Heuristic methods, for global optimization, have been receiving much interest in the last years, among which Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm can be highlighted. However, the application of heuristic methods can lead to premature convergence. In this work, the addition of a step on the PSO algorithm is proposed. This new step, based in Nelder–Mead simplex search method (NM), consists of repositioning the current particle with global best solution, not for a better position, but away from the current nearest local optimum, to avoid getting stuck on this local optimum. There are other PSO-NM algorithms, but the one we are proposing, has a different strategy. The proposed algorithm was also tested with the repositioning strategy in other particles beyond the current global best particle, depending on the repositioning probability. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed methods, and study its better parameters, were used various test functions, and for each test function, various number of particles were used in combination with various probabilities of particles repositioning. A thousand runs were performed for each case, resulting in more than two millions runs. The computational studies showed that the repositioning of of global best particle increases the percentage of success on reaching the global best solution, but better results can be obtained applying the repositioning strategy to other particles with repositioning probabilities between 1–5%.
{"title":"Particle Swarm Optimization with a Simplex Strategy to Avoid Getting Stuck on Local Optimum","authors":"V. Steffen","doi":"10.5772/acrt.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/acrt.11","url":null,"abstract":"Heuristic methods, for global optimization, have been receiving much interest in the last years, among which Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm can be highlighted. However, the application of heuristic methods can lead to premature convergence. In this work, the addition of a step on the PSO algorithm is proposed. This new step, based in Nelder–Mead simplex search method (NM), consists of repositioning the current particle with global best solution, not for a better position, but away from the current nearest local optimum, to avoid getting stuck on this local optimum. There are other PSO-NM algorithms, but the one we are proposing, has a different strategy. The proposed algorithm was also tested with the repositioning strategy in other particles beyond the current global best particle, depending on the repositioning probability. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed methods, and study its better parameters, were used various test functions, and for each test function, various number of particles were used in combination with various probabilities of particles repositioning. A thousand runs were performed for each case, resulting in more than two millions runs. The computational studies showed that the repositioning of of global best particle increases the percentage of success on reaching the global best solution, but better results can be obtained applying the repositioning strategy to other particles with repositioning probabilities between 1–5%.","PeriodicalId":431659,"journal":{"name":"AI, Computer Science and Robotics Technology","volume":"380 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127916256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Researchers have developed numerous artificial fish to mimic the swimming abilities of biological species and understand their biomechanical subaquatic skills. The motivation arises from the interest to gain deeper comprehension of the efficient nature of biological locomotion, which is the result of millions of years of evolution and adaptation. Fin-based biological species developed exceptional swimming abilities and notable performance in highly dynamic and complex subaquatic environments. Therefore, based on research by the scientific community, this mini-review concentrates on discussing the mechanical devices developed to implement the caudal propulsive segments of robotic fish. Caudal mechanisms are of considerable interest because they may be designed to control inertial and gravitational forces, as well as exerting great dynamic range in robotic fish. This manuscript provides a concise review focused on the engineering implementations of caudal mechanisms of anguilliform, subcarangiform, subcarangiform, thunniform and ostraciiform swimming modes.
{"title":"Robot Fish Caudal Propulsive Mechanisms: A Mini-Review","authors":"E. Martínez-García, Roman Lavrenov, E. Magid","doi":"10.5772/acrt.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/acrt.09","url":null,"abstract":"Researchers have developed numerous artificial fish to mimic the swimming abilities of biological species and understand their biomechanical subaquatic skills. The motivation arises from the interest to gain deeper comprehension of the efficient nature of biological locomotion, which is the result of millions of years of evolution and adaptation. Fin-based biological species developed exceptional swimming abilities and notable performance in highly dynamic and complex subaquatic environments. Therefore, based on research by the scientific community, this mini-review concentrates on discussing the mechanical devices developed to implement the caudal propulsive segments of robotic fish. Caudal mechanisms are of considerable interest because they may be designed to control inertial and gravitational forces, as well as exerting great dynamic range in robotic fish. This manuscript provides a concise review focused on the engineering implementations of caudal mechanisms of anguilliform, subcarangiform, subcarangiform, thunniform and ostraciiform swimming modes.","PeriodicalId":431659,"journal":{"name":"AI, Computer Science and Robotics Technology","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114911300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maria Papathanasaki, Leandros A. Maglaras, N. Ayres
This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of modern authentication schemes. We start with the importance of authentication methods and the different authentication processes. Then we present the authentication criteria used and we perform a comparison of authentication methods in terms of universality, uniqueness, collectability, performance, acceptability, and spoofing. Finally, we present multi-factor authentication challenges and security issues and present future directions.
