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Input Determination for Models Used in Predicting Student Performance 用于预测学生成绩的模型的输入确定
Pub Date : 2019-04-17 DOI: 10.22364/bjmc.2020.8.1.08
Kārlis Krūmiņš, S. Cakula
INTRODUCTION Student performance prediction has become a viable means to improving academic performance and course content in online learning. Predictive models such as neural networks, decision trees and linear regression are used to transform inputs (e.g. past performance, social background, learning system usage patterns, test results) into outputs (course completion, expected grade, difficulties encountered, personalized suggestions). Often, the existing quantitative data drive model design, especially when applying such models to the conventional classroom and the person delivering the course, is a passive participant in designing models and delivering data. In seeking to capture and code as much student behavior and environment as possible to apply learning analytics to a mostly conventional classroom, the most successful inputs (predictors) among existing models can be identified, categorized and their common characteristics determined. Together with a study of formative and summative assessment methods (e.g. types of feedback and how it can be captured) and factors affecting student performance in the classroom (e.g. environmental factors), this allows to identify the existing data in classrooms that are not captured by current learning management systems, thus allowing the expanded use of learning analytics and student performance prediction in traditional classrooms, with a focus on personalized suggestions. The goal of the paper is to identify patterns among inputs used in existing models of student learning (based on online learning and learning management system data mining) that can then also be applied to the traditional classroom. Research question: how can characteristics common to effective predictors of student performance be used to identify predictors among data produced in the traditional classroom? MATERIAL AND METHODS A literature review is performed where inputs captured and features discovered in existing learning analytics systems are characterised, along with methods used to identify those and the modelling approaches employed. An attempt is made to identify measures in online learning that may have analogues in the traditional classroom (e.g., seating patterns and communication in chatrooms) or for which proxies may be found (e.g. screen size and lighting quality, where the proxy is the classroom number). The corresponding outputs are recorded where possible, with a focus on those that allow providing feedback for individual students or for course/curriculum deliverers/designers (i.e. allow to improve  the success of future students in this course). RESULTS Successful predictors and characteristics common to those are identified, so that they can be used in features engineering for student performance prediction models. Predictors used in online learning are categorised, so that analogous inputs can be developed for use in traditional classrooms. Types of feedback provided by existing models of learning ar
