.24908/iee.2023.16.3.n","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24908/iee.2023.16.3.n","url":null,"abstract":"We suggest rethinking ecology as a set of continuous, interconnected dynamics and spatial networks that would represent an alternative framework to the traditional organizational levels—cell, organism, population, community, and ecosystem. We draw on unifying biological theories—information theory, cell theory, and metabolic theories—to propose a continuous space for living systems that avoids epistemological constraints imposed by a priori assumptions of discrete levels of biological organization. The discrete levels of organization that ecologists have traditionally envisioned can be viewed instead as coarse-grained, localized groupings within continuous dimensions of information (I), cell number (C), and energy flux (E). Moving from levels of organization to emergent properties of information, cells, and energy flux allows us to illustrate how diverse ecological and evolutionary phenomena—such as allometric and diversity-related scaling patterns, predator-prey dynamics, evolutionary trajectories, and alternative stable states—can be represented within the same continuum. We suggest that there may be structure within this information-cells-energetic flux (ICE) framework that unifies ecology from the beginning of life to the present and provides a useful lens through which patterns and processes in nature can be viewed.","PeriodicalId":42755,"journal":{"name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138603307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-04DOI: 10.24908/iee.2023.16.2.n
Gareth Morgan
A series of immersion experiments has indicated that humans are able to absorb sufficient fresh water from sea water by reverse osmosis through their eccrine sweat glands to remain fully hydrated without drinking anything at all. This unique facility would have enabled our ancestors to survive periods of severe drought.
{"title":"Eccrine Hydration","authors":"Gareth Morgan","doi":"10.24908/iee.2023.16.2.n","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24908/iee.2023.16.2.n","url":null,"abstract":"A series of immersion experiments has indicated that humans are able to absorb sufficient fresh water from sea water by reverse osmosis through their eccrine sweat glands to remain fully hydrated without drinking anything at all. This unique facility would have enabled our ancestors to survive periods of severe drought.","PeriodicalId":42755,"journal":{"name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","volume":"24 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138603902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-28DOI: 10.24908/iee.2022.15.2.e
C. Lortie
Screens are an ineliminable component of contemporary society for most humans. Consequently, tools and ideas that provide a heuristic and support for conceptually mitigating and balancing the costs of screen times at an individual level are critical. Here, screen adaptation theory (SAT) is proposed as a shorthand tool to frame the wealth of research examining human-screen interactions. Screens are best conceptualized as a place. Adaptation (to screens) are acquired or cultivated traits that enable us to not only survive with screens but potentially thrive—provided that we leverage research on costs and benefits. Adaptive behavioral traits suggest that we approach these interactions with purposeful intent. Finally, the theory associated with humans with screens is rich and interdisciplinary. We must design and adopt principles from theory relevant to our work, leisure, and individual choices to use screens as we move from tolerance to adaptation.
{"title":"Screen adaptation theory for humans","authors":"C. Lortie","doi":"10.24908/iee.2022.15.2.e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24908/iee.2022.15.2.e","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Screens are an ineliminable component of contemporary society for most humans. Consequently, tools and ideas that provide a heuristic and support for conceptually mitigating and balancing the costs of screen times at an individual level are critical. Here, screen adaptation theory (SAT) is proposed as a shorthand tool to frame the wealth of research examining human-screen interactions. Screens are best conceptualized as a place. Adaptation (to screens) are acquired or cultivated traits that enable us to not only survive with screens but potentially thrive—provided that we leverage research on costs and benefits. Adaptive behavioral traits suggest that we approach these interactions with purposeful intent. Finally, the theory associated with humans with screens is rich and interdisciplinary. We must design and adopt principles from theory relevant to our work, leisure, and individual choices to use screens as we move from tolerance to adaptation.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":42755,"journal":{"name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46990037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-27DOI: 10.24908/iee.2021.14.4.c
Victor Brun
The article by Kayal et al. (2021) constitutes an important reminder to the scientific community of some ethical shortcomings of today’s academic publishing system for which several solutions are proposed. In this short response, I discuss Latour’s portrayal of scientists as “savage capitalists” to relocate a part of these issues in the practices held by researchers themselves. By depicting scientists as capitalist agents publishing articles as investors awaiting returns in capital, I question the compatibility between the stated goal to transform today’s publishing system and a potential collective inertia rooted in personal and career goals. So-called “individual solutions” with deep collective and institutional roots are therefore calling for social momentum to effectively be activated; this vision could be translated into more specific goals for future research and actions.