{"title":"Modern Authentication Methods: A Comprehensive Survey","authors":"Maria Papathanasaki, Leandros A. Maglaras, N. Ayres","doi":"10.5772/acrt.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/acrt.08","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of modern authentication schemes. We start with the importance of authentication methods and the different authentication processes. Then we present the authentication criteria used and we perform a comparison of authentication methods in terms of universality, uniqueness, collectability, performance, acceptability, and spoofing. Finally, we present multi-factor authentication challenges and security issues and present future directions.","PeriodicalId":431659,"journal":{"name":"AI, Computer Science and Robotics Technology","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123841041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For now many years, illegal UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) flights have been observed in different countries and under various environments. The intent of such illegal flights may cover industrial espionage up to terrorist attacks. Countering such an asymmetric threat is now of increasing and challenging interest for many countries. The main compulsory functions for such an anti-UAV system will be briefly discussed from detection, localization, identification/classification, extraction (an UAV has to be isolated from other detections) to the alert function. After this introduction about the context, a description of a passive DVB-T (Digital Video Broadcasting Terrestrial) radar component will be given, and its potential, in regard to the previously described functions, will be illustrated using experimental results. Such a passive approach will be shortly compared with active radar components. Several measurement campaigns have been conducted with quite a huge variety of nano-small UAVs (multirotors such as ANAFI, Mavik, Phantom 4, F450 up to M600 as well as fixed wings such as ranger, Disco, X8 and X11) evolving under various configurations (bistatic bases, different weather conditions) and a selection of the most meaningful results will be presented.
{"title":"Potential of Passive DVB-T Radar Component Against Illegal UAV Flights","authors":"D. Poullin, P. Dorey, Abigael Taylor","doi":"10.5772/acrt.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/acrt.07","url":null,"abstract":"For now many years, illegal UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) flights have been observed in different countries and under various environments. The intent of such illegal flights may cover industrial espionage up to terrorist attacks. Countering such an asymmetric threat is now of increasing and challenging interest for many countries. The main compulsory functions for such an anti-UAV system will be briefly discussed from detection, localization, identification/classification, extraction (an UAV has to be isolated from other detections) to the alert function. After this introduction about the context, a description of a passive DVB-T (Digital Video Broadcasting Terrestrial) radar component will be given, and its potential, in regard to the previously described functions, will be illustrated using experimental results. Such a passive approach will be shortly compared with active radar components. Several measurement campaigns have been conducted with quite a huge variety of nano-small UAVs (multirotors such as ANAFI, Mavik, Phantom 4, F450 up to M600 as well as fixed wings such as ranger, Disco, X8 and X11) evolving under various configurations (bistatic bases, different weather conditions) and a selection of the most meaningful results will be presented.","PeriodicalId":431659,"journal":{"name":"AI, Computer Science and Robotics Technology","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128500859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article provides an optimisation method using a Genetic Algorithm approach to apply feature selection techniques for large data sets to improve accuracy. This is achieved through improved classification, a reduced number of features, and furthermore it aids in interpreting the model. A clinical dataset, based on heart failure, is used to illustrate the nature of the problem and to show the effectiveness of the techniques developed. Clinical datasets are sometimes characterised as having many variables. For instance, blood biochemistry data has more than 60 variables that have led to complexities in developing predictions of outcomes using machine-learning and other algorithms. Hence, techniques to make them more tractable are required. Genetic Algorithms can provide an efficient and low numerically complex method for effectively selecting features. In this paper, a way to estimate the number of required variables is presented, and a genetic algorithm is used in a “wrapper” form to select features for a case study of heart failure data. Additionally, different initial populations and termination conditions are used to arrive at a set of optimal features, and these are then compared with the features obtained using traditional methodologies. The paper provides a framework for estimating the number of variables and generations required for a suitable solution.