学生成绩预测已经成为在线学习中提高学习成绩和提高课程内容的一种可行手段。使用神经网络、决策树和线性回归等预测模型将输入(例如过去的表现、社会背景、学习系统使用模式、测试结果)转换为输出(课程完成情况、预期成绩、遇到的困难、个性化建议)。通常,现有的定量数据驱动模型设计,特别是在将此类模型应用于传统课堂和授课人员时,是设计模型和交付数据的被动参与者。在试图捕获和编码尽可能多的学生行为和环境,以将学习分析应用于大多数传统课堂的过程中,可以识别、分类现有模型中最成功的输入(预测因子),并确定其共同特征。结合对形成性和总结性评估方法(如反馈类型及其捕获方式)和影响学生课堂表现的因素(如环境因素)的研究,可以识别当前学习管理系统未捕获的课堂现有数据,从而允许在传统课堂中扩展使用学习分析和学生表现预测,重点是个性化建议。本文的目标是识别现有学生学习模型(基于在线学习和学习管理系统数据挖掘)中使用的输入模式,然后这些模式也可以应用于传统课堂。研究问题:如何利用有效预测学生表现的共同特征,在传统课堂中产生的数据中识别预测因素?材料和方法进行文献综述,其中捕获的输入和现有学习分析系统中发现的特征,以及用于识别这些输入和所采用的建模方法的方法。我们试图确定在线学习中可能与传统课堂类似的措施(例如,座位模式和聊天室中的交流)或可以找到代理的措施(例如,屏幕尺寸和照明质量,其中代理是教室编号)。在可能的情况下记录相应的输出,重点是那些可以为个别学生或课程/课程交付者/设计师提供反馈的输出(即允许提高未来学生在这门课程中的成功)。结果确定了成功的预测因子和共同的特征,因此它们可以用于学生成绩预测模型的特征工程。在线学习中使用的预测器是分类的,因此可以开发类似的输入以用于传统课堂。在可能的情况下,识别现有学习模型提供的反馈类型,以及相应的输入(输入的权重)。研究确定了学习人员(而不是研究人员)能够驱动模型开发过程的地方。最近,人们越来越关注提高学习模型的可视性,以及让学习人员参与设计、修改和运行这些模型。提供输入并识别它们所代表的特征决定了这些模型的成功。因此,认识到现有的成功并将其应用于形成性评估方法可能是认识到模型中使用的额外输入和特征的一种手段,同时涉及教育工作者。将学习模型应用于传统课堂,作为学习管理(学校记录保存/评分)系统的一个组成部分,可以扩大其使用范围,同时增加(个性化)建议的预测能力和有效性,既可以使用现有数据,也可以为教育工作者提供工具,将他们提供的现有反馈转化为数据,而不是用作模型的输入。结论在线学习模型中使用的预测因子可以应用于传统课堂。在传统课堂中无法找到类似的预测因子。预测因子的共同特征和分类可用于识别现有数据中的预测因子,包括学生提供的未被现有学习管理系统捕获的数据(例如形成性反馈)。
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引用次数: 0
The Specification of Hydrological Model Requirements for Bog Restoration 沼泽恢复水文模型要求规范
Pub Date : 2019-04-17 DOI: 10.22364/bjmc.2020.8.1.11
Oskars Java
INTRODUCTION Within the scope of biodiversity and sustainable ecosystem development, the restoration of a bog’s ecosystem is important because by reducing the drainage effect on the bog, the negative impact on adjacent intact or relatively intact raised bog and other wetland hydrological regimes is lowered. Degraded bogs are mires with a disturbed natural hydrological regime, or those partly exploited for peat extraction. However, the hydrological regime can be restored and peat formation is expected within 30 years. The restoration of a bog’s hydrological regime can be accelerated by filling up the drainage ditches. In the course of researching scientific literature, the author has found no evidence of a system dynamics model developed to simulate tree cutting intensity in degraded bogs after filling the drainage ditches for the purpose of speeding up the restoration of the hydrological regime. Thus, this approach is an innovative way of solving the problem. Bog hydrological systems are complex systems with many components, thus an interdisciplinary approach must be applied which combines hydrology, biology, geography and meteorology with computer sciences. Specification requirement technique is a useful tool for determining the elements that shape a bog’s hydrological system and interact with each other, thus providing the design for a simulation model. MATERIAL AND METHODS In the opinion of the author, the most suitable specification requirement tool to determine components forming the bog hydrological system is (OOAD), because it is applicable both in system dynamics and object modelling systems. Based on OOAD, it will be able to build system dynamics models in STELLA system dynamics and the GEOframe NewAGE modelling system, which is based on an object modelling system framework. OOAD principles are fundamentally based on real world objects (Powell-Morse, 2017) - in this case, the elements forming a bog’s hydrological system. OOAD combines all behaviours, characteristics and states into one analysis process, rather than splitting them up into separate stages, as many other methodologies would do (Powell-Morse, 2017). OOAD can be divided in two parts – Object-Oriented Analysis (OOA), and Object-Oriented Design (OOD). The products of OOA serve as models from which we may start an object-oriented design; the products of OOD can then be used as blueprints for completely implementing a system using object-oriented programming methods (Booch, 1998). In the study of the boundaries of the bog hydrological model, theoretical methods such as case study and content analysis were mainly used - specifically evaluative, explorative and instrumental review methods. RESULTS This study helped to understand complex interrelationships that exist between different elements within a bog’s hydrological system. The bog hydrological system boundaries were clarified, and the simulation model specification requirements were determined. DISCUSSION The next
