Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.4038/engineer.v55i4.7545
R. M. P. M. D. Rathanayake, W. D. S. S. Bandara, S. Gunasekara
{"title":"A Method for Defect Detection of Objects Using Acoustical Signal Processing","authors":"R. M. P. M. D. Rathanayake, W. D. S. S. Bandara, S. Gunasekara","doi":"10.4038/engineer.v55i4.7545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/engineer.v55i4.7545","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42812,"journal":{"name":"Engineer-Journal of the Institution of Engineers Sri Lanka","volume":"183 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73252504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-08DOI: 10.4038/engineer.v55i3.7518
E. T. Edirisooriya, N. Neluwala, W. Weerakoon
{"title":"Flood Inundation Modelling in Greater Colombo Region Using HEC-RAS 2D","authors":"E. T. Edirisooriya, N. Neluwala, W. Weerakoon","doi":"10.4038/engineer.v55i3.7518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/engineer.v55i3.7518","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42812,"journal":{"name":"Engineer-Journal of the Institution of Engineers Sri Lanka","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76491144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-08DOI: 10.4038/engineer.v55i3.7516
V. Wickramasinghe, G. V. D. Silva, K. G. M. Lakmali
{"title":"Criteria for Setting Speed Limits to Sri Lankan Highways (Built - Up Areas)","authors":"V. Wickramasinghe, G. V. D. Silva, K. G. M. Lakmali","doi":"10.4038/engineer.v55i3.7516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/engineer.v55i3.7516","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42812,"journal":{"name":"Engineer-Journal of the Institution of Engineers Sri Lanka","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83286525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-08DOI: 10.4038/engineer.v55i3.7519
G. Madushanka, K. Nandalal, L. Muthuwatta
: Kalu Ganga, a major tributary of Amban Ganga, is one of the perennial rivers of Sri Lanka. Also, Amban Ganga is a major tributary of Mahaweli Ganga. The Kalu Ganga starts from Knuckles mountains, and about 90% of the catchment is covered with forests. The Government of Sri Lanka constructed Kalu Ganga and Moragahakanda Reservoirs in 2014 to increase the water availability in Mahaweli Basin to improve the agricultural and drinking water benefits in several provinces. This study used the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to simulate the hydrology of the Kalu Ganga catchment and estimate the daily streamflow series of the Kalu Ganga. The long-term mean annual flow of the Kalu Ganga at the dam site would be 196 MCM (equivalent to 6.24 m 3 /s) with a standard deviation of 57.5 MCM and coefficient of variation of 0.29. The mean annual catchment rainfall is 2763 mm, streamflow is 59%, and evapotranspiration is 33% of the rainfall. The Kalu Ganga catchment hydrology is dominated by the wet season rainfall, which governs the Kalu Ganga flow, where 89% of the annual flow volume is produced. Further, 67% of the flow volume is produced from November to January. The model results show that 89% of the annual average of streamflow is generated as baseflow, a feature of a perennial river. The high baseflow fraction is hydrologically favourable for the water availability of the catchment as this shows the utilizable quantity of water is high.
{"title":"Hydrological Modelling for Reservoir Operation: Application of SWAT Model for Kalu Ganga Catchment, Sri Lanka","authors":"G. Madushanka, K. Nandalal, L. Muthuwatta","doi":"10.4038/engineer.v55i3.7519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/engineer.v55i3.7519","url":null,"abstract":": Kalu Ganga, a major tributary of Amban Ganga, is one of the perennial rivers of Sri Lanka. Also, Amban Ganga is a major tributary of Mahaweli Ganga. The Kalu Ganga starts from Knuckles mountains, and about 90% of the catchment is covered with forests. The Government of Sri Lanka constructed Kalu Ganga and Moragahakanda Reservoirs in 2014 to increase the water availability in Mahaweli Basin to improve the agricultural and drinking water benefits in several provinces. This study used the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to simulate the hydrology of the Kalu Ganga catchment and estimate the daily streamflow series of the Kalu Ganga. The long-term mean annual flow of the Kalu Ganga at the dam site would be 196 MCM (equivalent to 6.24 m 3 /s) with a standard deviation of 57.5 MCM and coefficient of variation of 0.29. The mean annual catchment rainfall is 2763 mm, streamflow is 59%, and evapotranspiration is 33% of the rainfall. The Kalu Ganga catchment hydrology is dominated by the wet season rainfall, which governs the Kalu Ganga flow, where 89% of the annual flow volume is produced. Further, 67% of the flow volume is produced from November to January. The model results show that 89% of the annual average of streamflow is generated as baseflow, a feature of a perennial river. The high baseflow fraction is hydrologically favourable for the water availability of the catchment as this shows the utilizable quantity of water is high.","PeriodicalId":42812,"journal":{"name":"Engineer-Journal of the Institution of Engineers Sri Lanka","volume":"217 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72804521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-08DOI: 10.4038/engineer.v55i3.7517
