Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.15393/j103.art.2018.1043
B. Kolonitskii
{"title":"CIVIL WARS IN THE AREA OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE, 1916–26?","authors":"B. Kolonitskii","doi":"10.15393/j103.art.2018.1043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15393/j103.art.2018.1043","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":431223,"journal":{"name":"Nordic and Baltic Studies Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126152159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.15393/j103.art.2018.1053
M. Bessudnova
{"title":"‘THE RUSSIAN THREAT’ IN THE LATE 15TH-CENTURY POLITICAL STRATEGY OF THE TEUTONIC ORDER’S LEADERSHIP","authors":"M. Bessudnova","doi":"10.15393/j103.art.2018.1053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15393/j103.art.2018.1053","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":431223,"journal":{"name":"Nordic and Baltic Studies Review","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125650969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.15393/j103.art.2018.1052
Marina Zagora
: Based on diverse primary material from the archives of Moscow, Saint-Petersburg and Helsinki, the article touches upon Nikolai Adlerberg’s life in Helsingfors. He was the Governor-General of the Grand Duchy of Finland from 1866 to 1881. By describing Adlerberg’s background and several episodes of his career, the article examines his role of a public person, the emperor’s honourable representative in this special part of the Empire, and a member of Russian elite in Helsingfors (as the city was usually called then in Russian). For this purpose, Nikolai Adlerberg successfully used the fact that he had powerful relatives among officials and good connections in Saint Petersburg. He demonstrated his status in different possible ways, for instance, by actively contributing to establishing the Russian theatre in Helsingfors and by thoroughly preparing the Emperor’s visit to the capital of the Grand Duchy in 1876.
{"title":"GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF THE GRAND DUCHY OF FINLAND NIKOLAI ADLERBERG AS THE REPRESENTATIVE OF RUSSIAN ELITE IN HELSINGFORS (1866–81)","authors":"Marina Zagora","doi":"10.15393/j103.art.2018.1052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15393/j103.art.2018.1052","url":null,"abstract":": Based on diverse primary material from the archives of Moscow, Saint-Petersburg and Helsinki, the article touches upon Nikolai Adlerberg’s life in Helsingfors. He was the Governor-General of the Grand Duchy of Finland from 1866 to 1881. By describing Adlerberg’s background and several episodes of his career, the article examines his role of a public person, the emperor’s honourable representative in this special part of the Empire, and a member of Russian elite in Helsingfors (as the city was usually called then in Russian). For this purpose, Nikolai Adlerberg successfully used the fact that he had powerful relatives among officials and good connections in Saint Petersburg. He demonstrated his status in different possible ways, for instance, by actively contributing to establishing the Russian theatre in Helsingfors and by thoroughly preparing the Emperor’s visit to the capital of the Grand Duchy in 1876.","PeriodicalId":431223,"journal":{"name":"Nordic and Baltic Studies Review","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129910816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.15393/J103.ART.2018.1067
A. Zhukov
The group gradation in Russia had not ever reached the top point even by the end of the 18th century, particularly in provincial towns. Thus, between the middle of the 17th and the early 18th centuries the urban population of the Karelian town of Olonets were semi-peasants and semi-merchants while the streltsy were semi-soldiers and semi-craftsmen at the same time, as well as semi-policemen (within the framework of local self-government). The reason for their “intermediate status” of that kind lies in the services imposed on the non-privileged strata of taxpayers. Ключевые слова /
甚至在18世纪末，俄罗斯的群体等级也没有达到最高点，特别是在省城。因此，在17世纪中叶到18世纪初，卡利利阿奥洛涅茨镇的城市人口是半农民和半商人，而街头士兵同时是半士兵和半工匠，以及半警察(在地方自治政府的框架内)。他们之所以处于这种“中间地位”，是因为他们为纳税人这一非特权阶层提供服务。Ключевые слова /
{"title":"TOWNSPEOPLE’S PEASANT WAY OF LIFE AND MILITARY SERVICE: THE TOWN OF OLONETS IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 17TH AND THE EARLY 18TH CENTURIES","authors":"A. Zhukov","doi":"10.15393/J103.ART.2018.1067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15393/J103.ART.2018.1067","url":null,"abstract":"The group gradation in Russia had not ever reached the top point even by the end of the 18th century, particularly in provincial towns. Thus, between the middle of the 17th and the early 18th centuries the urban population of the Karelian town of Olonets were semi-peasants and semi-merchants while the streltsy were semi-soldiers and semi-craftsmen at the same time, as well as semi-policemen (within the framework of local self-government). The reason for their “intermediate status” of that kind lies in the services imposed on the non-privileged strata of taxpayers. Ключевые слова /","PeriodicalId":431223,"journal":{"name":"Nordic and Baltic Studies Review","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123782073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.15393/J103.ART.2018.1141
