For many years now, family farming has been a subject of interest for scientists, although attempts to research and describe this phenomenon have been met with numerous methodological, definitional and practical problems. A recurring thread of these publications to which other scientists are referring is the manner of defining the “family farm” term. Indeed, an accurate definition would be useful and allow precise research of this group of farms. Over the years, numerous attempts have been made to specify who we are talking about while using the following terms: “small farms”, “family farms”, “economically weak farms”. Problems concerning the types of indicators (farm area, its income, form of property, labour) which should be taken into account while constructing a definition of the family farm are still being discussed. In Poland, many authors have written about problems concerning the establishment of a definition for family farm (see. Sikorska 2003; Józwiak 2007; Zegar 2007; Halamska 2005, 2011; Dzun 2014 and others), although it seems that this question is still open both for us and in other parts of the world. Other topics also appear in the discussion – in a context of research concentrated on small family farms and changes occurring in the countryside and their influence on agriculture and farmers (see among others Wilkin
{"title":"Family Farming in Poland and in the World – Thematic Edition of Wieś i Rolnictwo [Countryside and Agriculture] Quarterly Magazine","authors":"S. Michalska","doi":"10.1515/eec-2016-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/eec-2016-0014","url":null,"abstract":"For many years now, family farming has been a subject of interest for scientists, although attempts to research and describe this phenomenon have been met with numerous methodological, definitional and practical problems. A recurring thread of these publications to which other scientists are referring is the manner of defining the “family farm” term. Indeed, an accurate definition would be useful and allow precise research of this group of farms. Over the years, numerous attempts have been made to specify who we are talking about while using the following terms: “small farms”, “family farms”, “economically weak farms”. Problems concerning the types of indicators (farm area, its income, form of property, labour) which should be taken into account while constructing a definition of the family farm are still being discussed. In Poland, many authors have written about problems concerning the establishment of a definition for family farm (see. Sikorska 2003; Józwiak 2007; Zegar 2007; Halamska 2005, 2011; Dzun 2014 and others), although it seems that this question is still open both for us and in other parts of the world. Other topics also appear in the discussion – in a context of research concentrated on small family farms and changes occurring in the countryside and their influence on agriculture and farmers (see among others Wilkin","PeriodicalId":42882,"journal":{"name":"Eastern European Countryside","volume":"25 1","pages":"271 - 279"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67226480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The XXVII European Society for Rural Sociology Congress will be held in Poland next year (Cracow, 24 to 27 July 2017). However, it will not be the first time Polish rural sociologists have hosted such a spectacular event. Exactly forty years ago, in 1976 (and in a completely different political system, and from behind the “Iron Curtain”) they hosted the IV World Congress of Rural Sociology (Toruń, 9 to 13 August, 1976), as well as the IX European Society for Rural Sociology Congress. Therefore, the significance of the event was twofold.
{"title":"Fortieth Anniversary of IV World Congress of Rural Sociology in Toruń","authors":"H. Podedworna","doi":"10.1515/EEC-2016-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/EEC-2016-0015","url":null,"abstract":"The XXVII European Society for Rural Sociology Congress will be held in Poland next year (Cracow, 24 to 27 July 2017). However, it will not be the first time Polish rural sociologists have hosted such a spectacular event. Exactly forty years ago, in 1976 (and in a completely different political system, and from behind the “Iron Curtain”) they hosted the IV World Congress of Rural Sociology (Toruń, 9 to 13 August, 1976), as well as the IX European Society for Rural Sociology Congress. Therefore, the significance of the event was twofold.","PeriodicalId":42882,"journal":{"name":"Eastern European Countryside","volume":"22 1","pages":"281 - 293"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67226898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The post-socialist changes in Romania’s communities profoundly changed the rural settlements with similar, contrasting and tensioned trends in the local rural development. The purpose of this study is to focus on the post-socialist rural dereliction. The paper unveils the post-socialist rural transformation in Romania, from the state-socialist interventions in rural industrialisation, to the post-socialist rural identity formation, using both quantitative and qualitative methods. During this process, two sampled case studies were thoroughly analysed, namely the Tomeşti and Margina communes – two rural settlements intensely industrialised under the former state-socialist political regime and with multiple consequences during the post-90s period in their local development. According to recent theories on economic changes reflected in local rural spatial development, the idea of rural dereliction remains peripheral and, at the same time, a hot-spot issue in the contemporary research on rural restructuring. In addition, recent theories on social and economic changes provide useful frameworks in studying the production of rural ruins. With post-socialist deindustrialisation, and under new post-90 capitalist rules in local rural development, rural communities faced multiple problems in creating their own post-socialist identity. Accordingly, this study highlights the local problems of rural deindustrialisation in the inner rural pattern of the investigated sites. While some rural communities embrace slow rural spatial regeneration trends, others remain ruined, marginalised and declined. The findings of the study confirm the presence of derelict abandoned places, thus highlighting the need for further proper interventions in local rural development, and for further fertile scientific dialogues to promote suitable strategies in Romanian rural regeneration on the local scale.