N. Priyankara, K. Fernando, A. Alagiyawanna
{"title":"Compressibility Characteristics of Open Dumped Municipal Solid Waste in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka","authors":"N. Priyankara, K. Fernando, A. Alagiyawanna","doi":"10.4038/engineer.v55i3.7517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/engineer.v55i3.7517","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42812,"journal":{"name":"Engineer-Journal of the Institution of Engineers Sri Lanka","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74185933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-08DOI: 10.4038/engineer.v55i3.7521
K. Nandalal, K. Imbulana
: The dynamics of tank cascade systems have been studied using simple water balance models. This paper presents the development of a system simulation model for a tank cascade system based on the principles of System Dynamics (SD), a mathematical modeling approach that could be used to study the behavior of dynamic systems. The model was developed for the Mamunugama tank cascade system comprising 06 tanks and 02 anicuts and located in the Kurunegala District, Sri Lanka. Modeling of all the water balance components of the tank cascade system is presented in detail. The model was calibrated using observed water levels at four tanks during the period from October 2020 to September 2021 covering a Maha Season and a Yala Season by comparing them with the model computed tank water levels. The model results provided valuable insights into the water balance components at each tank. The model has the potential to be used as a tool for optimizing the usage of the limited water resources in tank cascade systems for improved agricultural production. It can be used in planning tank rehabilitation, studying the impact of restoring abandoned tanks in addition to planning cultivation seasons in a scientific manner.
{"title":"Modeling for Tank Cascade System Planning and Management: Case Study of Mamunugama Tank Cascade System, Kurunegala District","authors":"K. Nandalal, K. Imbulana","doi":"10.4038/engineer.v55i3.7521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/engineer.v55i3.7521","url":null,"abstract":": The dynamics of tank cascade systems have been studied using simple water balance models. This paper presents the development of a system simulation model for a tank cascade system based on the principles of System Dynamics (SD), a mathematical modeling approach that could be used to study the behavior of dynamic systems. The model was developed for the Mamunugama tank cascade system comprising 06 tanks and 02 anicuts and located in the Kurunegala District, Sri Lanka. Modeling of all the water balance components of the tank cascade system is presented in detail. The model was calibrated using observed water levels at four tanks during the period from October 2020 to September 2021 covering a Maha Season and a Yala Season by comparing them with the model computed tank water levels. The model results provided valuable insights into the water balance components at each tank. The model has the potential to be used as a tool for optimizing the usage of the limited water resources in tank cascade systems for improved agricultural production. It can be used in planning tank rehabilitation, studying the impact of restoring abandoned tanks in addition to planning cultivation seasons in a scientific manner.","PeriodicalId":42812,"journal":{"name":"Engineer-Journal of the Institution of Engineers Sri Lanka","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86931451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-08DOI: 10.4038/engineer.v55i3.7526
H. Saumyadi, V. Jayawardane
: This study aims to ascertain the factors that influence young women engineers in Sri Lanka to choose engineering as their career choice and to study the nature of workplace support they receive in a highly gendered work environment. An online self-administered questionnaire containing five-point Likert type and open-ended questions were distributed via email among a conveniently selected sample of over 200 young women engineers with less than 10 years of working experience in Sri Lanka. Eighty-two responses were received. Likert-type responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics and graphical methods, while thematic analysis was employed for responses to the open-ended question. Cleverness in mathematics and the higher reputation prevailed in the society for the engineering profession have majorly contributed to the young women engineers’ career choices in engineering. They experience a fairly supportive working environment in their workplaces. Many of them were satisfied with their salary, promotions and other professional achievements. Qualitative responses further revealed the gender-based discrimination, lesser job opportunities, industry-wise differences, fallacies on women engineers and difficulties in balancing the work-life as the other concerns in their workplaces. Although these findings cannot be generalized to the Sri Lankan industrial sector due to the use of convenient sampling, this study reveals prevailing concerns of young women engineers for the attention of the engineering fraternity and employers.
