Pub Date : 2013-08-30DOI: 10.7287/PEERJ.PREPRINTS.7V2
E. White, Elita Baldridge, Z. Brym, K. J. Locey, D. McGlinn, S. Supp
Sharing data is increasingly considered to be an important part of the scientific process. Making your data publicly available allows original results to be reproduced and new analyses to be conducted. While sharing your data is the first step in allowing reuse, it is also important that the data be easy to understand and use. We describe nine simple ways to make it easy to reuse the data that you share and also make it easier to work with it yourself. Our recommendations focus on making your data understandable, easy to analyze, and readily available to the wider community of scientists.
{"title":"Nine simple ways to make it easier to (re)use your data","authors":"E. White, Elita Baldridge, Z. Brym, K. J. Locey, D. McGlinn, S. Supp","doi":"10.7287/PEERJ.PREPRINTS.7V2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7287/PEERJ.PREPRINTS.7V2","url":null,"abstract":"Sharing data is increasingly considered to be an important part of the scientific process. Making your data publicly available allows original results to be reproduced and new analyses to be conducted. While sharing your data is the first step in allowing reuse, it is also important that the data be easy to understand and use. We describe nine simple ways to make it easy to reuse the data that you share and also make it easier to work with it yourself. Our recommendations focus on making your data understandable, easy to analyze, and readily available to the wider community of scientists.","PeriodicalId":42755,"journal":{"name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2013-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71079082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recently, the focus within microevolutionary studies has been on the ecological divergence of populations. One subset of this research field includes studies on local adaptation. This approach is useful for studying whether or not adaptive spatial variation takes place in a metapopulation context. There is growing body of research studying local adaptations of populations, and much of this has used a formal test for assessing the existence of local adaptation. According to Kawecki and Ebert (2004), the “Local vs. foreign” criterion is fulfilled if the local population has higher fitness than other populations in its own locality and “Home vs. away” is fulfilled if a population has higher fitness in the sympatric than allopatric environment. Interestingly, interpretation of results not fulfilling these criteria has received scant attention even though the question of how to measure local adaptation is vital for the study field. At present, there is an extensive volume of published results showing other kinds of patterns than those proposed by the “Local vs . foreign” or “Home vs . away” criteria. Here, we highlight one of these alternative patterns that we believe may have an adaptive background and may show local adaptation not recognized by the above-mentioned criteria.
{"title":"Ignored pattern in studies of local adaptations: When the grass is greener on the allopatric site","authors":"O. Vesakoski, V. Jormalainen","doi":"10.4033/IEE.2013.6.7.N","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4033/IEE.2013.6.7.N","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, the focus within microevolutionary studies has been on the ecological divergence of populations. One subset of this research field includes studies on local adaptation. This approach is useful for studying whether or not adaptive spatial variation takes place in a metapopulation context. There is growing body of research studying local adaptations of populations, and much of this has used a formal test for assessing the existence of local adaptation. According to Kawecki and Ebert (2004), the “Local vs. foreign” criterion is fulfilled if the local population has higher fitness than other populations in its own locality and “Home vs. away” is fulfilled if a population has higher fitness in the sympatric than allopatric environment. Interestingly, interpretation of results not fulfilling these criteria has received scant attention even though the question of how to measure local adaptation is vital for the study field. At present, there is an extensive volume of published results showing other kinds of patterns than those proposed by the “Local vs . foreign” or “Home vs . away” criteria. Here, we highlight one of these alternative patterns that we believe may have an adaptive background and may show local adaptation not recognized by the above-mentioned criteria.","PeriodicalId":42755,"journal":{"name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2013-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70234161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Uses for Twitter Across Disciplines and Throughout the Scientific Process Lisa M. Federer, UCLA Louise M. Darling Biomedical Library, University of CaliforniaLos Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; lmfederer@library.ucla.edu
跨学科和整个科学过程中Twitter的使用Lisa M. Federer, UCLA Louise M. Darling生物医学图书馆，加州大学洛杉矶分校，洛杉矶，加州;lmfederer@library.ucla.edu
{"title":"Uses for Twitter across disciplines and throughout the scientific process","authors":"L. Federer","doi":"10.4033/IEE.2013.6.7.C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4033/IEE.2013.6.7.C","url":null,"abstract":"Uses for Twitter Across Disciplines and Throughout the Scientific Process Lisa M. Federer, UCLA Louise M. Darling Biomedical Library, University of CaliforniaLos Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; lmfederer@library.ucla.edu","PeriodicalId":42755,"journal":{"name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","volume":"6 1","pages":"44-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2013-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70234525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Evolutionary biology and ecology have always been collaborative enterprises, benefitting enormously from active communication of ideas among traditional academic networks of peers. The Internet age, with its thriving online social networks, offers new tools that can help our current generation of biologists to collaborate, and communicate with the public, more effectively. Having a dynamic web presence, being part of an active blogging, Facebook, or Google+ community, and being a strategic tweeter can help your research, teaching, and service programs. Below we outline how to be a strategically savvy and active social media scientist, and discuss some of the pitfalls to avoid wasting time. We highlight some ecologists and evolutionary biologists who are active in social media to help you understand the many ways social media can help you in your academic life.
