Pub Date : 2022-11-08DOI: 10.4038/engineer.v55i3.7523
P. Thakuri, N. Wijesekera
{"title":"Application of SWMM for Water Resources Management by Continuous Rainfall-Runoff Modelling in the Rural Watershed of Kalu River Basin of Sri Lanka","authors":"P. Thakuri, N. Wijesekera","doi":"10.4038/engineer.v55i3.7523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/engineer.v55i3.7523","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42812,"journal":{"name":"Engineer-Journal of the Institution of Engineers Sri Lanka","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86817712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-08DOI: 10.4038/engineer.v55i3.7525
M. Kesavan, P. Dissanayake, C. Pathirana, M. Deegahawature, K. D. Silva
{"title":"Organisational Factors Affecting the Productivity of Labour in Sri Lankan Building Construction Projects: Perspective of Engineers","authors":"M. Kesavan, P. Dissanayake, C. Pathirana, M. Deegahawature, K. D. Silva","doi":"10.4038/engineer.v55i3.7525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/engineer.v55i3.7525","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42812,"journal":{"name":"Engineer-Journal of the Institution of Engineers Sri Lanka","volume":"143 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73505429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-22DOI: 10.4038/engineer.v55i2.7512
G. D. De Silva, K. M. G. C. J. Thilakasiri, S. Thoradeniya
{"title":"Effect of Soil Types on Attenuation of Piled Induced Ground Vibration: Experimental and Numerical Study","authors":"G. D. De Silva, K. M. G. C. J. Thilakasiri, S. Thoradeniya","doi":"10.4038/engineer.v55i2.7512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/engineer.v55i2.7512","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42812,"journal":{"name":"Engineer-Journal of the Institution of Engineers Sri Lanka","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86103497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-22DOI: 10.4038/engineer.v55i2.7511
M. Rajapaksha, P. D. Dharmaratne, R. Halwatura
{"title":"Dynamic, Clay, Secondary Walling for Heat Reduction, in Tropical Indoors","authors":"M. Rajapaksha, P. D. Dharmaratne, R. Halwatura","doi":"10.4038/engineer.v55i2.7511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/engineer.v55i2.7511","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42812,"journal":{"name":"Engineer-Journal of the Institution of Engineers Sri Lanka","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89010131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-22DOI: 10.4038/engineer.v55i2.7506
W. Dayanthi, I. U. Nagasinghe, H. R. D. G. Shanthapriya, W. G. G. Danushka
{"title":"Low-Cost Sequential Permeable Reactive Barrier (PRB) to Treat Groundwater Contaminated by Landfill-Leachate","authors":"W. Dayanthi, I. U. Nagasinghe, H. R. D. G. Shanthapriya, W. G. G. Danushka","doi":"10.4038/engineer.v55i2.7506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/engineer.v55i2.7506","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42812,"journal":{"name":"Engineer-Journal of the Institution of Engineers Sri Lanka","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75367187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-22DOI: 10.4038/engineer.v55i2.7510
N. M. Fernando, A. P. S. M. Amaraweera, O. H. P. Gunawardane, W. Wanninayaka, A. Manipura, W. A. Manamperi, C. Gunathilake, K. Kulathunga
{"title":"Sustainable Biorefinery Approach for Cassava: A Review","authors":"N. M. Fernando, A. P. S. M. Amaraweera, O. H. P. Gunawardane, W. Wanninayaka, A. Manipura, W. A. Manamperi, C. Gunathilake, K. Kulathunga","doi":"10.4038/engineer.v55i2.7510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/engineer.v55i2.7510","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42812,"journal":{"name":"Engineer-Journal of the Institution of Engineers Sri Lanka","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83360305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-22DOI: 10.4038/engineer.v55i2.7509
S. Somathilaka, N. T. Senarathna, H. E. Hewapathirana, W. M. K. S. Sumathipala, K.T.M.U. Hemapala, J. R. Lucas, P. D. de Silva
: The main cause of electrical fires, which is more severe in nature than non-electrical fires, is the series-arc fault. In this paper, the properties of series-arc faults are studied and the parameters affecting the risk of domestic electrical fires are analysed. In particular, a series-arc fault generator, made to align with the international standards, is used to study the characteristics of series-arc faults in a domestic electrical installation. The waveforms of common domestic equipment, in the absence of a fault and in the presence of a fault, are examined in detail. It is seen that arc current waveform can be identified as having a vertical edge appearing after the zero-crossing point. Further, the impact of series-arc faults on igniting a fire in domestic electrical installations are analysed using thermal imaging. Finally, ability of the most commonly used insulation materials which may aid the initiation of electrical fires due to the series-arc faults has thermally categorized. The study has shown that even a 2A arc current that is sustained for 2s can auto-ignite PVC, the most common insulation material in domestic installations.