{"title":"The Workplace Support Received by Young Women Engineers in Sri Lanka","authors":"H. Saumyadi, V. Jayawardane","doi":"10.4038/engineer.v55i3.7526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/engineer.v55i3.7526","url":null,"abstract":": This study aims to ascertain the factors that influence young women engineers in Sri Lanka to choose engineering as their career choice and to study the nature of workplace support they receive in a highly gendered work environment. An online self-administered questionnaire containing five-point Likert type and open-ended questions were distributed via email among a conveniently selected sample of over 200 young women engineers with less than 10 years of working experience in Sri Lanka. Eighty-two responses were received. Likert-type responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics and graphical methods, while thematic analysis was employed for responses to the open-ended question. Cleverness in mathematics and the higher reputation prevailed in the society for the engineering profession have majorly contributed to the young women engineers’ career choices in engineering. They experience a fairly supportive working environment in their workplaces. Many of them were satisfied with their salary, promotions and other professional achievements. Qualitative responses further revealed the gender-based discrimination, lesser job opportunities, industry-wise differences, fallacies on women engineers and difficulties in balancing the work-life as the other concerns in their workplaces. Although these findings cannot be generalized to the Sri Lankan industrial sector due to the use of convenient sampling, this study reveals prevailing concerns of young women engineers for the attention of the engineering fraternity and employers.","PeriodicalId":42812,"journal":{"name":"Engineer-Journal of the Institution of Engineers Sri Lanka","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90525882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-08DOI: 10.4038/engineer.v55i3.7520
H. S. Samith Buddika, W. Weerasinghe, B. C. S. S. W. Rodrigo
A code-based approach can only be used to determine the wind loading on conventional single-plate billboards for normal wind direction. Based on the literature, no simplified method is available to estimate the drag force coefficient for single-plate and two-plate billboards for various aspects, clearance ratios, and wind angles. With the many experimental kinds of research done on single-plate billboards, a database was created for the drag force coefficient, for various aspects, clearance ratios, and wind angles. For the case of two-plate billboards, a very limited number of experimental results have been reported. In order to generate adequate data, CFD simulations were done. However, only limited publications are available regarding the selection of mesh size and the most suitable turbulence model. Based on the trial and error approach, a 2-equation k- ω SST model was selected and a mesh sensitivity analysis was done to identify the proper mesh size. Linear-Static analyses were carried out using the pressure values obtained from the CFD analysis to compute the drag force and the torsional moment about the base, which governs the structural design of billboards. With the results obtained, two separate equations were developed to predict the drag force coefficients for the required aspect, clearance ratios, and wind angle for single-plate and two-plate billboards. For both types of billboards, the critical range of wind angle was identified as -45° to +45°. The maximum torsion about the base can be estimated by multiplying the maximum drag force with 16% of the billboard width for single-plate billboards and 22% for two-plate billboards.
{"title":"Prediction of Drag Force Coefficient for Single- Column-Supported Billboard Structures","authors":"H. S. Samith Buddika, W. Weerasinghe, B. C. S. S. W. Rodrigo","doi":"10.4038/engineer.v55i3.7520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/engineer.v55i3.7520","url":null,"abstract":"A code-based approach can only be used to determine the wind loading on conventional single-plate billboards for normal wind direction. Based on the literature, no simplified method is available to estimate the drag force coefficient for single-plate and two-plate billboards for various aspects, clearance ratios, and wind angles. With the many experimental kinds of research done on single-plate billboards, a database was created for the drag force coefficient, for various aspects, clearance ratios, and wind angles. For the case of two-plate billboards, a very limited number of experimental results have been reported. In order to generate adequate data, CFD simulations were done. However, only limited publications are available regarding the selection of mesh size and the most suitable turbulence model. Based on the trial and error approach, a 2-equation k- ω SST model was selected and a mesh sensitivity analysis was done to identify the proper mesh size. Linear-Static analyses were carried out using the pressure values obtained from the CFD analysis to compute the drag force and the torsional moment about the base, which governs the structural design of billboards. With the results obtained, two separate equations were developed to predict the drag force coefficients for the required aspect, clearance ratios, and wind angle for single-plate and two-plate billboards. For both types of billboards, the critical range of wind angle was identified as -45° to +45°. The maximum torsion about the base can be estimated by multiplying the maximum drag force with 16% of the billboard width for single-plate billboards and 22% for two-plate billboards.","PeriodicalId":42812,"journal":{"name":"Engineer-Journal of the Institution of Engineers Sri Lanka","volume":"1945 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91196437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-08DOI: 10.4038/engineer.v55i3.7522
D. S. Deshabandu, K. Ariyarathne, M. Athapaththu, B. Janarthanan
: Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a special type of concrete that flows under its own weight while enhancing the compressive strength and durability compared to conventional concrete. This is an effort to present the possibility of using Blended Hydraulic Cement (BHC) instead of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in SCC production. In order to achieve the required workability and basic mechanical properties, 10 control mixes of SCC with OPC were prepared using the coarse aggregate size of 5 mm – 14 mm. Each mix was cast using 100% OPC and 100% BHC separately. Fresh properties of the SCC were tested by using slump flow, V-funnel, L-box and J-ring test according to the EFNARC guideline. 9-cubes and 6-cylindrical specimens were cast per mix to determine the compressive strength at the 7 th , 28 th and 56 th days. Test results illustrate that the workability properties of fresh concrete mix are moderately good using both cement types. Most mixes show higher 28 th and 56 th -day compressive strengths for SCC mix made of BHC than OPC compared with 7 th -day compressive strength variation. Fly ash in BHC contributes later strength gaining of SCC in this study. Thus, the experimental investigation indicates the suitable mix designs used in the current construction industry.