{"title":"From State-Socialist Ambitions of Romanian Rural Indutrialisation to Post-Socialist Rural Deindutrialisation: Two Case Studies From Romania","authors":"I. Jucu","doi":"10.1515/eec-2016-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/eec-2016-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The post-socialist changes in Romania’s communities profoundly changed the rural settlements with similar, contrasting and tensioned trends in the local rural development. The purpose of this study is to focus on the post-socialist rural dereliction. The paper unveils the post-socialist rural transformation in Romania, from the state-socialist interventions in rural industrialisation, to the post-socialist rural identity formation, using both quantitative and qualitative methods. During this process, two sampled case studies were thoroughly analysed, namely the Tomeşti and Margina communes – two rural settlements intensely industrialised under the former state-socialist political regime and with multiple consequences during the post-90s period in their local development. According to recent theories on economic changes reflected in local rural spatial development, the idea of rural dereliction remains peripheral and, at the same time, a hot-spot issue in the contemporary research on rural restructuring. In addition, recent theories on social and economic changes provide useful frameworks in studying the production of rural ruins. With post-socialist deindustrialisation, and under new post-90 capitalist rules in local rural development, rural communities faced multiple problems in creating their own post-socialist identity. Accordingly, this study highlights the local problems of rural deindustrialisation in the inner rural pattern of the investigated sites. While some rural communities embrace slow rural spatial regeneration trends, others remain ruined, marginalised and declined. The findings of the study confirm the presence of derelict abandoned places, thus highlighting the need for further proper interventions in local rural development, and for further fertile scientific dialogues to promote suitable strategies in Romanian rural regeneration on the local scale.","PeriodicalId":42882,"journal":{"name":"Eastern European Countryside","volume":"22 1","pages":"165 - 195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/eec-2016-0009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67226604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The aim of this article is to examine the institutional development of organic agriculture (OA) in Bulgaria. The primary focus is on explaining certain contradictory trends observed during an examination of the phenomenon. First, although the origins of OA in Bulgaria can be traced back to the last years of socialism, it was not until 2010 that a “boom” of organic operators and certified land occurred. Second, although a full range of policies and instruments to support OA have been implemented and the importance of OA has been politically recognised, only approximately 1.1% of the agricultural land in Bulgaria is currently managed organically. Additionally, despite the development of national policies, the introduction of financial instruments and the emergence of OA organisations, the domestic organic food market is backward, as the largest portion of OA production is intended for export. Finally, there is evidence that calls into question the potential of OA to encourage socially and economically productive activities when it is motivated by subsidies rather than market value. Using the “black box” allegory to approach the above observations, this article aims to explain the institutional development of OA in Bulgaria during the period spanning 1990-2013. Using the institutional analysis perspective as an analytical tool, the article addresses two main research questions: 1) What were the driving forces behind the emergence of the OA concept and its political recognition? and 2) What factors have led to the questionable outcomes of OA development? The article also uses qualitative data to critically assess the “boom” of the OA sector, as indicated by official statistics.
{"title":"Opening the „Black Box” of Organic Agriculture in Bulgaria: the Problem with Top-down Institutional Development","authors":"S. Stoeva","doi":"10.1515/eec-2016-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/eec-2016-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of this article is to examine the institutional development of organic agriculture (OA) in Bulgaria. The primary focus is on explaining certain contradictory trends observed during an examination of the phenomenon. First, although the origins of OA in Bulgaria can be traced back to the last years of socialism, it was not until 2010 that a “boom” of organic operators and certified land occurred. Second, although a full range of policies and instruments to support OA have been implemented and the importance of OA has been politically recognised, only approximately 1.1% of the agricultural land in Bulgaria is currently managed organically. Additionally, despite the development of national policies, the introduction of financial instruments and the emergence of OA organisations, the domestic organic food market is backward, as the largest portion of OA production is intended for export. Finally, there is evidence that calls into question the potential of OA to encourage socially and economically productive activities when it is motivated by subsidies rather than market value. Using the “black box” allegory to approach the above observations, this article aims to explain the institutional development of OA in Bulgaria during the period spanning 1990-2013. Using the institutional analysis perspective as an analytical tool, the article addresses two main research questions: 1) What were the driving forces behind the emergence of the OA concept and its political recognition? and 2) What factors have led to the questionable outcomes of OA development? The article also uses qualitative data to critically assess the “boom” of the OA sector, as indicated by official statistics.","PeriodicalId":42882,"journal":{"name":"Eastern European Countryside","volume":"22 1","pages":"105 - 85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/eec-2016-0005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67225689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The development of the Czech countryside differs in many ways from trajectories typical for Eastern and Central European rural areas in the last 25 years. In our article, we discuss the nature of the ‘Czech exceptionalism’, with reference to three examples, namely population development, the dynamics of rural/agricultural labour markets and rural governance. Firstly, we describe the major driving forces behind rural development in Czechia over the past 25 years and how these forces are reflected in the academic discourse. Secondly, we argue that an important feature of rural regions in Czechia is their population growth combined with a rapid labour market transformation and a low social importance of agriculture. All these changes are interpreted as a shift towards multifunctionality of rural areas rather than as a general trend towards post-productivism; indeed, this is because large parts of rural areas remain economically based on industrial production. The ongoing transformations have been reflected only partially in an academic discourse. In conclusion, we argue that there is a need to re-examine the use of EEC as a concept framing the position of sociology in rural research.
