This article studies the Italian model of hardship and how it has influenced Latin American jurisdictions and international trade. On the one hand, it develops how various national jurisdictions have imported the Italian model and how it has been followed by certain international instruments. On the other hand, economics and psychology are applied to analyse the good and bad of the Italian model. Finally, the article reflects on whether there is one model of hardship that is better than another and where the Italian model stands in this respect.
{"title":"The influence of the Italian model of hardship in Latin America and international trade (with some notes from social sciences)","authors":"Sergio García Long","doi":"10.1093/ulr/unad015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unad015","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article studies the Italian model of hardship and how it has influenced Latin American jurisdictions and international trade. On the one hand, it develops how various national jurisdictions have imported the Italian model and how it has been followed by certain international instruments. On the other hand, economics and psychology are applied to analyse the good and bad of the Italian model. Finally, the article reflects on whether there is one model of hardship that is better than another and where the Italian model stands in this respect.","PeriodicalId":42756,"journal":{"name":"Uniform Law Review","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75036411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The position of the Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) as a potential unifying influence and resource within the global competitive market for law is indelibly linked to the justifiability and desirability of the black letter rules embodied in the instrument. This article critically analyses the PICC’s provisions on anticipatory non-performance using two common law-oriented normative paradigms: economic efficiency and relational norms. It argues that the PICC’s remedial scheme for anticipatory non-performance satisfies the normative prescriptions of economic analysis of law in that the self-help measures available represent majoritarian default rules and facilitate early mitigation of loss, thereby maximizing the parties’ net exchange surplus. Furthermore, the article contends that the PICC’s remedial scheme is sensitive to the relational nature of commercial contracts such that it fosters the parties’ commitment, communication, cooperation, and trust, which are vital values in developing and maintaining relational assets.
{"title":"Through the normative prism: a critical appraisal of the PICC’s provisions on anticipatory non-performance","authors":"Hassan Mohamed","doi":"10.1093/ulr/unad010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unad010","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The position of the Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) as a potential unifying influence and resource within the global competitive market for law is indelibly linked to the justifiability and desirability of the black letter rules embodied in the instrument. This article critically analyses the PICC’s provisions on anticipatory non-performance using two common law-oriented normative paradigms: economic efficiency and relational norms. It argues that the PICC’s remedial scheme for anticipatory non-performance satisfies the normative prescriptions of economic analysis of law in that the self-help measures available represent majoritarian default rules and facilitate early mitigation of loss, thereby maximizing the parties’ net exchange surplus. Furthermore, the article contends that the PICC’s remedial scheme is sensitive to the relational nature of commercial contracts such that it fosters the parties’ commitment, communication, cooperation, and trust, which are vital values in developing and maintaining relational assets.","PeriodicalId":42756,"journal":{"name":"Uniform Law Review","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85011609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article deals with exemption clauses and specifically with respect to their definition, types, and validity. It tackles clauses that exempt the obligor from liability for his or his employees’ non-performance. The article presents and analyses the legal provisions on exemption clauses under the Unidroit Principles and the Qatar Civil Code and discusses the case law made under these legislative instruments. In addition, the article draws a comparison between the legal texts at issue in order to conclude with a solution that best serves the parties’ interests.
{"title":"Exemption clauses: a comparative review of the Unidroit Principles and the Qatar Civil Code","authors":"Amin Dawwas","doi":"10.1093/ulr/unad008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unad008","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article deals with exemption clauses and specifically with respect to their definition, types, and validity. It tackles clauses that exempt the obligor from liability for his or his employees’ non-performance. The article presents and analyses the legal provisions on exemption clauses under the Unidroit Principles and the Qatar Civil Code and discusses the case law made under these legislative instruments. In addition, the article draws a comparison between the legal texts at issue in order to conclude with a solution that best serves the parties’ interests.","PeriodicalId":42756,"journal":{"name":"Uniform Law Review","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74522495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Predicated on English law, termination for the breach of contract in India is regulated by the Indian Contract Act, 1872 and the Sale of Goods Act, 1930. However, these legislations do not adopt uniform criteria while stipulating the circumstances in which the parties may exercise their right to rescind the contract for breach. The complex nature of the rules on termination for breach has rendered the Indian law of contract unsuitable to govern domestic or transnational agreements. This article examines the plausible role of the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law’s (Unidroit) Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) in developing the Indian law of contract. It argues in favour of a complete overhaul of the legal principles on which the parties’ right to rescind a contract for breach is based on the ground that these reflect a pro-termination instead of a favor contractus approach. Consequently, the author urges Indian lawmakers to consider employing the provisions of the PICC on the subject as a model to develop the law of the Republic to foster international trade and facilitate justice among litigants. Although an amendment to the Indian law of contract would be ideal, the judiciary should, in the meantime, refer to the PICC while adjudicating disputes arising from the breach of contracts to interpret and supplement the Indian law according to well-defined and internationally accepted standards.