{"title":"The social biology professor: Effective strategies for social media engagement","authors":"S. Bertram, M. Katti","doi":"10.4033/IEE.2013.6.5.F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4033/IEE.2013.6.5.F","url":null,"abstract":"Evolutionary biology and ecology have always been collaborative enterprises, benefitting enormously from active communication of ideas among traditional academic networks of peers. The Internet age, with its thriving online social networks, offers new tools that can help our current generation of biologists to collaborate, and communicate with the public, more effectively. Having a dynamic web presence, being part of an active blogging, Facebook, or Google+ community, and being a strategic tweeter can help your research, teaching, and service programs. Below we outline how to be a strategically savvy and active social media scientist, and discuss some of the pitfalls to avoid wasting time. We highlight some ecologists and evolutionary biologists who are active in social media to help you understand the many ways social media can help you in your academic life.","PeriodicalId":42755,"journal":{"name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2013-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4033/IEE.2013.6.5.F","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70234514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On refining hypotheses for biased sex ratios and aposematic polymorphism in African butterflies: a commentary","authors":"David A S Smith","doi":"10.4033/IEE.V6I1.4611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4033/IEE.V6I1.4611","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42755,"journal":{"name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2013-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70236172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Male-killing and aposematic polymorphism in African butterflies: Is there a connection?","authors":"I. Gordon","doi":"10.4033/IEE.V6I1.4612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4033/IEE.V6I1.4612","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42755,"journal":{"name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2013-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70236788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In East and Central Africa, the nymphalid butterflies Danaus chrysippus , Acraea encedon and Acraea encedana are involved in a Mullerian mimicry complex. Unusually for aposematic mimetic organisms, the three species show extensive colour pattern polymorphism. Within the same geographic zone, the three species show female-biased sex ratios as a consequence of infection by maternally-inherited, male-killing bacteria. The co-occurrence of biased sex ratios and aposematic polymorphism within these three sympatric, mimetic butterfly species has led to the speculation that invasion by the male-killing bacteria and the subsequent female-biased sex ratios are the underlying reason for the maintenance of colour polymorphism in these species, following its establishment by periods of allopatry and monomorphism and hybridisation. In this paper, we present a novel hypothesis that describes a mechanism by which such causal link might have taken place; in our view, positive frequency-dependent selection favouring the most common colour form in the species is disrupted as a consequence of the recurrent extinction-recolonization cycles undergone at the level of the species populations following the spread of the male-killer. Likewise, extinctions and recolonizations taking place in the other mimics randomly change the direction of selection on each species, potentially leading to multiple selective pressures favouring different colour patterns in the mimicry complex. Thus, selection for monomorphism within each species as well as between the mimetic species will be continuously randomized by the enhanced metapopulation dynamics and the state of polymorphism will be maintained consequently.
{"title":"Biased sex ratios and Aposematic polymorphism in African butterflies","authors":"Eihab Idris, S. S. H. Hassan","doi":"10.4033/IEE.2013.6.2.N","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4033/IEE.2013.6.2.N","url":null,"abstract":"In East and Central Africa, the nymphalid butterflies Danaus chrysippus , Acraea encedon and Acraea encedana are involved in a Mullerian mimicry complex. Unusually for aposematic mimetic organisms, the three species show extensive colour pattern polymorphism. Within the same geographic zone, the three species show female-biased sex ratios as a consequence of infection by maternally-inherited, male-killing bacteria. The co-occurrence of biased sex ratios and aposematic polymorphism within these three sympatric, mimetic butterfly species has led to the speculation that invasion by the male-killing bacteria and the subsequent female-biased sex ratios are the underlying reason for the maintenance of colour polymorphism in these species, following its establishment by periods of allopatry and monomorphism and hybridisation. In this paper, we present a novel hypothesis that describes a mechanism by which such causal link might have taken place; in our view, positive frequency-dependent selection favouring the most common colour form in the species is disrupted as a consequence of the recurrent extinction-recolonization cycles undergone at the level of the species populations following the spread of the male-killer. Likewise, extinctions and recolonizations taking place in the other mimics randomly change the direction of selection on each species, potentially leading to multiple selective pressures favouring different colour patterns in the mimicry complex. Thus, selection for monomorphism within each species as well as between the mimetic species will be continuously randomized by the enhanced metapopulation dynamics and the state of polymorphism will be maintained consequently.","PeriodicalId":42755,"journal":{"name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","volume":"161 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2013-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70234452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It has long been believed that plant-animal interactions, including herbivory, are more intense toward the tropics. The more intense interactions in the tropics are thought to have selected for higher levels of defenses against herbivores. These ideas are fundamental to our understanding of global patterns in diversity, and for our understanding of plant-animal interactions. However, recent analyses have tended not to support the traditional hypothesis of higher herbivory and defenses at lower latitudes. Despite mounting empirical evidence, many ecologists have been slow to re-assess their beliefs. I show clear evidence for citation bias, with papers that support the traditional idea being cited over six times as often as papers that show higher herbivory at higher latitudes and over four times as often as papers showing higher defense at higher latitudes. I also highlight examples where interpretations that are counter to the available empirical evidence have been published in high profile journals. I suggest that providing rigorous empirical tests for ideas that have become widely established without appropriate testing should be a priority for ecologists. We need to make sure the objectivity of peer-reviewed science stands out from the mass of unchecked opinion available on the web.
