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The problematical nature of auditor independence: a historical perspective 审计师独立性的问题本质:一个历史的视角
IF 0.6 Q4 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2021-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/21552851.2022.2036621
J. Edwards, B. West
ABSTRACT Much of the utility of the external audit derives from a presumption that professional auditors are independent and will therefore provide impartial opinions – premises that have often been challenged in recent decades. Focusing initially on a nineteenth-century phenomenon, the ‘continuous audit’, this study provides a historical perspective for reviewing contemporary concerns with the audit function by revealing that failings in auditor independence date from the naissance of the professional audit. It is shown that the continuous audit served primarily the needs of management. That is, in modern parlance, it was a form of management consulting carried out under the guise of an independent service for the benefit of shareholders. Eventually this deception proved unsustainable as the emergent audit profession sought to strengthen its claim to independence and company managers sought more cost-effective means for the routine monitoring of operations. Lack of independence and conflict of interest persisted, however, continuing to be masked by a rhetorical discourse that protected the occupational territory and authority of the audit profession through to the present day.
外部审计的大部分效用源于一种假设,即专业审计师是独立的,因此将提供公正的意见——近几十年来,这种假设经常受到挑战。本研究首先关注19世纪的一个现象,即“持续审计”,通过揭示审计师独立性的缺失可以追溯到职业审计的诞生,为回顾当代对审计职能的关注提供了一个历史视角。结果表明,持续审计主要是服务于管理层的需要。也就是说,用现代的说法,它是一种管理咨询形式,打着独立服务的幌子,为股东谋利益。最终,这种欺骗被证明是不可持续的,因为新兴的审计职业试图加强其独立性,而公司管理人员则寻求更经济有效的方法来对业务进行日常监督。然而,缺乏独立性和利益冲突仍然存在,并继续被保护审计职业领域和权威的修辞话语所掩盖,直到今天。
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引用次数: 1
Corporate capers, group accounting reforms 企业跳跃,集团会计改革
IF 0.6 Q4 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2021-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/21552851.2022.2059531
G. Dean
ABSTRACT Histories of business firms, mergers and takeovers, disputes, frauds and failures have proven fruitful in observing whether accounting generally produces serviceable information in applied commercial settings. We contribute to this literature by drawing on John Preston’s 2021 biography of Robert Maxwell, and earlier biographies of the media baron, juxtaposed with evidence in Frank Partnoy’s account of the 1920s larger-than-life Swedish engineer, businessman and financier Ivar Kreuger. Cameos of other business histories are interposed to suggest these cases are not outliers. Both oversaw what was referred to as an unexpected company failure. While their founder manager actions suggest that there is nothing new under the sun, there are enduring deficiencies in the group information disclosed to interested parties using malleable standards-based accounting, especially conventional consolidation accounting. These weaknesses are known to regulators and accounting standard setters but remain effectively unaddressed. The wheeling and dealing of Maxwell and Kreuger provide the commercial equivalent of a laboratory setting, with evidence suggesting circumvention of the separate legal entity notion within corporate groups, impeding effective regulatory and governance controls. Using a hypothetical, worked example, an alternative group accounting system illustrates how disclosure of additional, more serviceable group information to interested parties would likely provide a check on the actions of a dominant manager, and further, provide a greater likelihood of identification of a company failure trajectory.
商业公司、并购、纠纷、欺诈和失败的历史证明,在观察会计是否在应用商业环境中普遍产生有用的信息方面是富有成效的。我们借鉴了约翰·普雷斯顿(John Preston) 2021年出版的罗伯特·麦克斯韦(Robert Maxwell)传记,以及这位媒体大亨的早期传记,并结合弗兰克·帕特诺伊(Frank Partnoy)对20世纪20年代传奇的瑞典工程师、商人和金融家伊瓦尔·克鲁格(Ivar kruger)的描述,为这些文献做出了贡献。书中还穿插了其他商业历史,以表明这些案例并非特例。两人都目睹了被称为意外的公司失败。虽然他们的创始人经理行为表明,在太阳底下没有什么新鲜事,但在使用基于可塑标准的会计,特别是传统的合并会计向利益相关方披露的集团信息中,存在长期存在的缺陷。监管机构和会计准则制定者知道这些弱点,但实际上仍未得到解决。麦克斯韦尔和克鲁格的投机倒把提供了商业上相当于实验室的环境,有证据表明,企业集团内部存在规避独立法人实体概念的行为,妨碍了有效的监管和治理控制。使用一个假设的、可行的例子,一个替代的集团会计系统说明了如何向利益相关方披露额外的、更有用的集团信息,可能会对主导经理的行为进行检查,并且进一步提供更大的可能性来识别公司的失败轨迹。
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引用次数: 0
Accounting History Publications 2021 会计历史出版物2021
IF 0.6 Q4 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2021-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/21552851.2022.2064886
Martin E. Persson
Listed below are 2021 publications, in English, within the general area of accounting history. The definition of what constitutes an accounting history article is not always a straightforward matter, and the description has been interpreted fairly broadly to include any accounting publication with a significant historical input. Malcolm Anderson’s bibliographies from 2010 and through 2016 form the basis for the search terms used to gather these publications. For business history articles, see Business History. For a review of financial history publications, see Financial History Review.