{"title":"Investing in publication: Researchers as \"savage capitalists\"","authors":"Victor Brun","doi":"10.24908/iee.2021.14.4.c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24908/iee.2021.14.4.c","url":null,"abstract":"The article by Kayal et al. (2021) constitutes an important reminder to the scientific community of some ethical shortcomings of today’s academic publishing system for which several solutions are proposed. In this short response, I discuss Latour’s portrayal of scientists as “savage capitalists” to relocate a part of these issues in the practices held by researchers themselves. By depicting scientists as capitalist agents publishing articles as investors awaiting returns in capital, I question the compatibility between the stated goal to transform today’s publishing system and a potential collective inertia rooted in personal and career goals. So-called “individual solutions” with deep collective and institutional roots are therefore calling for social momentum to effectively be activated; this vision could be translated into more specific goals for future research and actions.","PeriodicalId":42755,"journal":{"name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46368236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-27DOI: 10.24908/iee.2021.14.3.f
Mohsen Kayal, Jane Ballard, E. Kayal
Communicating new scientific discoveries is key to human progress. Yet, this endeavor has been increasingly hindered by monetary restrictions that restrain scientists from publishing their findings and accessing other scientists’ reports. This process is further exacerbated by a large portion of publishing media owned by private companies that, in contrast with journals from scientific societies, do not reinject academic publishing benefits into the scientific community. As the academic world is not exempt from economic crises and funding restrictions, new alternatives are necessary to support a fair and economically sustainable publishing system for scientists and society as a whole. After summarizing major shortcomings of academic publishing today, we present several solutions that span the levels of the individual scientist, the scientific community, and the publisher to initiate a transformative change towards more sustainable scientific publishing. By providing a voice to the many scientists who are fundamental protagonists, yet often powerless witnesses, of the academic publishing system, as well as a roadmap for implementing solutions, we hope this initiative will go beyond sparking increased awareness and promote a shift towards more sustainable scientific publishing practices.
{"title":"Transformative choices towards a sustainable academic publishing system","authors":"Mohsen Kayal, Jane Ballard, E. Kayal","doi":"10.24908/iee.2021.14.3.f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24908/iee.2021.14.3.f","url":null,"abstract":"Communicating new scientific discoveries is key to human progress. Yet, this endeavor has been increasingly hindered by monetary restrictions that restrain scientists from publishing their findings and accessing other scientists’ reports. This process is further exacerbated by a large portion of publishing media owned by private companies that, in contrast with journals from scientific societies, do not reinject academic publishing benefits into the scientific community. As the academic world is not exempt from economic crises and funding restrictions, new alternatives are necessary to support a fair and economically sustainable publishing system for scientists and society as a whole. After summarizing major shortcomings of academic publishing today, we present several solutions that span the levels of the individual scientist, the scientific community, and the publisher to initiate a transformative change towards more sustainable scientific publishing. By providing a voice to the many scientists who are fundamental protagonists, yet often powerless witnesses, of the academic publishing system, as well as a roadmap for implementing solutions, we hope this initiative will go beyond sparking increased awareness and promote a shift towards more sustainable scientific publishing practices.","PeriodicalId":42755,"journal":{"name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79903531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-13DOI: 10.24908/iee.2021.14.5.e
B. Lamont
n/a
没有
{"title":"How I became one of the world's top experts on fire research: despite all, when preparation meets opportunity, truth in science emerges","authors":"B. Lamont","doi":"10.24908/iee.2021.14.5.e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24908/iee.2021.14.5.e","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>n/a</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":42755,"journal":{"name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45043062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-24DOI: 10.24908/iee.2021.14.2.e
C. Lortie
Stories shape the human experience. Fairy tales, fables, and historical stories from many peoples influence contemporary culture and science. The Little Prince is an excellent example of a short tale that highlights the relative importance of living with ecology and connectedness. It also clearly illuminates the absurdity that can emerge when one becomes isolated from even the simple processes associated with the functioning of other natural systems or from ecological interactions. This is one of many excellent stories that can be used in teaching science to frame theory for learners into different and larger novel contexts. This fairy tale provides morals for daily living too--tend to your garden, watch sunsets, and use nature to tame your absurd life and connect to others. We use humour, stories, and current cultural memes from television and movies in many publications and/or their titles and in classroom lessons. Looking more broadly for tales and stories from different cultures and times promotes justice and openness.
