The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) is the core legal body of the United Nations system in the field of international trade law. It has been carrying out its mandate to further the progressive harmonization and unification of international trade law since 1966. This article provides an overview of the fifty-sixth session of UNCITRAL and the activities of its working groups and Secretariat since its last session.
{"title":"News from the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL): the work of the fifty-sixth commission session","authors":"Anne Mostad-Jensen","doi":"10.1093/ulr/unae001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unae001","url":null,"abstract":"The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) is the core legal body of the United Nations system in the field of international trade law. It has been carrying out its mandate to further the progressive harmonization and unification of international trade law since 1966. This article provides an overview of the fifty-sixth session of UNCITRAL and the activities of its working groups and Secretariat since its last session.","PeriodicalId":42756,"journal":{"name":"Uniform Law Review","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139947553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The dematerialisation of paper bills of lading has been a goal of the maritime trade community ever since the invention of the Internet, though reaching it had recently seemed increasingly unlikely. The development of blockchain technology has given new impetus to this enterprise, leading to UNCITRAL’s Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records. The recently passed Electronic Trade Documents Act 2023 implements many of the Model Law’s feature in English law and this may finally make electronic bills of lading a practical and not just a fanciful proposition. It is suggested, however, that the Act can achieve its goals without having to resort to the technology that inspired it – more pedestrian, centralised registry systems might be a safer bet than blockchain, at least for now.
{"title":"Electronic bills of lading, transnational and English law: blocking the blockchain?","authors":"Thomas Krebs","doi":"10.1093/ulr/unad022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unad022","url":null,"abstract":"The dematerialisation of paper bills of lading has been a goal of the maritime trade community ever since the invention of the Internet, though reaching it had recently seemed increasingly unlikely. The development of blockchain technology has given new impetus to this enterprise, leading to UNCITRAL’s Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records. The recently passed Electronic Trade Documents Act 2023 implements many of the Model Law’s feature in English law and this may finally make electronic bills of lading a practical and not just a fanciful proposition. It is suggested, however, that the Act can achieve its goals without having to resort to the technology that inspired it – more pedestrian, centralised registry systems might be a safer bet than blockchain, at least for now.","PeriodicalId":42756,"journal":{"name":"Uniform Law Review","volume":"390 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139645433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jannik Woxholth, Dirk A Zetzsche, Ross P Buckley, Douglas W Arner
At the height of the ‘crypto winter’, with several crypto intermediaries filing for insolvency and subjected to schemes of arrangement, who owns what and who has a claim on what becomes all important. At the same time, distributed ledger technologies are frequently presented as a digital solution to these perennial problems of competing claims to the same asset. This article makes two contributions to the literature. First, we show that neither current technology nor law solves the competing claims issue. Second, we suggest policy solutions based on a comparative legal analysis. In essence, the law must: (i) recognize property rights in crypto-assets; (ii) protect bona fide purchasers that receive crypto-assets from a transferor who exerts control over private keys; and (iii) facilitate the enforcement of titles in crypto-assets by the interplay of private and financial law. While full harmonization of national private laws is out of reach, some level of international consensus around these three principles would strengthen the impact of private law in the proper ordering and enforcement of claims to crypto-assets.
{"title":"Competing claims to crypto-assets","authors":"Jannik Woxholth, Dirk A Zetzsche, Ross P Buckley, Douglas W Arner","doi":"10.1093/ulr/unad018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unad018","url":null,"abstract":"At the height of the ‘crypto winter’, with several crypto intermediaries filing for insolvency and subjected to schemes of arrangement, who owns what and who has a claim on what becomes all important. At the same time, distributed ledger technologies are frequently presented as a digital solution to these perennial problems of competing claims to the same asset. This article makes two contributions to the literature. First, we show that neither current technology nor law solves the competing claims issue. Second, we suggest policy solutions based on a comparative legal analysis. In essence, the law must: (i) recognize property rights in crypto-assets; (ii) protect bona fide purchasers that receive crypto-assets from a transferor who exerts control over private keys; and (iii) facilitate the enforcement of titles in crypto-assets by the interplay of private and financial law. While full harmonization of national private laws is out of reach, some level of international consensus around these three principles would strengthen the impact of private law in the proper ordering and enforcement of claims to crypto-assets.","PeriodicalId":42756,"journal":{"name":"Uniform Law Review","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139373622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A haven for articles of association freedom, in that it constitutes a company tailored to the will of its shareholders, the Simplified Public Limited Company has henceforth imposed itself as a commercial entity whose introduction into the OHADA space has crystallized the contractual design of the commercial company. It allows the partners to freely insert in their articles of association anything that is not expressly prohibited and relating to the constitution, governance, and dissolution of the company. Nevertheless, this exuberant articles of association freedom, which contrasts sharply with the absence of personal liability of the shareholders for company debts, may be detrimental to the interests of the shareholders, the company, and the economy. Mandatory commercial companies’ rules and the general theory of commercial companies then timidly take it upon themselves to try to tame articles of association freedom and correct the defects of the Simplified Public Limited Company. All this heightens the feeling of distrust vis-à-vis articles of association freedom, which, in the absence of serious limitations, enslaves more than it releases.