Марья Вуоринен
{"title":"ДВОРЯНИН СО ВЗГЛЯДАМИ БУРЖУА: Н. Х. ПИНЕЛЛО БРОСАЕТ ВЫЗОВ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ РОЛИ ФИНЛЯНДСКОГО БЛАГОРОДНОГО СОСЛОВИЯ","authors":"Марья Вуоринен","doi":"10.15393/J103.ART.2018.1141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15393/J103.ART.2018.1141","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":431223,"journal":{"name":"Nordic and Baltic Studies Review","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134176933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.15393/j103.art.2018.1042
V. Buldakov
{"title":"PERCEPTION OF THE CIVIL WAR IN FINLAND BY THE RUSSIAN SOCIETY IN 1918","authors":"V. Buldakov","doi":"10.15393/j103.art.2018.1042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15393/j103.art.2018.1042","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":431223,"journal":{"name":"Nordic and Baltic Studies Review","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124094210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.15393/j103.art.2018.1048
Балтийское направление международного сотрудничества — одно из приоритетных в деятельности Института всеобщей истории РАН в настоящее время. В контексте данного направления институт укрепляет научные связи с историками стран Балтии. Сотрудничество с эстонскими коллегами развивается в рамках договора между ИВИ РАН и Институтом истории Таллинского университета, который заключен в марте 2008 г. В апреле 2009 г. в Таллине была организована первая российско-эстонская конференция «Россия и Прибалтийский регион в XVIII–XX вв. Проблемы взаимоотношений в меняющемся мире», положившая начало практике двусторонних встреч1. К настоящему времени состоялись четыре такие встречи. Итогом сотрудничества стала выработка платформы для конструктивного диалога между историками двух стран. Кроме того, нельзя не упомянуть, что по результатам первых двух конференций был издан сборник статей, посвящённый проблемам российско-эстонских межнациональных и межгосударственных отношений2. Конференция, организованная ИВИ РАН и Гуманитарным институтом Таллинского университета3 и состоявшаяся в Москве 24–25 сентября 2018 г., была приурочена к 100-летию Эстонской Республики4. Исторический период, на котором сосредоточились участники конференции, характеризовался распадом Российской империи и становлением национальных государств на её западных окраинах. Эти процессы были длительными и непростыми, сопровождались гражданскими и освободительными войнами, но обретение независимости открыло новую эпоху национальных государств Балтии. В ходе церемонии открытия
{"title":"CONNECTIONS BETWEEN RUSSIAN AND ESTONIAN HISTORIANS WITHIN THE PROJECT “RUSSIA AND THE BALTIC REGION IN THE 18TH–20TH CENTURIES. PROBLEMS OF RELATIONSHIPS IN A CHANGING WORLD”","authors":"","doi":"10.15393/j103.art.2018.1048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15393/j103.art.2018.1048","url":null,"abstract":"Балтийское направление международного сотрудничества — одно из приоритетных в деятельности Института всеобщей истории РАН в настоящее время. В контексте данного направления институт укрепляет научные связи с историками стран Балтии. Сотрудничество с эстонскими коллегами развивается в рамках договора между ИВИ РАН и Институтом истории Таллинского университета, который заключен в марте 2008 г. В апреле 2009 г. в Таллине была организована первая российско-эстонская конференция «Россия и Прибалтийский регион в XVIII–XX вв. Проблемы взаимоотношений в меняющемся мире», положившая начало практике двусторонних встреч1. К настоящему времени состоялись четыре такие встречи. Итогом сотрудничества стала выработка платформы для конструктивного диалога между историками двух стран. Кроме того, нельзя не упомянуть, что по результатам первых двух конференций был издан сборник статей, посвящённый проблемам российско-эстонских межнациональных и межгосударственных отношений2. Конференция, организованная ИВИ РАН и Гуманитарным институтом Таллинского университета3 и состоявшаяся в Москве 24–25 сентября 2018 г., была приурочена к 100-летию Эстонской Республики4. Исторический период, на котором сосредоточились участники конференции, характеризовался распадом Российской империи и становлением национальных государств на её западных окраинах. Эти процессы были длительными и непростыми, сопровождались гражданскими и освободительными войнами, но обретение независимости открыло новую эпоху национальных государств Балтии. В ходе церемонии открытия","PeriodicalId":431223,"journal":{"name":"Nordic and Baltic Studies Review","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128977734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.15393/j103.art.2018.1121
Evgeniia Nazarova