{"title":"Termination for breach: the prospects of the Unidroit principles of International Commercial Contracts to interpret and supplement the Indian law of contract","authors":"Saloni Khanderia","doi":"10.1093/ulr/unad002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unad002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Predicated on English law, termination for the breach of contract in India is regulated by the Indian Contract Act, 1872 and the Sale of Goods Act, 1930. However, these legislations do not adopt uniform criteria while stipulating the circumstances in which the parties may exercise their right to rescind the contract for breach. The complex nature of the rules on termination for breach has rendered the Indian law of contract unsuitable to govern domestic or transnational agreements. This article examines the plausible role of the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law’s (Unidroit) Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) in developing the Indian law of contract. It argues in favour of a complete overhaul of the legal principles on which the parties’ right to rescind a contract for breach is based on the ground that these reflect a pro-termination instead of a favor contractus approach. Consequently, the author urges Indian lawmakers to consider employing the provisions of the PICC on the subject as a model to develop the law of the Republic to foster international trade and facilitate justice among litigants. Although an amendment to the Indian law of contract would be ideal, the judiciary should, in the meantime, refer to the PICC while adjudicating disputes arising from the breach of contracts to interpret and supplement the Indian law according to well-defined and internationally accepted standards.","PeriodicalId":42756,"journal":{"name":"Uniform Law Review","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86674624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract For a long time, scholars have argued that Article 1153 of the Italian Civil Code, regulating the good faith purchase of goods, creates a ‘congenial place’ for buying stolen cultural objects. What is an Italian domestic concern becomes international in international cases where Italian law is found to be applicable. Consequently, both scholarship and case law have looked into the problem and questioned the applicability of the article to cultural objects. This Contribution explores the contours of the norm, explains how it risks playing the role of the ‘Trojan horse’, and then shows why it was essential for the Italian Supreme Court to intervene. In deciding on a case concerning the ownership rights of Peruvian and Chilean cultural property sold a non domino and located in Italy, the Italian Supreme Court upheld the ruling of the lower Court and applied the principles of international public order derived from cultural conventions. Where the application of Italian law, specifically of Article 1153 of the Italian Civil Code was necessary, the Supreme Court strengthened the article's constitutive element of good faith by making hermeneutical use of Article 4 of the 1995 Unidroit Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects. The resulting good faith requires a higher level of care on the art-buyer side, a standard that changes depending on the character of the party concerned. Ultimately the Contribution points to the importance of the choice that the Supreme Court made to identify a dynamic bonam fidem to cope with the problems posed by Article 1153 of the Italian Civil Code.