{"title":"La liberté statutaire dans la société par action simplifiée en droit OHADA","authors":"Innocent Tchamgwe","doi":"10.1093/ulr/unad019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unad019","url":null,"abstract":"A haven for articles of association freedom, in that it constitutes a company tailored to the will of its shareholders, the Simplified Public Limited Company has henceforth imposed itself as a commercial entity whose introduction into the OHADA space has crystallized the contractual design of the commercial company. It allows the partners to freely insert in their articles of association anything that is not expressly prohibited and relating to the constitution, governance, and dissolution of the company. Nevertheless, this exuberant articles of association freedom, which contrasts sharply with the absence of personal liability of the shareholders for company debts, may be detrimental to the interests of the shareholders, the company, and the economy. Mandatory commercial companies’ rules and the general theory of commercial companies then timidly take it upon themselves to try to tame articles of association freedom and correct the defects of the Simplified Public Limited Company. All this heightens the feeling of distrust vis-à-vis articles of association freedom, which, in the absence of serious limitations, enslaves more than it releases.","PeriodicalId":42756,"journal":{"name":"Uniform Law Review","volume":"124 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138505406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Résumé L’éthique est une exigence capitale dans l’arbitrage l’OHADA ; l’avenir de l’institution en dépend. Si le droit OHADA de l’arbitrage l’a intégrée dans sa conception en imposant des obligations en lien avec elle, on note quelques imperfections et la pratique arbitrale montre que son respect n’est pas la chose la mieux partagée en raison de la présence des comportements déshonorants chez certains arbitres. Pour plus d’effectivité, le législateur devrait renouveler les sources des obligations en lien avec l’éthique et renforcer le régime des sanctions en cas d’inobservation.
{"title":"Arbitrage OHADA et éthique","authors":"Guy Armel Tamkam Silatchom","doi":"10.1093/ulr/unad020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unad020","url":null,"abstract":"Résumé L’éthique est une exigence capitale dans l’arbitrage l’OHADA ; l’avenir de l’institution en dépend. Si le droit OHADA de l’arbitrage l’a intégrée dans sa conception en imposant des obligations en lien avec elle, on note quelques imperfections et la pratique arbitrale montre que son respect n’est pas la chose la mieux partagée en raison de la présence des comportements déshonorants chez certains arbitres. Pour plus d’effectivité, le législateur devrait renouveler les sources des obligations en lien avec l’éthique et renforcer le régime des sanctions en cas d’inobservation.","PeriodicalId":42756,"journal":{"name":"Uniform Law Review","volume":"216 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138505380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Global institutions have been looking for tools to alleviate food insecurity for years. COVID-19 and the conflict in Ukraine have exacerbated the situation, necessitating the mobilization of additional financial resources. This article focuses on financing instruments that can alleviate food insecurity by promoting financing in the pre-harvest phase, particularly crop receipts. Crop receipts recently attracted attention from international financial institutions, responding to inquiries from domestic policymakers about tools to increase access to credit for farmers. Crop receipts legislation has been enacted in Brazil, Ukraine, and Serbia, and several States are considering the enactment of such legislation. This article analyses the interaction of crop receipts with secured transactions and warehouse receipts legislation as well as regulatory frameworks applicable to banking, commodity exchanges, and capital markets. Guidance for those States contemplating enactment of crop receipts legislation is necessary to produce coherent secured transactions and warehouse receipts regimes and to forestall any approaches that might thwart their modernization along the lines of existing and emerging international standards. This article sheds light on the aspects of crop receipts finance for which guidance should be provided. It proposes that such guidance be included in the Agricultural Legal Financing Guide, which has been approved by the Governing Council of the International Institute for Unification of Private Law for the 2023–5 Work Programme.