在生物多样性和生态系统可持续发展的范围内,沼泽生态系统的恢复是重要的,因为通过减少对沼泽的排水作用,可以降低对邻近完整或相对完整的沼泽和其他湿地水文制度的负面影响。退化的沼泽是指自然水文状况受到干扰的沼泽,或部分被开采用于提取泥炭的沼泽。然而,水文状况可以恢复,预计在30年内形成泥炭。填满排水沟可以加速沼泽水文状况的恢复。在科学文献的研究过程中,笔者未发现建立系统动力学模型来模拟为加速水文状态恢复而填筑排水沟后退化沼泽的采伐强度。因此,这种方法是解决问题的一种创新方法。沼泽水文系统是具有许多组成部分的复杂系统,因此必须采用将水文学、生物学、地理学和气象学与计算机科学相结合的跨学科方法。规范需求技术是一种有用的工具,用于确定形成沼泽水文系统并相互作用的元素,从而提供模拟模型的设计。材料和方法作者认为,确定构成沼泽水文系统的组件最合适的规范要求工具是OOAD,因为它既适用于系统动力学,也适用于对象建模系统。基于OOAD,它将能够在STELLA系统动力学和基于对象建模系统框架的GEOframe NewAGE建模系统中建立系统动力学模型。OOAD原则基本上是基于现实世界的对象(Powell-Morse, 2017)——在这种情况下,是形成沼泽水文系统的元素。OOAD将所有行为、特征和状态结合到一个分析过程中,而不是像许多其他方法那样将它们分成单独的阶段(Powell-Morse, 2017)。面向对象设计可以分为两部分——面向对象分析(OOA)和面向对象设计(OOD)。面向对象方法的产品作为模型,我们可以从中开始面向对象的设计;然后,OOD的产品可以用作使用面向对象编程方法完全实现系统的蓝图(Booch, 1998)。在对沼泽水文模型边界的研究中,主要采用了案例研究和内容分析等理论方法,特别是评价法、探索性方法和工具性审查方法。本研究有助于理解沼泽水文系统中不同元素之间存在的复杂相互关系。明确了沼泽水文系统边界,确定了模拟模型规范要求。下一步是在STELLA系统动力学和GEOframe NewAGE建模系统中建立仿真模型,并比较其性能。这些模拟模型将用来表示沼泽水文系统中的水运动,从通过降水输入的水到通过拦截、升华、蒸发、蒸腾、湖泊流出和陆地流输出的水。输入数据将从QGIS开源地理信息系统和Excel数据库手动加载。可以生成频率表、图形分析、审查表、GIS栅格文件等形式的输出数据。结论利用模型确定退化沼泽树木间伐强度是一种新的创新方法,可以更快、更有效地恢复生态系统的水位,从而增加自然多样性,提高当地居民的生活质量,提高沼泽的娱乐能力。
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引用次数: 2
Philosophy of Modeling: Neglected Pages of History 建模哲学:被忽视的历史篇章
Pub Date : 2018-09-30 DOI: 10.22364/BJMC.2018.6.3.05
K. Podnieks
The work done in the philosophy of modeling by Vaihinger (1876), Craik (1943), Rosenblueth and Wiener (1945), Apostel (1960), Minsky (1965), Klaus (1966) and Stachowiak (1973) is still almost completely neglected in the mainstream literature. However, this work seems to contain original ideas worth to be discussed. For example, the idea that diverse functions of models can be better structured as follows: in fact, models perform only a single function – they are replacing their target systems, but for different purposes. Another example: the idea that all of cognition is cognition in models or by means of models. Even perception, reflexes and instincts (animal and human) can be best analyzed as modeling. The paper presents an analysis of the above-mentioned work.
Vaihinger(1876)、Craik(1943)、Rosenblueth和Wiener(1945)、Apostel(1960)、Minsky(1965)、Klaus(1966)和Stachowiak(1973)在建模哲学方面所做的工作在主流文献中几乎完全被忽视。然而,这项工作似乎包含了值得讨论的原创思想。例如,模型的不同功能可以更好地按照如下方式构建:事实上,模型只执行单一功能——它们正在取代它们的目标系统,但目的不同。另一个例子,所有的认知都是在模型中或通过模型的认知。甚至感知、反射和本能(动物和人类)都可以作为模型进行最好的分析。本文对上述工作进行了分析。
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引用次数: 3
Normalization of Domain Modeling in Enterprise Software Development 企业软件开发中领域建模的规范化
Pub Date : 2017-12-01 DOI: 10.22364/BJMC.2017.5.4.01
S. Gudas, Andrius Valatavicius
Normalization has become traditional in database design theory and practice. One disadvantage of the model-driven development is that usage of concepts normalization, and functional dependency in the enterprise software engineering is limited to only one stage of system development life cycle (SDLC) the database design stage. The provided research of these concepts motivate normalization of the entire SDLC. The main part of the paper is devoted to the normalization of the enterprise modeling stage, which is based on the perceived causality of the target domain. The concepts of management functional dependency (MFD) and management transaction (MT) introduced for capturing causal dependencies within the target domain. The first step is the discovery of MFD of business activities. MT is an initial specification of MFD, which gives a basis for enterprise model normalization using the detailed frameworks. Enterprise model normal forms ENF1 – ENF5 defined and illustrated.