{"title":"Taming the Italian ‘Trojan horse’: the <i>a non domino</i> sales of cultural objects","authors":"Giuditta Giardini","doi":"10.1093/ulr/unad012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unad012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract For a long time, scholars have argued that Article 1153 of the Italian Civil Code, regulating the good faith purchase of goods, creates a ‘congenial place’ for buying stolen cultural objects. What is an Italian domestic concern becomes international in international cases where Italian law is found to be applicable. Consequently, both scholarship and case law have looked into the problem and questioned the applicability of the article to cultural objects. This Contribution explores the contours of the norm, explains how it risks playing the role of the ‘Trojan horse’, and then shows why it was essential for the Italian Supreme Court to intervene. In deciding on a case concerning the ownership rights of Peruvian and Chilean cultural property sold a non domino and located in Italy, the Italian Supreme Court upheld the ruling of the lower Court and applied the principles of international public order derived from cultural conventions. Where the application of Italian law, specifically of Article 1153 of the Italian Civil Code was necessary, the Supreme Court strengthened the article's constitutive element of good faith by making hermeneutical use of Article 4 of the 1995 Unidroit Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects. The resulting good faith requires a higher level of care on the art-buyer side, a standard that changes depending on the character of the party concerned. Ultimately the Contribution points to the importance of the choice that the Supreme Court made to identify a dynamic bonam fidem to cope with the problems posed by Article 1153 of the Italian Civil Code.","PeriodicalId":42756,"journal":{"name":"Uniform Law Review","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135469413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Résumé : En arbitrage CCJA, l’octroi de la force exécutoire aux sentences arbitrales est subordonné à l’obtention d’une ordonnance d’exequatur du président de la CCJA. Cependant, à y voir de près, un octroi de plano serait davantage le bienvenu. Considérés en soi, les enjeux liés à l’octroi dans l’espace OHADA de la force exécutoire aux sentences arbitrales CCJA n’imposent pas en effet l’exigence d’un exequatur préalable. Toutefois, la possibilité d’un contrôle devrait demeurer disponible. Ainsi, un recours en opposition à l’exécution au profit de la partie condamnée pourrait être consacré à cet effet.
{"title":"L’octroi de la force exécutoire aux sentences arbitrales rendues sous l’égide de la CCJA","authors":"Didier Franck Bationo","doi":"10.1093/ulr/unad009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unad009","url":null,"abstract":"Résumé : En arbitrage CCJA, l’octroi de la force exécutoire aux sentences arbitrales est subordonné à l’obtention d’une ordonnance d’exequatur du président de la CCJA. Cependant, à y voir de près, un octroi de plano serait davantage le bienvenu. Considérés en soi, les enjeux liés à l’octroi dans l’espace OHADA de la force exécutoire aux sentences arbitrales CCJA n’imposent pas en effet l’exigence d’un exequatur préalable. Toutefois, la possibilité d’un contrôle devrait demeurer disponible. Ainsi, un recours en opposition à l’exécution au profit de la partie condamnée pourrait être consacré à cet effet.","PeriodicalId":42756,"journal":{"name":"Uniform Law Review","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135469509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The processes by which a model of social regulation channels its way of resolving conflicts make the strength of its conflict resolution system. Court justice has lost its exemplary function. The crisis of effectiveness and the crisis of legitimacy that the processual mode of dispute resolution is undergoing in our States, make it a justice system that is considered to have broken down. The need for justice thus directly raises the question of social regulation, the relevant model of social regulation. The call for a ‘right to sue’ open to the system of alternative dispute resolution rather than restrictively to the judiciary to resolve disagreements is the spearhead of the combinatorial approach to the administration of conflicts, the ferment of a plural approach to access to justice. Has Cameroonian law begun to renew its vision of the right to take legal action? Does it renew the dominant classical approach to the system of social regulation? The study notes the global and integral recognition of the alternative dispute resolution system, another, less contentious, way of dealing with disputes, the emergence within the traditional dispute resolution system of a right to amicable dispute resolution, but in an embryonic state. It then poses, in a prospective approach, the need for a unitary and global approach to private justice as challenges to be met to ensure the quality of this form of justice.