{"title":"Credit instruments to alleviate global food insecurity: focus on crop receipts","authors":"Thomas Johnson","doi":"10.1093/ulr/unad021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unad021","url":null,"abstract":"Global institutions have been looking for tools to alleviate food insecurity for years. COVID-19 and the conflict in Ukraine have exacerbated the situation, necessitating the mobilization of additional financial resources. This article focuses on financing instruments that can alleviate food insecurity by promoting financing in the pre-harvest phase, particularly crop receipts. Crop receipts recently attracted attention from international financial institutions, responding to inquiries from domestic policymakers about tools to increase access to credit for farmers. Crop receipts legislation has been enacted in Brazil, Ukraine, and Serbia, and several States are considering the enactment of such legislation. This article analyses the interaction of crop receipts with secured transactions and warehouse receipts legislation as well as regulatory frameworks applicable to banking, commodity exchanges, and capital markets. Guidance for those States contemplating enactment of crop receipts legislation is necessary to produce coherent secured transactions and warehouse receipts regimes and to forestall any approaches that might thwart their modernization along the lines of existing and emerging international standards. This article sheds light on the aspects of crop receipts finance for which guidance should be provided. It proposes that such guidance be included in the Agricultural Legal Financing Guide, which has been approved by the Governing Council of the International Institute for Unification of Private Law for the 2023–5 Work Programme.","PeriodicalId":42756,"journal":{"name":"Uniform Law Review","volume":"227 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138505377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract A recent French reform, dated 15 September 2021, which entered into force on 1 January 2022, largely modifies the law of guarantees and security interests. It clarifies a certain number of rules, suppresses several security interests that appeared to be obsolete, and reinforces the protection of warrantors without neglecting the interests of creditors. Adopted to promote security, flexibility, and accessibility to French Law, and to enhance the efficiency of secured transactions, the reform has generally been perceived as successful. The purpose of this paper is to present the reform in an international perspective and to try to understand whether it fits the purpose it was assigned: to strengthen the attractiveness of French Law in the comparative landscape. We will demonstrate that, regarding a certain number of international instruments and foreign laws, the answer tends to be affirmative. The French Government might also seize this opportunity to include France in several international projects that it has, so far, stayed away from, such as the ratification of the Cape Town Convention.
{"title":"Perspectives internationales de la réforme du droit français des sûretés","authors":"Sarah Laval","doi":"10.1093/ulr/unad017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unad017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A recent French reform, dated 15 September 2021, which entered into force on 1 January 2022, largely modifies the law of guarantees and security interests. It clarifies a certain number of rules, suppresses several security interests that appeared to be obsolete, and reinforces the protection of warrantors without neglecting the interests of creditors. Adopted to promote security, flexibility, and accessibility to French Law, and to enhance the efficiency of secured transactions, the reform has generally been perceived as successful. The purpose of this paper is to present the reform in an international perspective and to try to understand whether it fits the purpose it was assigned: to strengthen the attractiveness of French Law in the comparative landscape. We will demonstrate that, regarding a certain number of international instruments and foreign laws, the answer tends to be affirmative. The French Government might also seize this opportunity to include France in several international projects that it has, so far, stayed away from, such as the ratification of the Cape Town Convention.","PeriodicalId":42756,"journal":{"name":"Uniform Law Review","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136072036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Where the parties to an international contract fail to specify the choice of law, a forum selection agreement is one of the most, if not the most, significant factors to consider in implying the choice of law in many international, supranational, regional instruments, and national jurisdictions. However, it is an ill-defined, notoriously complex, and hotly debated issue as to the weight that should be attached to a forum selection agreement in implying the choice of law. Hence, this article is devoted to discussing this topic from a comparative perspective, in order to propose a guide to global uniform criteria. To achieve this, the article covers all relevant international, regional, and supranational instruments, and selected legal systems in Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, the Middle East, and North and South America. The legal systems compared include those from the global North and global South, including common law, civil law, and mixed legal systems. The article’s core proposal is that an exclusive forum selection agreement should be a key factor in implying the choice of law. However, except in such cases as where a forum is chosen on a neutral basis, there should be a general requirement of corroboration with at least one other factor of significance. The aim of the proposal is to contribute to greater uniformity, predictability, and certainty in the global community in this field of law.
{"title":"The significance of a forum selection agreement as an indicator of the implied choice of law in international contracts: a global comparative perspective","authors":"C. Okoli","doi":"10.1093/ulr/unad016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unad016","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Where the parties to an international contract fail to specify the choice of law, a forum selection agreement is one of the most, if not the most, significant factors to consider in implying the choice of law in many international, supranational, regional instruments, and national jurisdictions. However, it is an ill-defined, notoriously complex, and hotly debated issue as to the weight that should be attached to a forum selection agreement in implying the choice of law. Hence, this article is devoted to discussing this topic from a comparative perspective, in order to propose a guide to global uniform criteria. To achieve this, the article covers all relevant international, regional, and supranational instruments, and selected legal systems in Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, the Middle East, and North and South America. The legal systems compared include those from the global North and global South, including common law, civil law, and mixed legal systems. The article’s core proposal is that an exclusive forum selection agreement should be a key factor in implying the choice of law. However, except in such cases as where a forum is chosen on a neutral basis, there should be a general requirement of corroboration with at least one other factor of significance. The aim of the proposal is to contribute to greater uniformity, predictability, and certainty in the global community in this field of law.","PeriodicalId":42756,"journal":{"name":"Uniform Law Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89488675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L’appel public à l’épargne est un mécanisme charnière dans le fonctionnement du marché financier. En zone CEMAC, les règles y afférentes sont plurielles et mises à l’épreuve par les évolutions technologiques et financières comme les cryptoactifs. La présente réflexion tant à démontrer qu’avant la réforme de la réglementation du marché financier de juillet 2022, la COSUMAF avait une légitimité contestable à réguler, donc à interdire, les levées de fonds impliquant les cryptoactifs. Cependant, après cette réforme, les nouvelles dispositions apportent au périmètre de l’APE des correctifs qui doivent pourtant être convenablement aménagés.