{"title":"Effect of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Blended Hydraulic Cement (BHC) on the Behaviour of Self-Compacting Concrete","authors":"D. S. Deshabandu, K. Ariyarathne, M. Athapaththu, B. Janarthanan","doi":"10.4038/engineer.v55i3.7522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/engineer.v55i3.7522","url":null,"abstract":": Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a special type of concrete that flows under its own weight while enhancing the compressive strength and durability compared to conventional concrete. This is an effort to present the possibility of using Blended Hydraulic Cement (BHC) instead of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in SCC production. In order to achieve the required workability and basic mechanical properties, 10 control mixes of SCC with OPC were prepared using the coarse aggregate size of 5 mm – 14 mm. Each mix was cast using 100% OPC and 100% BHC separately. Fresh properties of the SCC were tested by using slump flow, V-funnel, L-box and J-ring test according to the EFNARC guideline. 9-cubes and 6-cylindrical specimens were cast per mix to determine the compressive strength at the 7 th , 28 th and 56 th days. Test results illustrate that the workability properties of fresh concrete mix are moderately good using both cement types. Most mixes show higher 28 th and 56 th -day compressive strengths for SCC mix made of BHC than OPC compared with 7 th -day compressive strength variation. Fly ash in BHC contributes later strength gaining of SCC in this study. Thus, the experimental investigation indicates the suitable mix designs used in the current construction industry.","PeriodicalId":42812,"journal":{"name":"Engineer-Journal of the Institution of Engineers Sri Lanka","volume":"28 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83386281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-08DOI: 10.4038/engineer.v55i3.7524
S. Sivakanthan, P. N. Karandeniya, B. E. Thevarajah, M. Jayasinghe
: The construction industry is rapidly moving toward sustainable development due to the rise of the scarcity of natural resources and the climatic impact on the environment. Several studies have been carried out related to the subject of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) based lightweight concrete panel production and its usages in buildings. This paper mainly focuses on strength development and lateral load-bearing capacity of the EPS panels where these panels are used as a loadbearing wall in buildings. Lateral loading resistance properties and performance of lightweight wall panels were assessed by carrying out load tests on scale down wall specimens representing the actual wall construction. The strength development of EPS-based concrete panels was assessed by developing strength curves from compressive strength tests carried out for different curing conditions of the lightweight concrete. The outcomes of this study show that the flexural strength parallel to the wall panels is in the range of 0.58 to 0.70N/mm 2 . Under wet conditions, it reduces to 0.45 N/mm 2 . Also, there was an average of 0.4 N/mm 2 compressive strength difference between properly cured and non-cured EPS samples, which is approximately 20% of strength development in the six month period.
{"title":"Strength Development and Lateral Load Resisting Properties of Expanded Polystyrene Based Lightweight Concrete Panels","authors":"S. Sivakanthan, P. N. Karandeniya, B. E. Thevarajah, M. Jayasinghe","doi":"10.4038/engineer.v55i3.7524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/engineer.v55i3.7524","url":null,"abstract":": The construction industry is rapidly moving toward sustainable development due to the rise of the scarcity of natural resources and the climatic impact on the environment. Several studies have been carried out related to the subject of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) based lightweight concrete panel production and its usages in buildings. This paper mainly focuses on strength development and lateral load-bearing capacity of the EPS panels where these panels are used as a loadbearing wall in buildings. Lateral loading resistance properties and performance of lightweight wall panels were assessed by carrying out load tests on scale down wall specimens representing the actual wall construction. The strength development of EPS-based concrete panels was assessed by developing strength curves from compressive strength tests carried out for different curing conditions of the lightweight concrete. The outcomes of this study show that the flexural strength parallel to the wall panels is in the range of 0.58 to 0.70N/mm 2 . Under wet conditions, it reduces to 0.45 N/mm 2 . Also, there was an average of 0.4 N/mm 2 compressive strength difference between properly cured and non-cured EPS samples, which is approximately 20% of strength development in the six month period.","PeriodicalId":42812,"journal":{"name":"Engineer-Journal of the Institution of Engineers Sri Lanka","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75434456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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