{"title":"Nature of Series-Arc Faults and Parameters Affecting the Risk of Domestic Electrical Fires","authors":"S. Somathilaka, N. T. Senarathna, H. E. Hewapathirana, W. M. K. S. Sumathipala, K.T.M.U. Hemapala, J. R. Lucas, P. D. de Silva","doi":"10.4038/engineer.v55i2.7509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/engineer.v55i2.7509","url":null,"abstract":": The main cause of electrical fires, which is more severe in nature than non-electrical fires, is the series-arc fault. In this paper, the properties of series-arc faults are studied and the parameters affecting the risk of domestic electrical fires are analysed. In particular, a series-arc fault generator, made to align with the international standards, is used to study the characteristics of series-arc faults in a domestic electrical installation. The waveforms of common domestic equipment, in the absence of a fault and in the presence of a fault, are examined in detail. It is seen that arc current waveform can be identified as having a vertical edge appearing after the zero-crossing point. Further, the impact of series-arc faults on igniting a fire in domestic electrical installations are analysed using thermal imaging. Finally, ability of the most commonly used insulation materials which may aid the initiation of electrical fires due to the series-arc faults has thermally categorized. The study has shown that even a 2A arc current that is sustained for 2s can auto-ignite PVC, the most common insulation material in domestic installations.","PeriodicalId":42812,"journal":{"name":"Engineer-Journal of the Institution of Engineers Sri Lanka","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76141559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-22DOI: 10.4038/engineer.v55i2.7513
K. Shanthika, J. Jayasinghe, C. Bandara
: The function of the slab system in a building is mainly to carry the gravity load. There are different types of slab systems which will be selected based on gravity loading, length of loading span and requirement of the architecture. The structural engineers mainly concentrate on vertical loads while designing the slab system, even though slab systems provide a significant amount of lateral stiffness to the structures to resist the lateral loads. In some designs, the lateral stiffness of the slab system is taken into account while others do not. In this study, the influence of slab systems in the transfer of the lateral load to the lateral load resistance system is assessed. The target building type is a wall-frame system. To find out the influence of the slab system on the lateral stiffness of the wall-frame system, rectangular shape regular type buildings with different stories (5, 10 and 15 stories) are selected. Here, three different types of slab systems, such as slab and beam, flat slab and flat slab with drop panel, are selected. Next, the effect of structural response is investigated for the structures under seismic and wind forces, with and without lateral slab stiffness. In this study, the response (displacement, inter-storey drift, frequency and base shear distribution) obtained through modal response spectrum analysis, non-linear time history analysis and static wind analysis are used for comparison. From the responses, it is clear that the lateral stiffness of the slab system has a significant influence on the serviceability limit state design of a structure, but not to the ultimate limit state design. Considering the lateral stiffness of slab, the deformation of a structure is controlled by (5-15) %, (15-35) % and (30-55) % for SB, FS and FSDP, respectively, based on the structural height.