{"title":"The Little Prince is an ecologist","authors":"C. Lortie","doi":"10.24908/iee.2021.14.2.e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24908/iee.2021.14.2.e","url":null,"abstract":"Stories shape the human experience. Fairy tales, fables, and historical stories from many peoples influence contemporary culture and science. The Little Prince is an excellent example of a short tale that highlights the relative importance of living with ecology and connectedness. It also clearly illuminates the absurdity that can emerge when one becomes isolated from even the simple processes associated with the functioning of other natural systems or from ecological interactions. This is one of many excellent stories that can be used in teaching science to frame theory for learners into different and larger novel contexts. This fairy tale provides morals for daily living too--tend to your garden, watch sunsets, and use nature to tame your absurd life and connect to others. We use humour, stories, and current cultural memes from television and movies in many publications and/or their titles and in classroom lessons. Looking more broadly for tales and stories from different cultures and times promotes justice and openness. ","PeriodicalId":42755,"journal":{"name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44630882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-03DOI: 10.24908/iee.2021.14.1.n
Mason B. Meers, N. Demers, Audra Hewett, Dakota Sorrelle
Abstract: The use of animal models in research on human and veterinary diseases and disorders is retracting, though it is likely to remain critical for decades. In light of increasing regulation and expectations of judicious use of animal subjects, we examine the idea that the use of animal models can be guided by phylogenetic relationships and modern evolutionary and cladistic analyses. Given that inherited disorders, and indeed, even the developmental and physiological responses to non-inherited conditions, are subject to evolutionary forces, it follows that the observed differences in model organisms are the products of evolutionary divergence. Understanding that divergence has the potential to elucidate which taxa are most likely to exhibit any given symptom or manifest a reaction in a broadly predictable fashion. We examine two case studies, one the inherited disorder Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, and the other an entirely environmentally induced problem, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, or Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Both case studies reveal symptoms are largely congruent with phylogeny, suggesting relatively conservative evolution of developmental pathways. It follows that it is possible to characterize the manifestation of symptoms or dysmorphologies to broad phylogenetic groups. These data can then be used to inform research into possible treatments based on molecular genetic techniques sourced from unaffected taxa or even provide an evolutionary rationale for maximizing ethical decisions in the use and development of animal models in biomedical research. We argue that the technique should become standard practice in the development of animal models.