{"title":"Dogmatic is problematic: Interpreting evidence for latitudinal gradients in herbivory and defense","authors":"A. Moles","doi":"10.4033/IEE.2013.6.1.C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4033/IEE.2013.6.1.C","url":null,"abstract":"It has long been believed that plant-animal interactions, including herbivory, are more intense toward the tropics. The more intense interactions in the tropics are thought to have selected for higher levels of defenses against herbivores. These ideas are fundamental to our understanding of global patterns in diversity, and for our understanding of plant-animal interactions. However, recent analyses have tended not to support the traditional hypothesis of higher herbivory and defenses at lower latitudes. Despite mounting empirical evidence, many ecologists have been slow to re-assess their beliefs. I show clear evidence for citation bias, with papers that support the traditional idea being cited over six times as often as papers that show higher herbivory at higher latitudes and over four times as often as papers showing higher defense at higher latitudes. I also highlight examples where interpretations that are counter to the available empirical evidence have been published in high profile journals. I suggest that providing rigorous empirical tests for ideas that have become widely established without appropriate testing should be a priority for ecologists. We need to make sure the objectivity of peer-reviewed science stands out from the mass of unchecked opinion available on the web.","PeriodicalId":42755,"journal":{"name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2013-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4033/IEE.2013.6.1.C","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70233773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-11-22DOI: 10.4033/IEE.2012.5B.17.F
S. Cooke, N. W. Lapointe
{"title":"Addressing editor(ial) malpractice in scientific journals","authors":"S. Cooke, N. W. Lapointe","doi":"10.4033/IEE.2012.5B.17.F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4033/IEE.2012.5B.17.F","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42755,"journal":{"name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2012-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4033/IEE.2012.5B.17.F","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70234092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-11-16DOI: 10.4033/IEE.2012.5B.14.F
C. Tenopir, Rachel Volentine
Surveys of academic staff in six universities in the U.K. provide insights for publishers and universities into scholarly article, book, and other publication reading patterns of academics and differences based on academic discipline of readers. These surveys were part of the 2011 UK Scholarly Reading and the Value of the Library Study funded by JISC Collections and based on Tenopir and King Studies conducted since 1977. Reading patterns of life and environmental scientists differ from other disciplines, in particular social sciences. Scholarly articles, especially those obtained from the library’s e-journal collections, are vital to the work of all academic disciplines. Life and environmental scient-ists come into contact with multiple sources of information every day, including social media, and the biggest limitation scientists describe when it comes to finding and obtaining articles is cost and time. Knowing more about academic reading patterns help publishers and librarians design more effective journal systems and services now and into the future.
{"title":"The value of scholarly reading in the life sciences","authors":"C. Tenopir, Rachel Volentine","doi":"10.4033/IEE.2012.5B.14.F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4033/IEE.2012.5B.14.F","url":null,"abstract":"Surveys of academic staff in six universities in the U.K. provide insights for publishers and universities into scholarly article, book, and other publication reading patterns of academics and differences based on academic discipline of readers. These surveys were part of the 2011 UK Scholarly Reading and the Value of the Library Study funded by JISC Collections and based on Tenopir and King Studies conducted since 1977. Reading patterns of life and environmental scientists differ from other disciplines, in particular social sciences. Scholarly articles, especially those obtained from the library’s e-journal collections, are vital to the work of all academic disciplines. Life and environmental scient-ists come into contact with multiple sources of information every day, including social media, and the biggest limitation scientists describe when it comes to finding and obtaining articles is cost and time. Knowing more about academic reading patterns help publishers and librarians design more effective journal systems and services now and into the future.","PeriodicalId":42755,"journal":{"name":"Ideas in Ecology and Evolution","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2012-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70233624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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