{"title":"Addressing Optimisation Challenges for Datasets with Many Variables, Using Genetic Algorithms to Implement Feature Selection","authors":"Neil Gordon, C. Kambhampati, Asma Alabad","doi":"10.5772/acrt.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/acrt.01","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides an optimisation method using a Genetic Algorithm approach to apply feature selection techniques for large data sets to improve accuracy. This is achieved through improved classification, a reduced number of features, and furthermore it aids in interpreting the model. A clinical dataset, based on heart failure, is used to illustrate the nature of the problem and to show the effectiveness of the techniques developed. Clinical datasets are sometimes characterised as having many variables. For instance, blood biochemistry data has more than 60 variables that have led to complexities in developing predictions of outcomes using machine-learning and other algorithms. Hence, techniques to make them more tractable are required. Genetic Algorithms can provide an efficient and low numerically complex method for effectively selecting features. In this paper, a way to estimate the number of required variables is presented, and a genetic algorithm is used in a “wrapper” form to select features for a case study of heart failure data. Additionally, different initial populations and termination conditions are used to arrive at a set of optimal features, and these are then compared with the features obtained using traditional methodologies. The paper provides a framework for estimating the number of variables and generations required for a suitable solution.","PeriodicalId":431659,"journal":{"name":"AI, Computer Science and Robotics Technology","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126679803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Metaverse is a 3D virtual environment already populated by our students. In the form of avatars, their unique personas happily collaborate in spaces such as Roblox and Minecraft. After two years of being fully online, remote learning became associated with fatigue from business-model video conferencing tools such as Zoom, Microsoft Teams, and Google Meet. It is time to consider the adoption of customizable Metaverse platforms where educators and their students can safely teach and learn again in the same space. This paper examines contagion theory to frame the breakdown of our classroom environment during the Covid-19 Pandemic and the transition back to a mosaic of hybrid contexts. This paper delineates the merits of the Metaverse as an alternative education space that fosters Universal Design for learning. Additionally, this paper reviews platforms that support multiple entry points for engagement, representation, action, and expression.
{"title":"The Metaverse—An Alternative Education Space","authors":"S. Mistretta","doi":"10.5772/acrt.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/acrt.05","url":null,"abstract":"The Metaverse is a 3D virtual environment already populated by our students. In the form of avatars, their unique personas happily collaborate in spaces such as Roblox and Minecraft. After two years of being fully online, remote learning became associated with fatigue from business-model video conferencing tools such as Zoom, Microsoft Teams, and Google Meet. It is time to consider the adoption of customizable Metaverse platforms where educators and their students can safely teach and learn again in the same space. This paper examines contagion theory to frame the breakdown of our classroom environment during the Covid-19 Pandemic and the transition back to a mosaic of hybrid contexts. This paper delineates the merits of the Metaverse as an alternative education space that fosters Universal Design for learning. Additionally, this paper reviews platforms that support multiple entry points for engagement, representation, action, and expression.","PeriodicalId":431659,"journal":{"name":"AI, Computer Science and Robotics Technology","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129322436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Web 2.0 has changed the way people interact with each other, search, share, and create knowledge. Technology infrastructure gives organizations a diverse set of ICT options to create and share knowledge. Changes in technology are exponential, and particularly the impact of Web 2.0 in knowledge sharing and contribution can lead to many areas of study. The use of technology is beneficial at all levels in the organization, and are impacting how people interact with each other in different organizational contexts, such as educational, organizational, and political. The expectation in the initial phase of this research would be that knowledge sharing and collaboration may be affected.
Web 2.0改变了人们相互交流、搜索、共享和创造知识的方式。技术基础设施为组织提供了一套不同的ICT选项来创建和共享知识。技术的变化是指数级的，特别是Web 2.0在知识共享和贡献方面的影响可以导致许多研究领域的发展。技术的使用在组织的所有层次上都是有益的，并且正在影响人们在不同的组织环境(如教育、组织和政治)中如何相互作用。本研究最初阶段的期望是知识共享和协作可能受到影响。
{"title":"Web 2.0 and Knowledge Sharing. A Literature Review","authors":"Maria Gabriela Ziegler","doi":"10.5772/acrt.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/acrt.03","url":null,"abstract":"Web 2.0 has changed the way people interact with each other, search, share, and create knowledge. Technology infrastructure gives organizations a diverse set of ICT options to create and share knowledge. Changes in technology are exponential, and particularly the impact of Web 2.0 in knowledge sharing and contribution can lead to many areas of study. The use of technology is beneficial at all levels in the organization, and are impacting how people interact with each other in different organizational contexts, such as educational, organizational, and political. The expectation in the initial phase of this research would be that knowledge sharing and collaboration may be affected.","PeriodicalId":431659,"journal":{"name":"AI, Computer Science and Robotics Technology","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126272630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Statistical methods for automatic change detection, in heterogeneous bitemporal satellite images, remains a challenging research topic in remote sensing mainly because this research field involves the processing of image data with potentially very different statistical behaviors. In this paper, we propose a new Bayesian statistical approach, relying on spatially adaptive class conditional likelihoods which are also adaptive to the considered imaging modality pair and whose parameters are estimated in a first preliminary estimation step. Once that estimation is done, a second stage is dedicated to the change detection segmentation itself based on this likelihood model defined for each pixel and for each imaging modality. In this context, we compare and discuss the performance of different Markovian segmentation strategies obtained in the sense of several non-hierarchical or hierarchical Markovian estimators on real satellite images with different imaging multi-modalities. Based on our original pixel-wise likelihood model, we also compare these Markovian segmentation strategies over the existing state-of-the-art heterogeneous change detection algorithms proposed in the literature.
