{"title":"Department of the Sociology of Rural Areas of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń","authors":"G. Zabłocki","doi":"10.1515/eec-2015-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/eec-2015-0013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42882,"journal":{"name":"Eastern European Countryside","volume":"21 1","pages":"205 - 212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67225697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Conflicts related to the implementation of the Natura 2000 network can be found in Poland and other European countries. The general causes of those conflicts are known. Some of them lie in the habitat directive itself, and others are related to the transposition of the directive into national environmental law and management systems. The designation of Natura 2000 sites in Poland involved strong protests on a local level, mainly due to the lack of consultations with the stakeholders, or at least with the local governments. In those days, the common argument against the implementation of Natura 2000 was one of severe restrictions on the conduct of economic activities and infrastructure development. Eight years after the official implementation of Natura 2000 in Poland, we would like to state the research question as follows: “Is Natura 2000 a constraint on local development?”
{"title":"Implementation of the Natura 2000 Network in Poland – an Opportunity or a Threat to Sustainable Development of Rural Areas? Study on Local Stakeholders’ Perception","authors":"Chmielewski Waldemar, Głogowska Magdalena","doi":"10.1515/EEC-2015-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/EEC-2015-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Conflicts related to the implementation of the Natura 2000 network can be found in Poland and other European countries. The general causes of those conflicts are known. Some of them lie in the habitat directive itself, and others are related to the transposition of the directive into national environmental law and management systems. The designation of Natura 2000 sites in Poland involved strong protests on a local level, mainly due to the lack of consultations with the stakeholders, or at least with the local governments. In those days, the common argument against the implementation of Natura 2000 was one of severe restrictions on the conduct of economic activities and infrastructure development. Eight years after the official implementation of Natura 2000 in Poland, we would like to state the research question as follows: “Is Natura 2000 a constraint on local development?”","PeriodicalId":42882,"journal":{"name":"Eastern European Countryside","volume":"27 1","pages":"153-169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67224799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The overall purpose of this study is to find out how to facilitate the integration of Roma people into society with the help of settlement and regional development. This is examined in the context of a specific project during which the site has been liquidated. The question arises as to what extent the implementation of the programme reached its target. The essay examines the implications of the programme for further development on the settlement concerned. The programme illustrates the importance of a complex approach, and the importance of interacting factors during the convergence of disadvantaged groups. This synergetic interaction is evaluated because it is extremely important with regard to the long-term sustainability and success of the programme. However, with the change of housing conditions, the immediate environment is also changing and one has to adapt to the new environment, which in many cases can lead to conflicts as well.
{"title":"Some Social and Regional Lessons of a Complex Roma Integration Programme (Case Study from a Hungarian Rural Area)","authors":"Róbert Tésits, Alpek B. Levente, R. Szabó","doi":"10.1515/eec-2015-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/eec-2015-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The overall purpose of this study is to find out how to facilitate the integration of Roma people into society with the help of settlement and regional development. This is examined in the context of a specific project during which the site has been liquidated. The question arises as to what extent the implementation of the programme reached its target. The essay examines the implications of the programme for further development on the settlement concerned. The programme illustrates the importance of a complex approach, and the importance of interacting factors during the convergence of disadvantaged groups. This synergetic interaction is evaluated because it is extremely important with regard to the long-term sustainability and success of the programme. However, with the change of housing conditions, the immediate environment is also changing and one has to adapt to the new environment, which in many cases can lead to conflicts as well.","PeriodicalId":42882,"journal":{"name":"Eastern European Countryside","volume":"21 1","pages":"111 - 136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/eec-2015-0006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67224966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The coppersmiths’ uniqueness as a Roma clan is given by their traditional crafting legacy, as they themselves acknowledge. They are one of the more conservative Roma clans. Encouraged by their previous nomadic lifestyle, it hasn’t allowed them to blend with other clans or populations. Mixed marriages are forbidden and marriages with members of other Roma clans are rare. The aim of this study is to identify the elements that define the ethnic identity of the coppersmiths clan, to analyse the features that make out the coppersmiths’ customary identity, and to measure the self-segregation tendencies within the coppersmiths ethnic group. The main research methods were: bibliographic documentation, direct observation, field inquiries (structured interviews), and digital mapping. The research concluded the following: the coppersmiths are one of the extreme conservative clans, which have maintained their customary identity. The tendency of self-segregation is a direct consequence of their resistance towards anything modern, and the members of the coppersmiths clan believe that acting like the majority of society will only lead to the loss of their own identity. The consequences are mostly negative, e.g. poor school enrolment, marrying at an early age, an absence from modern socio-economic activities, etc.