规范化已经成为数据库设计理论和实践的传统。模型驱动开发的一个缺点是企业软件工程中概念规范化和功能依赖的使用仅限于系统开发生命周期(SDLC)的一个阶段,即数据库设计阶段。对这些概念的研究促进了整个SDLC的规范化。本文的主要部分是基于目标领域的感知因果关系的企业建模阶段的规范化。引入了管理功能依赖关系(MFD)和管理事务(MT)的概念,用于捕获目标域中的因果依赖关系。第一步是发现业务活动的MFD。MT是MFD的初始规范,它为使用详细框架的企业模型规范化提供了基础。企业模型标准形式ENF1 - ENF5的定义和说明。
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引用次数: 3
Virtual Machine Based High-Resolution Display Wall: Experiments on Proof of Concept 基于虚拟机的高分辨率显示墙:概念验证实验
Pub Date : 2017-12-01 DOI: 10.22364/BJMC.2017.5.4.04
Rudolfs Bundulis, G. Arnicans
This paper provides scalability and use case analysis of a prototype for virtual machine based high-resolution display architecture. This architecture has been presented by the authors to overcome the reasons due to which other research results in the high-resolution display wall domain have still not achieved industrial success. Authors have provided use cases of this architecture with common operating systems like Linux and Windows and common software applications to demonstrate how a display wall solution can become seamless to the software layer while providing scalability, which is limited in the hardware-based display wall solutions that dominate the industry.
本文提供了一个基于虚拟机的高分辨率显示架构原型的可扩展性和用例分析。该架构是为了克服高分辨率显示墙领域的其他研究成果尚未取得工业成功的原因而提出的。作者提供了这种架构在Linux和Windows等常见操作系统以及常见软件应用程序上的用例,以演示显示墙解决方案如何与软件层无缝连接,同时提供可扩展性,这在主导行业的基于硬件的显示墙解决方案中是有限的。
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引用次数: 2
Assessment of Computational Thinking Notions in Secondary School 中学计算思维观念的评估
Pub Date : 2017-12-01 DOI: 10.22364/BJMC.2017.5.4.05
J. Bilbao, Eugenio Bravo, O. García, C. Varela, C. Rebollar
New technological developments, the hyperconnectivity and globalization of the economy are raising important opportunities and challenges to the economy. The labour market must also address these opportunities and challenges, to evolve and accommodate future workers and businesses. The introduction of digital technologies in sectors of the economy allows devices and systems collaborate with each other and with other systems allowing to modify the products, processes and business models. The digitization of society and the economy poses challenges and creates opportunities for all sectors must adapt their processes, products and business models. Educational system cannot be left out of this future and new models like Computational Thinking (CT) can help achieve and better prepare future citizens. But when new skills and techniques such as CT are applied, it is necessary to evaluate them. In this paper a model for evaluating the skills and attitudes of CT for subjects of secondary education is presented.
新技术发展、经济高度互联互通和全球化给经济发展带来重要机遇,也带来重大挑战。劳动力市场也必须应对这些机遇和挑战,以发展和适应未来的工人和企业。数字技术在经济部门的引入使设备和系统能够相互协作,并与其他系统协作,从而修改产品、流程和商业模式。社会和经济的数字化给所有部门带来了挑战,也创造了机遇,必须调整其流程、产品和商业模式。教育系统不能被排除在这个未来之外,像计算思维(CT)这样的新模式可以帮助实现和更好地培养未来公民。但是,当应用CT等新技能和新技术时,有必要对其进行评估。本文提出了一种评估中等教育科目CT技能和态度的模型。
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引用次数: 11
Point Distribution as True Quality of LiDAR Point Cloud 点分布作为激光雷达点云的真实质量
Pub Date : 2017-12-01 DOI: 10.22364/BJMC.2017.5.4.03
S. Kodors
A parameter “point density” is often used to evaluate the quality of aerial laser scanning data. It is a parameter simple for understanding and human imagination. However, the true quality of LiDAR point cloud is based on point distribution. There are researches, which mention importance of point distribution and users’ false perception, that higher point density is better quality of LiDAR point cloud. The goal of this study is to define the mathematical model how to measure quality of LiDAR point cloud. This article discusses the point distribution and LiDAR data quality defining the image resolution of point cloud. It can be interesting for experts in civil geospatial intelligence, LiDAR data processing and flight planning.