{"title":"Rural Idyll Without Rural Sociology? Changing Features, Functions and Research of the Czech Countryside","authors":"Martin Šimon, Josef Bernard","doi":"10.1515/eec-2016-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/eec-2016-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The development of the Czech countryside differs in many ways from trajectories typical for Eastern and Central European rural areas in the last 25 years. In our article, we discuss the nature of the ‘Czech exceptionalism’, with reference to three examples, namely population development, the dynamics of rural/agricultural labour markets and rural governance. Firstly, we describe the major driving forces behind rural development in Czechia over the past 25 years and how these forces are reflected in the academic discourse. Secondly, we argue that an important feature of rural regions in Czechia is their population growth combined with a rapid labour market transformation and a low social importance of agriculture. All these changes are interpreted as a shift towards multifunctionality of rural areas rather than as a general trend towards post-productivism; indeed, this is because large parts of rural areas remain economically based on industrial production. The ongoing transformations have been reflected only partially in an academic discourse. In conclusion, we argue that there is a need to re-examine the use of EEC as a concept framing the position of sociology in rural research.","PeriodicalId":42882,"journal":{"name":"Eastern European Countryside","volume":"22 1","pages":"53 - 68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67226127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The publication edited by Luzt Laschewski and Widar Wendt constitutes a summary of the project implemented in Mecklenburg–Western Pomerania, named Masterplanprozess “Mensch und Land”, which concerns working out a concept for this region’s development based on the most extensive public consultations possible. Let’s start the review of Die Zukunft der Landwirtschaft als dialogisches Verfahren by mentioning several facts from the history of Germany. The publication, though its conclusions could also be applied to other areas of Germany and Europe, refers to a specific Land, namely Mecklenburg– Western Pomerania (Mecklenburg–Vorpommern1). For many years now, this region has been a kind of laboratory of social change, willingly observed and analysed by, among others, social researchers2. Before German reunification, it fell within the German Democratic Republic. After the reunification, five Lands were established in the area of ex-GDR, including Mecklenburg–
由Luzt Laschewski和Widar Wendt编辑的出版物构成了在梅克伦堡-西波美拉尼亚实施的项目的摘要，该项目名为Masterplanprozess“Mensch und Land”，该项目涉及在尽可能广泛的公众咨询的基础上为该地区的发展制定一个概念。让我们先来回顾一下德国历史上的几个事实。虽然该出版物的结论也可以适用于德国和欧洲的其他地区，但它提到了一个特定的地方，即梅克伦堡-西波美拉尼亚(梅克伦堡-前波美拉尼亚)。多年来，这一地区一直是社会变革的实验室，社会研究人员乐于对其进行观察和分析。在两德统一之前，它属于德意志民主共和国。统一后，在前德意志民主共和国地区建立了五个州，包括梅克伦堡
{"title":"New Forms of Communication in Regional Development Planning Illustrated with an Example of Masterplanprozess “Mensch und Land”","authors":"Piszczek Elwira","doi":"10.1515/eec-2016-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/eec-2016-0012","url":null,"abstract":"The publication edited by Luzt Laschewski and Widar Wendt constitutes a summary of the project implemented in Mecklenburg–Western Pomerania, named Masterplanprozess “Mensch und Land”, which concerns working out a concept for this region’s development based on the most extensive public consultations possible. Let’s start the review of Die Zukunft der Landwirtschaft als dialogisches Verfahren by mentioning several facts from the history of Germany. The publication, though its conclusions could also be applied to other areas of Germany and Europe, refers to a specific Land, namely Mecklenburg– Western Pomerania (Mecklenburg–Vorpommern1). For many years now, this region has been a kind of laboratory of social change, willingly observed and analysed by, among others, social researchers2. Before German reunification, it fell within the German Democratic Republic. After the reunification, five Lands were established in the area of ex-GDR, including Mecklenburg–","PeriodicalId":42882,"journal":{"name":"Eastern European Countryside","volume":"22 1","pages":"253-260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67226646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The purpose of the study is to focus on the understanding of sense of place through the conceptualisation of regional identity. The theory of institutionalisation of regions, by geographers Chojnicki and Paasi, gives us a useful framework for understanding how regions and regional identity emerge, continually reproduce and, thus, transform in and through the practice of individuals and institutions at a variety of spatial levels. The submitted paper creates a compact mosaic of the selected theoretical approaches and chosen concepts of new regional, cultural and behavioural geography, which can be used in regional identity researches. The central purpose of the paper is to enrich and explain the possibilities of utilisation of behavioural techniques in the formation of regional identity and the identity of the area. The aim of the study is to identify the level of respondents’ patriotism towards the selected hierarchical and residential regions of Slovakia.