{"title":"The Customary Identity of the Coppersmiths Clan in Oltenia: Between Tradition and Modernity","authors":"M. Preda, Iuliana Vijulie, G. Manea, Alina Mareci","doi":"10.1515/eec-2015-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/eec-2015-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The coppersmiths’ uniqueness as a Roma clan is given by their traditional crafting legacy, as they themselves acknowledge. They are one of the more conservative Roma clans. Encouraged by their previous nomadic lifestyle, it hasn’t allowed them to blend with other clans or populations. Mixed marriages are forbidden and marriages with members of other Roma clans are rare. The aim of this study is to identify the elements that define the ethnic identity of the coppersmiths clan, to analyse the features that make out the coppersmiths’ customary identity, and to measure the self-segregation tendencies within the coppersmiths ethnic group. The main research methods were: bibliographic documentation, direct observation, field inquiries (structured interviews), and digital mapping. The research concluded the following: the coppersmiths are one of the extreme conservative clans, which have maintained their customary identity. The tendency of self-segregation is a direct consequence of their resistance towards anything modern, and the members of the coppersmiths clan believe that acting like the majority of society will only lead to the loss of their own identity. The consequences are mostly negative, e.g. poor school enrolment, marrying at an early age, an absence from modern socio-economic activities, etc.","PeriodicalId":42882,"journal":{"name":"Eastern European Countryside","volume":"93 1","pages":"63 - 80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/eec-2015-0004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67224731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Social Research Studies of the Village in the Historical Perspective: the Family Farm Formerly and Now","authors":"Elwira Piszczek","doi":"10.1515/eec-2015-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/eec-2015-0011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42882,"journal":{"name":"Eastern European Countryside","volume":"21 1","pages":"185 - 196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67226047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Coerced Modernization in the Eastern European Countryside","authors":"L. Kulcsar","doi":"10.1515/eec-2015-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/eec-2015-0009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42882,"journal":{"name":"Eastern European Countryside","volume":"21 1","pages":"171 - 175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/eec-2015-0009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67225282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Central Eastern European Countryside Transformation – Balance of Two Decades","authors":"Kwiecińska-Zdrenka Monika","doi":"10.1515/EEC-2015-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/EEC-2015-0012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42882,"journal":{"name":"Eastern European Countryside","volume":"21 1","pages":"197-204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67226110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rural families and households make a basic framework for understanding the rural way of life. !is relation is especially interesting under the recent and di"cult post-socialist transition in places such as Serbia. Previous research has shown that the transition and its bene#ts are not distributed equally. !is has induced social and economic disparities, at the expense of the social attractiveness of rural areas. !ese disparities have in$uenced characteristics of Serbian rural families and households, their survival strategies and their roles in the reproduction of the rural way of life. We started research with three assumptions: a) depopulation of Serbian rural areas continues under the post-socialist transition, b) transitional risks produce partial retraditionalization of Serbian rural family relationships, and c) characteristics of Serbian regions a%ect characteristics of rural families and households. !e analysis con#rmed rural depopulation. In the decade 2002–2011, there was the most signi#cant decline ever in the number of Serbian rural families. !is signi#ed the negative impact of transition on rural areas. Besides this, the research con#rmed that contemporary Serbian rural families and households still 1 Paper is a part of the project research Sustainable agriculture and rural development in function of achieving strategic goals of the Republic of Serbia within the Danube region (No. III46006), #nanced by the Republic of Serbia’s Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development. DOI: 10.1515/eec-2015-0003 Jovana Čikić, Marica Petrović 36 have some traditional features (multiple generations, relics of the role of head of the traditional rural family) which enable them to cope with transitional risks. A third #nding proved that characteristics of Serbian rural families and households depend on regional characteristics. Within the regions that are more socially attractive and where the risks of social exclusion are lower, retraditionalization of rural families is less noticeable. It can be concluded that contemporary Serbian rural families and households survive throughout transition periods depending on their characteristics, but also characteristics of their social environment. Stronger social magnetism of a region is manifested in stronger rural social vitality. !at is re$ected in stronger modernization of rural families and households.