{"title":"MRF Models Based on a Neighborhood Adaptive Class Conditional Likelihood For Multimodal Change Detection","authors":"M. Mignotte","doi":"10.5772/acrt.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/acrt.02","url":null,"abstract":"Statistical methods for automatic change detection, in heterogeneous bitemporal satellite images, remains a challenging research topic in remote sensing mainly because this research field involves the processing of image data with potentially very different statistical behaviors. In this paper, we propose a new Bayesian statistical approach, relying on spatially adaptive class conditional likelihoods which are also adaptive to the considered imaging modality pair and whose parameters are estimated in a first preliminary estimation step. Once that estimation is done, a second stage is dedicated to the change detection segmentation itself based on this likelihood model defined for each pixel and for each imaging modality. In this context, we compare and discuss the performance of different Markovian segmentation strategies obtained in the sense of several non-hierarchical or hierarchical Markovian estimators on real satellite images with different imaging multi-modalities. Based on our original pixel-wise likelihood model, we also compare these Markovian segmentation strategies over the existing state-of-the-art heterogeneous change detection algorithms proposed in the literature.","PeriodicalId":431659,"journal":{"name":"AI, Computer Science and Robotics Technology","volume":"127 13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128026510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Memory in biological beings is as complex as the rational complexity of that concrete being requires. Clearly, memory helps to conform knowledge bases to serve the needs of the specific natural being. To analogize from Robotics concepts, it seems that the degrees of freedom in the biological being’s memory are higher or lower depending upon the rationality of each living being. Robots and artificial systems appear to require analogous structures. That is, to build a reactive system, the requirement of memory is not highly demanding with respect to the degrees of freedom. However, the required degrees of freedom seems to grow as the ability of the artificial system to deliberate increases. Consequently, to design artificial systems that would implement cognitive abilities, it is required to rethink memory structures. When designing a Cognitive Artificial System, memory systems should be thought of as highly accessible discrete units. In addition, these systems would require designs in the form of distributed architectures with non-linear features, such as those of human thought. In addition, they should allow for complex mixed types of data (text, images, time or so). Blockchain has attracted great interest for a few years now, especially since the appearance of Bitcoin. A blockchain is a distributed ledger that combines an append-only data structure designed to be resistant to modifications, with a consensus protocol [1, 2]. This innovation can be thought of as a sequence of containers, the blocks, that store two things: the information of a “system” and the “service” that such system provides [2], and it provides an interesting starting point to rethink memory systems in robots.
{"title":"Decentralized Blockchain for Autobiographical Memory in Cognitive Robotics","authors":"Eva R. Porras, M. G. Sánchez-Escribano","doi":"10.5772/acrt.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/acrt.04","url":null,"abstract":"Memory in biological beings is as complex as the rational complexity of that concrete being requires. Clearly, memory helps to conform knowledge bases to serve the needs of the specific natural being. To analogize from Robotics concepts, it seems that the degrees of freedom in the biological being’s memory are higher or lower depending upon the rationality of each living being. \u0000 Robots and artificial systems appear to require analogous structures. That is, to build a reactive system, the requirement of memory is not highly demanding with respect to the degrees of freedom. However, the required degrees of freedom seems to grow as the ability of the artificial system to deliberate increases. Consequently, to design artificial systems that would implement cognitive abilities, it is required to rethink memory structures.\u0000 When designing a Cognitive Artificial System, memory systems should be thought of as highly accessible discrete units. In addition, these systems would require designs in the form of distributed architectures with non-linear features, such as those of human thought. In addition, they should allow for complex mixed types of data (text, images, time or so).\u0000 Blockchain has attracted great interest for a few years now, especially since the appearance of Bitcoin. A blockchain is a distributed ledger that combines an append-only data structure designed to be resistant to modifications, with a consensus protocol [1, 2]. This innovation can be thought of as a sequence of containers, the blocks, that store two things: the information of a “system” and the “service” that such system provides [2], and it provides an interesting starting point to rethink memory systems in robots.","PeriodicalId":431659,"journal":{"name":"AI, Computer Science and Robotics Technology","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122289944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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