{"title":"L’ouverture du droit d’agir au système des règlements alternatifs des différends en droit OHADA et Camerounais : un procédé séduisant mais d’une efficacité incertaine","authors":"Luc Kevin Leny Njock","doi":"10.1093/ulr/unad013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unad013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The processes by which a model of social regulation channels its way of resolving conflicts make the strength of its conflict resolution system. Court justice has lost its exemplary function. The crisis of effectiveness and the crisis of legitimacy that the processual mode of dispute resolution is undergoing in our States, make it a justice system that is considered to have broken down. The need for justice thus directly raises the question of social regulation, the relevant model of social regulation. The call for a ‘right to sue’ open to the system of alternative dispute resolution rather than restrictively to the judiciary to resolve disagreements is the spearhead of the combinatorial approach to the administration of conflicts, the ferment of a plural approach to access to justice. Has Cameroonian law begun to renew its vision of the right to take legal action? Does it renew the dominant classical approach to the system of social regulation? The study notes the global and integral recognition of the alternative dispute resolution system, another, less contentious, way of dealing with disputes, the emergence within the traditional dispute resolution system of a right to amicable dispute resolution, but in an embryonic state. It then poses, in a prospective approach, the need for a unitary and global approach to private justice as challenges to be met to ensure the quality of this form of justice.","PeriodicalId":42756,"journal":{"name":"Uniform Law Review","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135469353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Résumé Cette réflexion a examiné les critères de légalité et d’opérationnalité qui président à la constitution des sociétés commerciales dans le droit OHADA et burundais. Le code burundais des sociétés privées et à participation publique et l’Acte uniforme portant société commerciale et groupement d’intérêt économique ont servi de supports d’analyse. L’objectif consistait à examiner les critères qui régissent la formation des sociétés commerciales dans ces espaces juridiques afin d’en préciser le contenu pour après dégager les spécificités qui les caractérisent. Au seuil de la réflexion, l’étude conclut que les deux régimes juridiques partagent en commun les grands principes de formation des sociétés commerciales. Toutefois, à l’intérieur de ces principes se trouvent certaines spécificités qui font que ces régimes se démarquent l’un de l’autre. Les différences portent notamment sur la fixation du montant du capital minimum, la société anonyme unipersonnelle, la libération des apports en numéraire et la quotité des apports en industrie et bien d’autres.
{"title":"Critères de constitution des sociétés commerciales en droit OHADA et burundais","authors":"Anaclet Nzohabonayo, Olivier Clerson Iradukunda","doi":"10.1093/ulr/unad001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unad001","url":null,"abstract":"Résumé Cette réflexion a examiné les critères de légalité et d’opérationnalité qui président à la constitution des sociétés commerciales dans le droit OHADA et burundais. Le code burundais des sociétés privées et à participation publique et l’Acte uniforme portant société commerciale et groupement d’intérêt économique ont servi de supports d’analyse. L’objectif consistait à examiner les critères qui régissent la formation des sociétés commerciales dans ces espaces juridiques afin d’en préciser le contenu pour après dégager les spécificités qui les caractérisent. Au seuil de la réflexion, l’étude conclut que les deux régimes juridiques partagent en commun les grands principes de formation des sociétés commerciales. Toutefois, à l’intérieur de ces principes se trouvent certaines spécificités qui font que ces régimes se démarquent l’un de l’autre. Les différences portent notamment sur la fixation du montant du capital minimum, la société anonyme unipersonnelle, la libération des apports en numéraire et la quotité des apports en industrie et bien d’autres.","PeriodicalId":42756,"journal":{"name":"Uniform Law Review","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135678507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) is the core legal body of the United Nations system in the field of international trade law. It has been carrying out its mandate to further the progressive harmonization and unification of international trade law since 1966.1 This article provides an overview of the 55th session of UNCITRAL and the activities of its working groups and Secretariat from mid-2021 to mid-2022. The annual UNCITRAL session (27 June to 15 July 2022, New York) was held fully in person for the first time since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Delegates and observers were also able to listen to the Commission session remotely via the UN webcast system but were not able to intervene using that format. Though the Commission session operated under normal conditions, the activities of the UNCITRAL working groups and the Secretariat during the year were still affected by the pandemic, with the meeting time with interpretation in all six UN languages reduced for hybrid meetings that were held both in-person and via Zoom.
{"title":"News from the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL): the work of the 55th Commission session","authors":"Anne Mostad-Jensen","doi":"10.1093/ulr/unad004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unad004","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) is the core legal body of the United Nations system in the field of international trade law. It has been carrying out its mandate to further the progressive harmonization and unification of international trade law since 1966.1 This article provides an overview of the 55th session of UNCITRAL and the activities of its working groups and Secretariat from mid-2021 to mid-2022. The annual UNCITRAL session (27 June to 15 July 2022, New York) was held fully in person for the first time since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Delegates and observers were also able to listen to the Commission session remotely via the UN webcast system but were not able to intervene using that format. Though the Commission session operated under normal conditions, the activities of the UNCITRAL working groups and the Secretariat during the year were still affected by the pandemic, with the meeting time with interpretation in all six UN languages reduced for hybrid meetings that were held both in-person and via Zoom.","PeriodicalId":42756,"journal":{"name":"Uniform Law Review","volume":"143 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89135529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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