{"title":"Rural Families and Households in Post-Socialist Transition: Serbian Experience1","authors":"J. Čikić, M. Petrović","doi":"10.1515/eec-2015-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/eec-2015-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Rural families and households make a basic framework for understanding the rural way of life. !is relation is especially interesting under the recent and di\"cult post-socialist transition in places such as Serbia. Previous research has shown that the transition and its bene#ts are not distributed equally. !is has induced social and economic disparities, at the expense of the social attractiveness of rural areas. !ese disparities have in$uenced characteristics of Serbian rural families and households, their survival strategies and their roles in the reproduction of the rural way of life. We started research with three assumptions: a) depopulation of Serbian rural areas continues under the post-socialist transition, b) transitional risks produce partial retraditionalization of Serbian rural family relationships, and c) characteristics of Serbian regions a%ect characteristics of rural families and households. !e analysis con#rmed rural depopulation. In the decade 2002–2011, there was the most signi#cant decline ever in the number of Serbian rural families. !is signi#ed the negative impact of transition on rural areas. Besides this, the research con#rmed that contemporary Serbian rural families and households still 1 Paper is a part of the project research Sustainable agriculture and rural development in function of achieving strategic goals of the Republic of Serbia within the Danube region (No. III46006), #nanced by the Republic of Serbia’s Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development. DOI: 10.1515/eec-2015-0003 Jovana Čikić, Marica Petrović 36 have some traditional features (multiple generations, relics of the role of head of the traditional rural family) which enable them to cope with transitional risks. A third #nding proved that characteristics of Serbian rural families and households depend on regional characteristics. Within the regions that are more socially attractive and where the risks of social exclusion are lower, retraditionalization of rural families is less noticeable. It can be concluded that contemporary Serbian rural families and households survive throughout transition periods depending on their characteristics, but also characteristics of their social environment. Stronger social magnetism of a region is manifested in stronger rural social vitality. !at is re$ected in stronger modernization of rural families and households.","PeriodicalId":42882,"journal":{"name":"Eastern European Countryside","volume":"21 1","pages":"35 - 62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67224410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper presents the questionnaire results of the research on implications of the effects of Slovenia’s accession to the European Union (EU) on structural changes in agricultural holdings (AHs) in the case of Škofjeloška hilly-mountain rural areas. The effects are studied based on the analysis of income diversification of AHs three years before the Slovenian accession to the EU in 2000 and six years after the Slovenian accession to the EU in 2010. Strategies of AHs on the basis of the questionnaire were analysed in early 2011. Income diversification of AHs with non-agricultural employment and off-farm incomes is necessary for survival for the majority of AHs. There are observed differences in structural changes in the AHs between areas with different natural conditions for agricultural production, and particularly in the extent and in the direction of structural changes by socioeconomic types of AHs. Structural changes inhibit non-economic objectives of AHs, while non-agricultural employment has a two-way influence.
{"title":"Agricultural Holdings in Hilly-Mountain Areas in Slovenia before and after the Accession to the European Union","authors":"K. Knific, Š. Bojnec","doi":"10.1515/EEC-2015-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/EEC-2015-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper presents the questionnaire results of the research on implications of the effects of Slovenia’s accession to the European Union (EU) on structural changes in agricultural holdings (AHs) in the case of Škofjeloška hilly-mountain rural areas. The effects are studied based on the analysis of income diversification of AHs three years before the Slovenian accession to the EU in 2000 and six years after the Slovenian accession to the EU in 2010. Strategies of AHs on the basis of the questionnaire were analysed in early 2011. Income diversification of AHs with non-agricultural employment and off-farm incomes is necessary for survival for the majority of AHs. There are observed differences in structural changes in the AHs between areas with different natural conditions for agricultural production, and particularly in the extent and in the direction of structural changes by socioeconomic types of AHs. Structural changes inhibit non-economic objectives of AHs, while non-agricultural employment has a two-way influence.","PeriodicalId":42882,"journal":{"name":"Eastern European Countryside","volume":"21 1","pages":"19 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/EEC-2015-0002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67224471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Early observations show that the introduction of e-learning to the rural areas of the EU has brought fewer advantages than had initially been expected. The results of the international research – interpreted by the means of the sociological theory of diffusion – indicate that the economic profitability does not have much influence on the pace of disseminating of that innovation; since, the rural inhabitants – both those following the e-learning courses as well as those who have not yet done so – largely feel that that type of education has the variety of advantages including the lowering of its costs. It seems that its social profitability has the crucial influence on the poor dissemination of this new form of teaching and learning. E-learning has not yet found its niche in the value systems or educational experiences of the Europe’s rural populations, since – rather like the other forms of education – it does not automatically improve the capability of coping with the current day-today problems. The better adaptation to the needs of the rural inhabitants through the perception of various types of the deficits hindering the usage of this type of education is intended by the so-called innovative e-learning, implementing new and generally innovative solutions to the pedagogical, technological and organisational fields, which overcome existing limitations through the greater flexibility of the ways of the potential participants’ accessing e-learning proposals as well as the greater adaptation to the individual needs.
{"title":"E-learning as a Diffusion of Innovation in the Rural Areas of the European Union1","authors":"Andrzej Kaleta","doi":"10.1515/eec-2015-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/eec-2015-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Early observations show that the introduction of e-learning to the rural areas of the EU has brought fewer advantages than had initially been expected. The results of the international research – interpreted by the means of the sociological theory of diffusion – indicate that the economic profitability does not have much influence on the pace of disseminating of that innovation; since, the rural inhabitants – both those following the e-learning courses as well as those who have not yet done so – largely feel that that type of education has the variety of advantages including the lowering of its costs. It seems that its social profitability has the crucial influence on the poor dissemination of this new form of teaching and learning. E-learning has not yet found its niche in the value systems or educational experiences of the Europe’s rural populations, since – rather like the other forms of education – it does not automatically improve the capability of coping with the current day-today problems. The better adaptation to the needs of the rural inhabitants through the perception of various types of the deficits hindering the usage of this type of education is intended by the so-called innovative e-learning, implementing new and generally innovative solutions to the pedagogical, technological and organisational fields, which overcome existing limitations through the greater flexibility of the ways of the potential participants’ accessing e-learning proposals as well as the greater adaptation to the individual needs.","PeriodicalId":42882,"journal":{"name":"Eastern European Countryside","volume":"21 1","pages":"18 - 5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/eec-2015-0001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67224168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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