{"title":"Phylogeny can inform animal model development for both inherited and induced conditions: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)","authors":"Mason B. Meers, N. Demers, Audra Hewett, Dakota Sorrelle","doi":"10.24908/iee.2021.14.1.n","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24908/iee.2021.14.1.n","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The use of animal models in research on human and veterinary diseases and disorders is retracting, though it is likely to remain critical for decades. In light of increasing regulation and expectations of judicious use of animal subjects, we examine the idea that the use of animal models can be guided by phylogenetic relationships and modern evolutionary and cladistic analyses. Given that inherited disorders, and indeed, even the developmental and physiological responses to non-inherited conditions, are subject to evolutionary forces, it follows that the observed differences in model organisms are the products of evolutionary divergence. Understanding that divergence has the potential to elucidate which taxa are most likely to exhibit any given symptom or manifest a reaction in a broadly predictable fashion. We examine two case studies, one the inherited disorder Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, and the other an entirely environmentally induced problem, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, or Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Both case studies reveal symptoms are largely congruent with phylogeny, suggesting relatively conservative evolution of developmental pathways. It follows that it is possible to characterize the manifestation of symptoms or dysmorphologies to broad phylogenetic groups. These data can then be used to inform research into possible treatments based on molecular genetic techniques sourced from unaffected taxa or even provide an evolutionary rationale for maximizing ethical decisions in the use and development of animal models in biomedical research. We argue that the technique should become standard practice in the development of animal models.","PeriodicalId":42755,"journal":{"name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44363538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-21DOI: 10.24908/iee.2020.13.5.c
S. Pyne
n/a
没有
{"title":"A uniquely fire creature, a uniquely fire planet","authors":"S. Pyne","doi":"10.24908/iee.2020.13.5.c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24908/iee.2020.13.5.c","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>n/a</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":42755,"journal":{"name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43919258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-21DOI: 10.24908/iee.2020.13.4.c
B. Lamont, Tianhua He
Most of the Earth’s vegetated surface is fireprone but the relevance of fire in understanding how nature works is not always recognized. We aim to show that, by adding the fire dimension to observations on biological phenomena, interpretations can be im-proved; how fire-related research can be used to answer ‘fundamental’ questions in ecology; and how theories/models developed for fireprone ecosystems can be applied to advancing disturbance ecology, biogeography and evolutionary biology more generally. We compiled lists from the world-wide web of the most highly cited papers in fire ecology, and examined papers that had been approached from multiple viewpoints, including fire. We show that great advances over the last 20 years have been made in our understanding of the pivotal role of fire as a driver of many ecological processes and a powerful selective agent/evolutionary trigger among biota. We document 21 sets of observations originally interpreted in the context of the two traditional dimensions, prevailing environment and biotic interactions, but can also be shown to have a strong, if not dominant, historical link to fire. We note that fire-related research is able to address 55 of the 100 questions considered ‘fundamental’ in ecology and that many have already received some attention in fireprone ecosystems. We show how theories/ models that had their origins in fireprone systems can be applied to other disturbance-prone systems and thus have wide application in ecology and evolutionary biology. Fire and other disturbances should be included as variables in research about possible critical environmental and biotic constraints controlling ecosystem function in general. Adding this third dimension to research endeavours greatly enriches our understanding of how nature works at the global scale in an era where ecosystems are changing rapidly and novel species-environmental interactions are emerging.
{"title":"The third dimension: How fire-related research can advance ecology and evolutionary biology","authors":"B. Lamont, Tianhua He","doi":"10.24908/iee.2020.13.4.c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24908/iee.2020.13.4.c","url":null,"abstract":"Most of the Earth’s vegetated surface is fireprone but the relevance of fire in understanding how nature works is not always recognized. We aim to show that, by adding the fire dimension to observations on biological phenomena, interpretations can be im-proved; how fire-related research can be used to answer ‘fundamental’ questions in ecology; and how theories/models developed for fireprone ecosystems can be applied to advancing disturbance ecology, biogeography and evolutionary biology more generally. We compiled lists from the world-wide web of the most highly cited papers in fire ecology, and examined papers that had been approached from multiple viewpoints, including fire. We show that great advances over the last 20 years have been made in our understanding of the pivotal role of fire as a driver of many ecological processes and a powerful selective agent/evolutionary trigger among biota. We document 21 sets of observations originally interpreted in the context of the two traditional dimensions, prevailing environment and biotic interactions, but can also be shown to have a strong, if not dominant, historical link to fire. We note that fire-related research is able to address 55 of the 100 questions considered ‘fundamental’ in ecology and that many have already received some attention in fireprone ecosystems. We show how theories/ models that had their origins in fireprone systems can be applied to other disturbance-prone systems and thus have wide application in ecology and evolutionary biology. Fire and other disturbances should be included as variables in research about possible critical environmental and biotic constraints controlling ecosystem function in general. Adding this third dimension to research endeavours greatly enriches our understanding of how nature works at the global scale in an era where ecosystems are changing rapidly and novel species-environmental interactions are emerging.","PeriodicalId":42755,"journal":{"name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49602250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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