{"title":"Cryptoactifs et appel public à l’épargne en zone CEMAC","authors":"Willy Stéphane Zogo","doi":"10.1093/ulr/unad011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unad011","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 L’appel public à l’épargne est un mécanisme charnière dans le fonctionnement du marché financier. En zone CEMAC, les règles y afférentes sont plurielles et mises à l’épreuve par les évolutions technologiques et financières comme les cryptoactifs. La présente réflexion tant à démontrer qu’avant la réforme de la réglementation du marché financier de juillet 2022, la COSUMAF avait une légitimité contestable à réguler, donc à interdire, les levées de fonds impliquant les cryptoactifs. Cependant, après cette réforme, les nouvelles dispositions apportent au périmètre de l’APE des correctifs qui doivent pourtant être convenablement aménagés.","PeriodicalId":42756,"journal":{"name":"Uniform Law Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88901886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article assesses the extent to which the law under the Organisation pour l’Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires (OHADA) has been received in anglophone Cameroon after 26 years of existence, with specific focus on the Fako judicial division.1 With regard to the tenets of qualitative research, it is observed that, from the viewpoint of the legal reception technique, it is indisputable that OHADA law has been infused into the English-speaking legal system in Cameroon through legal techniques of transposition. Through the use of interviews and questionnaires as our research tools, it is revealed that this reception remains limited because most judicial actors still find it difficult to implement legislation that they have not yet mastered. Linguistic issues and the difficulties faced in accessing the Common Court of Justice and Arbitration based in Ivory Coast in Abidjan on OHADA-related matters are serious obstacles to its effective implementation. This situation has been worsened by the poor articulation of clichés that tend to radically oppose OHADA law compared to common law principles. This article tries to deconstruct the ideas received as it shows some of the similarities in the substantive law under the two systems and consequently advocates on this basis the idea that efforts be made to familiarize common law jurists with the content of OHADA law. The article recommends that linguistic issues be tackled by OHADA lawmakers right from the stage of legal drafting by using drafting techniques that will reduce the feeling that the common law is being neglected. For uniform acts yet to be translated, the translation process should associate experts in comparative law to enable the use of appropriate legal language in translation from French into English. Only such efforts will entice the common law African countries that are still hesitating to join OHADA law and, by so doing, will render investment in Africa more attractive.
{"title":"The reception of OHADA law in anglophone Cameroon: appraisal and proposals","authors":"Etoula Essoh Clotilde","doi":"10.1093/ulr/unad014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unad014","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article assesses the extent to which the law under the Organisation pour l’Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires (OHADA) has been received in anglophone Cameroon after 26 years of existence, with specific focus on the Fako judicial division.1 With regard to the tenets of qualitative research, it is observed that, from the viewpoint of the legal reception technique, it is indisputable that OHADA law has been infused into the English-speaking legal system in Cameroon through legal techniques of transposition. Through the use of interviews and questionnaires as our research tools, it is revealed that this reception remains limited because most judicial actors still find it difficult to implement legislation that they have not yet mastered. Linguistic issues and the difficulties faced in accessing the Common Court of Justice and Arbitration based in Ivory Coast in Abidjan on OHADA-related matters are serious obstacles to its effective implementation. This situation has been worsened by the poor articulation of clichés that tend to radically oppose OHADA law compared to common law principles. This article tries to deconstruct the ideas received as it shows some of the similarities in the substantive law under the two systems and consequently advocates on this basis the idea that efforts be made to familiarize common law jurists with the content of OHADA law. The article recommends that linguistic issues be tackled by OHADA lawmakers right from the stage of legal drafting by using drafting techniques that will reduce the feeling that the common law is being neglected. For uniform acts yet to be translated, the translation process should associate experts in comparative law to enable the use of appropriate legal language in translation from French into English. Only such efforts will entice the common law African countries that are still hesitating to join OHADA law and, by so doing, will render investment in Africa more attractive.","PeriodicalId":42756,"journal":{"name":"Uniform Law Review","volume":"162 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89600424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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