在评价航空激光扫描数据质量时,经常使用一个参数“点密度”。这是一个易于理解和人类想象的参数。然而,激光雷达点云的真正质量是基于点的分布。有研究指出点分布和用户错误感知的重要性,点密度越高,激光雷达点云质量越好。本研究的目的是定义激光雷达点云质量测量的数学模型。本文讨论了定义点云图像分辨率的点分布和激光雷达数据质量。对于民用地理空间情报、激光雷达数据处理和飞行计划方面的专家来说,这可能很有趣。
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引用次数: 9
Applying One-Class Classification Techniques to IP Flow Records for Intrusion Detection 基于一类分类技术的IP流记录入侵检测
Pub Date : 2017-03-23 DOI: 10.22364/BJMC.2017.5.1.05
M. Umer, M. Sher, Y. Bi
Flow-basedintrusiondetectionsystemsanalyzeIPflowrecordstodetectattacksagainst computer networks. IP flow records contain aggregated packet header information; therefore, the amount of data processed by the intrusion detection system is reduced. In addition, since no pay- load is analyzed, the end-to-end encryption does not affect the deployment of intermediate intru- sion detection system. In this paper, we evaluate one-class classification techniques for detection of malicious flows at an initial stage of a multi-stage flow-based intrusion detection system. The initial stage uses minimal flow attributes and only decide if the IP flow is normal or malicious. Since there is only one class of interest (malicious) at the initial stage, we use one-class classifi- cation for detection of malicious flows. In this paper, we review available one-class classification techniques and evaluate them on a flow-based dataset to determine their performance for detec- tion of malicious flows. Our results show that one-class classification techniques using boundary methods give best results in detection of malicious IP flows.
基于流量的入侵检测系统通过分析流量记录来检测针对计算机网络的攻击。IP流记录包含聚合的包头信息;因此,减少了入侵检测系统处理的数据量。此外,由于不分析有效负载,端到端加密不会影响中间入侵检测系统的部署。在本文中,我们评估了在多阶段基于流的入侵检测系统的初始阶段检测恶意流的一类分类技术。初始阶段使用最小的流属性,仅确定IP流是正常的还是恶意的。由于在初始阶段只有一个感兴趣的类别(恶意),因此我们使用一类分类来检测恶意流。在本文中,我们回顾了现有的一类分类技术,并在基于流的数据集上对它们进行评估,以确定它们在检测恶意流方面的性能。我们的研究结果表明,使用边界方法的一类分类技术在检测恶意IP流方面效果最好。
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引用次数: 5
Metamodel Specialization for Graphical Language and Editor Definition 图形语言和编辑器定义的元模型专门化
Pub Date : 2016-12-19 DOI: 10.22364/BJMC.2016.4.4.20
J. Barzdins, A. Kalnins
This paper is a further development of ideas presented by the authors in the previous papers on this topic. More concretely, in this paper three ideas have got a further development. First, the usage of metamodel specialization for graphical language and editor definition will be explained in a more detailed way. Second, a more general universal metamodel (UMM) will be offered, which covers a richer class of graphical languages. Third, the offered universal metamodel will enable a fluent transition from graphical language definition to their graphical editor definition, UMM for graphical tool definition will be a relatively slight extension of UMM for language definition. Finally, the paper presents also basic ideas for implementation of a graphical tool building platform based on the proposed metamodel specialization approach.
这篇论文是作者在之前关于这个主题的论文中提出的想法的进一步发展。更具体地说,本文对这三个思想进行了进一步的发展。首先,将以更详细的方式解释图形语言和编辑器定义的元模型专门化的用法。其次,将提供一个更通用的通用元模型(UMM),它涵盖了更丰富的图形语言类。第三,提供的通用元模型将支持从图形语言定义到图形编辑器定义的流畅转换,用于图形工具定义的UMM将是用于语言定义的UMM的相对轻微的扩展。最后,本文还提出了基于所提出的元模型专门化方法实现图形工具构建平台的基本思路。
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引用次数: 3
Four Collaborations with Rūsiņš Freivalds 与Rūsiņš Freivalds的四次合作
Pub Date : 2016-12-19 DOI: 10.22364/BJMC.2016.4.4.04
A. Ambainis
Rūsiņš Mārtiņš Freivalds (1942-2016) was one of European pioneers of theoretical computer science, making important contributions to the theory of probabilistic algorithms and other fields of theoretical computer science. He was also my first research supervisor at the University of Latvia and influenced my research career quite substantially. In this article, I describe some of my research experiences working together with him, from the first exercises in his undergraduate seminar to how we started working on quantum computing.
Rūsiņš Mārtiņš Freivalds(1942-2016)是欧洲理论计算机科学的先驱之一,在概率算法理论和其他理论计算机科学领域做出了重要贡献。他也是我在拉脱维亚大学的第一位研究导师,对我的研究生涯影响很大。在本文中,我描述了我与他一起工作的一些研究经历,从他本科研讨会上的第一次练习到我们如何开始研究量子计算。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Balt. J. Mod. Comput.
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