{"title":"Influence of Slab System in Transfer of Lateral Loads to Reinforced Concrete Shear Wall","authors":"K. Shanthika, J. Jayasinghe, C. Bandara","doi":"10.4038/engineer.v55i2.7513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/engineer.v55i2.7513","url":null,"abstract":": The function of the slab system in a building is mainly to carry the gravity load. There are different types of slab systems which will be selected based on gravity loading, length of loading span and requirement of the architecture. The structural engineers mainly concentrate on vertical loads while designing the slab system, even though slab systems provide a significant amount of lateral stiffness to the structures to resist the lateral loads. In some designs, the lateral stiffness of the slab system is taken into account while others do not. In this study, the influence of slab systems in the transfer of the lateral load to the lateral load resistance system is assessed. The target building type is a wall-frame system. To find out the influence of the slab system on the lateral stiffness of the wall-frame system, rectangular shape regular type buildings with different stories (5, 10 and 15 stories) are selected. Here, three different types of slab systems, such as slab and beam, flat slab and flat slab with drop panel, are selected. Next, the effect of structural response is investigated for the structures under seismic and wind forces, with and without lateral slab stiffness. In this study, the response (displacement, inter-storey drift, frequency and base shear distribution) obtained through modal response spectrum analysis, non-linear time history analysis and static wind analysis are used for comparison. From the responses, it is clear that the lateral stiffness of the slab system has a significant influence on the serviceability limit state design of a structure, but not to the ultimate limit state design. Considering the lateral stiffness of slab, the deformation of a structure is controlled by (5-15) %, (15-35) % and (30-55) % for SB, FS and FSDP, respectively, based on the structural height.","PeriodicalId":42812,"journal":{"name":"Engineer-Journal of the Institution of Engineers Sri Lanka","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84073563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-22DOI: 10.4038/engineer.v55i2.7508
K. Imbulana
: Village Tanks in Sri Lanka have the potential to enhance climate resilience particularly through water management. The depth-area-capacity curves are very important for their improved management. However, many of these small reservoirs do not have such curves and it is difficult to develop them due to the reservoirs being numerous. Attempts to fit an equation to these curves have been carried out for a long time. This work analysed the data from approximately 150 Village Tanks, tested the validity of the equations currently used in Sri Lanka, and attempted to improve the presentation of depth-area-capacity relationships through modification to existing equations. The results show that a frequently used older equation is still valid with slight modifications. When the absolute values of the variables used in that equation are replaced by relative values, a linear relationship with a high correlation coefficient and small variation of the gradients of the linear plots was obtained. It was also found that a substantially accurate depth-area-capacity relationship could be derived with 4 to 5 measurements of depth and water surface area. The use of relative variables has several advantages including the ability to readily indicate the status of water availability in the Tank.
{"title":"Depth-Area-Storage Capacity Relationships of Village Tanks","authors":"K. Imbulana","doi":"10.4038/engineer.v55i2.7508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/engineer.v55i2.7508","url":null,"abstract":": Village Tanks in Sri Lanka have the potential to enhance climate resilience particularly through water management. The depth-area-capacity curves are very important for their improved management. However, many of these small reservoirs do not have such curves and it is difficult to develop them due to the reservoirs being numerous. Attempts to fit an equation to these curves have been carried out for a long time. This work analysed the data from approximately 150 Village Tanks, tested the validity of the equations currently used in Sri Lanka, and attempted to improve the presentation of depth-area-capacity relationships through modification to existing equations. The results show that a frequently used older equation is still valid with slight modifications. When the absolute values of the variables used in that equation are replaced by relative values, a linear relationship with a high correlation coefficient and small variation of the gradients of the linear plots was obtained. It was also found that a substantially accurate depth-area-capacity relationship could be derived with 4 to 5 measurements of depth and water surface area. The use of relative variables has several advantages including the ability to readily indicate the status of water availability in the Tank.","PeriodicalId":42812,"journal":{"name":"Engineer-Journal of the Institution of Engineers Sri Lanka","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85534758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-22DOI: 10.4038/engineer.v55i2.7505
D. Dolage, O. M. C. Dasantha
{"title":"Critical Factors Affecting Cost Overrun in Foreign Funded Road Construction Projects in Sri Lanka: A Case Study of Road Development Authority and Provincial Road Development Authorities","authors":"D. Dolage, O. M. C. Dasantha","doi":"10.4038/engineer.v55i2.7505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/engineer.v55i2.7505","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42812,"journal":{"name":"Engineer-Journal of the Institution of Engineers Sri Lanka","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78450834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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