{"title":"Territorial Aspects of Regional Identity and Respondents’ Identification with the Region and Place: Case Study of Slovakia1","authors":"Slavomír Bucher, Š. Nováková","doi":"10.1515/eec-2015-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/eec-2015-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The purpose of the study is to focus on the understanding of sense of place through the conceptualisation of regional identity. The theory of institutionalisation of regions, by geographers Chojnicki and Paasi, gives us a useful framework for understanding how regions and regional identity emerge, continually reproduce and, thus, transform in and through the practice of individuals and institutions at a variety of spatial levels. The submitted paper creates a compact mosaic of the selected theoretical approaches and chosen concepts of new regional, cultural and behavioural geography, which can be used in regional identity researches. The central purpose of the paper is to enrich and explain the possibilities of utilisation of behavioural techniques in the formation of regional identity and the identity of the area. The aim of the study is to identify the level of respondents’ patriotism towards the selected hierarchical and residential regions of Slovakia.","PeriodicalId":42882,"journal":{"name":"Eastern European Countryside","volume":"21 1","pages":"109 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/eec-2015-0005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67224876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The primary function of the rural resort is to renovate and put into function existing, old, abandoned buildings/constructions, giving them a new purpose for tourism services. At the same time, construction of new buildings/structures, which can distort the authentic rural environment, is reduced. This paper intends to identify and analyse the elements of the tourism market in the Republic of Croatia which affect the process of revitalisation of the historic settlements through tourism products and services, while these elements are maintained, and popularise traditional culture and create an additional source of income in the countryside. The aim is to explore the place and role of rural resorts to enhance the distribution of tourism products and services, and the relevance of the application/use of tourist valorisation potentials of rural areas in the continuous efforts of improving tourism in the Republic of Croatia. The above is presented through a marketing policy and destination and space management, with a focus on limiting administrative, organisational and financial factors that influence the prosperity growth and substantial investment cycles in this segment in the Republic of Croatia.
{"title":"Contribution to the Research on Rural Resorts in the Function of Tourism Products and Services Distribution: the Example of the Republic of Croatia","authors":"D. Demonja, Tatjana Gredičak","doi":"10.1515/eec-2015-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/eec-2015-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The primary function of the rural resort is to renovate and put into function existing, old, abandoned buildings/constructions, giving them a new purpose for tourism services. At the same time, construction of new buildings/structures, which can distort the authentic rural environment, is reduced. This paper intends to identify and analyse the elements of the tourism market in the Republic of Croatia which affect the process of revitalisation of the historic settlements through tourism products and services, while these elements are maintained, and popularise traditional culture and create an additional source of income in the countryside. The aim is to explore the place and role of rural resorts to enhance the distribution of tourism products and services, and the relevance of the application/use of tourist valorisation potentials of rural areas in the continuous efforts of improving tourism in the Republic of Croatia. The above is presented through a marketing policy and destination and space management, with a focus on limiting administrative, organisational and financial factors that influence the prosperity growth and substantial investment cycles in this segment in the Republic of Croatia.","PeriodicalId":42882,"journal":{"name":"Eastern European Countryside","volume":"21 1","pages":"137 - 151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/eec-2015-0007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67225047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rural Poland at the Beginning of the 21st Century","authors":"Magdalena Sternicka-Kowalska","doi":"10.1515/eec-2015-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/eec-2015-0010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42882,"journal":{"name":"Eastern European Countryside","volume":"21 1","pages":"177 - 183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67225347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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