The first part of the article outlines the 1914–17 discussion on establishing national autonomies in the non-Russian regions of the Empire when the WWI made the national question extremely urgent both for the central government and national elites. After the collapse of the Empire the Provisional Government did not work out any general programme for solving the problem. The second part analyses the activity of Latvian and Estonian national-democratic leaders for solving the national question in their respective regions. They presented their projects of establishing national autonomies based on democratic principles to the Provisional Government in spring 1917. Although the latter did not approve these programmes in full, the elected National Land Councils started corresponding reforms, while the Bolsheviks who were also present in these Councils made efforts to undermine the creation of autonomies. When Russia was proclaimed the democratic state on September 1 (13), 1917, the federative form of the state was not declared. But despite growing tendency to independence, establishing national autonomies within a Russian Democratic Federal Republic to be proclaimed by the All-Russian Constituent Assembly remained more attractive perspective for the Latvians and Estonians. The dissolution of the Constituent Assembly in January, 1918 marked the end of the hopes for national autonomies within the Russian Democratic Federal Republic. Still, the formation of the Soviet Federative State in spite of the Bolsheviks’ previous idea of a unitary proletarian republic, indicated that the Communist authorities had to take into account the peoples’ desire for national autonomies. This fact highlights the missed opportunities for the Provisional Government to save the project of the Russian democratic state. Ключевые слова /
文章的第一部分概述了1914年至1917年关于在帝国的非俄罗斯地区建立民族自治的讨论，当时第一次世界大战使中央政府和民族精英都迫切需要解决民族问题。帝国崩溃后，临时政府没有制定任何解决问题的总体方案。第二部分分析了拉脱维亚和爱沙尼亚民族民主领导人为解决其各自区域的民族问题所进行的活动。1917年春，他们向临时政府提出了建立基于民主原则的民族自治的计划。虽然后者没有完全批准这些计划，但当选的全国土地委员会开始了相应的改革，而布尔什维克也出现在这些委员会中，他们努力破坏自治的建立。1917年9月1日(13日)俄国宣布成为民主国家时，并没有宣布国家的联邦制形式。但是，尽管独立的趋势日益增长，在一个由全俄制宪会议宣布的俄罗斯民主联邦共和国内建立民族自治对拉脱维亚人和爱沙尼亚人来说仍然是更有吸引力的前景。1918年1月制宪会议的解散标志着俄罗斯民主联邦共和国内部民族自治的希望的终结。然而，尽管布尔什维克先前的想法是建立一个统一的无产阶级共和国，苏维埃联邦国家的形成表明共产党当局必须考虑到人民对民族自治的愿望。这一事实凸显了临时政府错过了挽救俄国民主国家计划的机会。Ключевые слова /
{"title":"THE NATIONAL QUESTION AS A FACTOR OF THE COLLAPSE OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE. LATVIA AND ESTONIA ON THE ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE. 1914–17","authors":"Evgeniia Nazarova","doi":"10.15393/j103.art.2018.1121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15393/j103.art.2018.1121","url":null,"abstract":"The first part of the article outlines the 1914–17 discussion on establishing national autonomies in the non-Russian regions of the Empire when the WWI made the national question extremely urgent both for the central government and national elites. After the collapse of the Empire the Provisional Government did not work out any general programme for solving the problem. The second part analyses the activity of Latvian and Estonian national-democratic leaders for solving the national question in their respective regions. They presented their projects of establishing national autonomies based on democratic principles to the Provisional Government in spring 1917. Although the latter did not approve these programmes in full, the elected National Land Councils started corresponding reforms, while the Bolsheviks who were also present in these Councils made efforts to undermine the creation of autonomies. When Russia was proclaimed the democratic state on September 1 (13), 1917, the federative form of the state was not declared. But despite growing tendency to independence, establishing national autonomies within a Russian Democratic Federal Republic to be proclaimed by the All-Russian Constituent Assembly remained more attractive perspective for the Latvians and Estonians. The dissolution of the Constituent Assembly in January, 1918 marked the end of the hopes for national autonomies within the Russian Democratic Federal Republic. Still, the formation of the Soviet Federative State in spite of the Bolsheviks’ previous idea of a unitary proletarian republic, indicated that the Communist authorities had to take into account the peoples’ desire for national autonomies. This fact highlights the missed opportunities for the Provisional Government to save the project of the Russian democratic state. Ключевые слова /","PeriodicalId":431223,"journal":{"name":"Nordic and Baltic Studies Review","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128741024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.15393/j103.art.2022.2388
A. Shabunina
{"title":"MENTIONS OF THE CITY OF PETROZAVODSK IN THE MIDDLE-VICTORIAN PRESS OF BRITAIN","authors":"A. Shabunina","doi":"10.15393/j103.art.2022.2388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15393/j103.art.2022.2388","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":431223,"journal":{"name":"Nordic and Baltic Studies Review","volume":"9 3-4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114132901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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