下面列出的是2021年的出版物,在英语,会计历史的一般领域内。什么构成会计历史文章的定义并不总是一个直截了当的问题,描述已经被解释得相当广泛,包括任何会计出版物与重要的历史输入。马尔科姆·安德森从2010年到2016年的参考书目构成了用于收集这些出版物的搜索词的基础。有关业务历史的文章,请参阅业务历史。有关金融史出版物的评论,请参阅金融史评论。
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引用次数: 0
Occupation, financial reporting and unintended consequences in post-World War Two Japan: the case of mining corporations 1946–1950 二战后日本的占领、财务报告和意外后果:1946-1950年矿业公司的案例
IF 0.6 Q4 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2021-05-04 DOI: 10.1080/21552851.2021.1966482
Noguchi Masayoshi, Y. Sumi, Yasuhiro Shimizu
ABSTRACT Making extensive use of official Holding Company Liquidation Commission (HCLC) documents possessed by the National Archives of Japan, this study examines accounting practices adopted by three major Japanese mining corporations in the process of their dissolution in the immediate post-war period from 1946 to 1950. The study finds that (1) conventional accounting practices adopted by the Zaibatsu mining companies were sufficient to allow the HCLC to dictate conglomerate dissolution policies; and (2) forecast balance sheets prepared by the companies following the ‘Instructions for the Preparation of Financial Statements of Manufacturing and Trading Companies’, issued by the General Headquarters (GHQ) in July 1947, after the HCLC decided to split them up, provided an important foundation for their financial consolidation in the immediate post-war period. With these findings, this study, unlike prior research, argues that the Instructions were used by the Zaibatsu mining corporations in an unexpected way to rebuild their capital structures and survive in the post-war period, rather than to dissolve themselves under the GHQ's occupation policy.
摘要:本研究广泛利用日本国家档案馆所拥有的控股公司清算委员会(HCLC)官方文件,考察了战后1946年至1950年日本三家主要矿业公司在解散过程中采用的会计实务。研究发现:(1)财阀矿业公司采用的传统会计准则足以使财阀委员会制定企业集团解散政策;(2)根据1947年7月由总部(GHQ)发布的“制造和贸易公司财务报表编制说明”编制的预测资产负债表,在HCLC决定将它们分拆后,为它们在战后的财务巩固提供了重要的基础。有了这些发现,本研究与先前的研究不同,认为载batsu矿业公司以一种意想不到的方式使用了这些指示,以重建其资本结构并在战后时期生存下来,而不是在GHQ的占领政策下解散自己。
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引用次数: 1
Edinburgh accountants in public practice pre-collective organisation: 1757–1834 爱丁堡会计师在公共实践前集体组织:1757-1834
IF 0.6 Q4 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2021-05-04 DOI: 10.1080/21552851.2021.1950787
Thomas A. Lee
ABSTRACT This study is intended to increase knowledge and improve understanding of early public accountancy professionalisation in Scotland by applying the prosopographical research method to a community of practitioners in the capital city of Edinburgh in the early-nineteenth century. Using archival data, the study identifies the collective professional and social characteristics of 124 Edinburgh practitioners in 1834 by means of career-related analyses of their origin, education, training, and service-related signals of movement to occupational ascendency prior to the community’s later collective organisation. The study makes visible a structured and mature community operating in several occupational jurisdictions involving multi-disciplinary knowledge; maintaining a subordinate but mutually-dependent relationship with the legal profession; having a primary role in emerging insurance services; and achieving individual practitioner status recognition in a class-conscious city. Evidence of signals of movement to occupational ascendency adds to existing knowledge and understanding of the pre-collective organisation phase of public accountancy professionalisation in Scotland.
本研究旨在通过将表面学研究方法应用于19世纪初首都爱丁堡的从业者社区,增加对苏格兰早期公共会计专业化的认识和理解。利用档案数据,该研究通过对1834年124名爱丁堡从业人员的出身、教育、培训和在社区后来的集体组织之前向职业优势运动的服务相关信号的职业相关分析,确定了他们的集体职业和社会特征。该研究表明,在涉及多学科知识的几个职业管辖区内,有一个结构化和成熟的社区;与法律界保持从属但相互依存的关系;在新兴保险服务中发挥主要作用;并在一个阶级意识强烈的城市中获得个人从业者地位的认可。运动到职业优势的信号的证据增加了对苏格兰公共会计专业化的前集体组织阶段的现有知识和理解。
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引用次数: 1
Corporate governance in Japan in the 1930s and its impact on financial reporting practice 20世纪30年代日本的公司治理及其对财务报告实践的影响
IF 0.6 Q4 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2021-05-04 DOI: 10.1080/21552851.2021.1956980
Noguchi Masayoshi, T. Kitaura, Y. Sumi, Yasuhiro Shimizu
ABSTRACT Japan’s financial reporting system during the 1930s is an essential analytical subject as it provides an indispensable opportunity for scholars to identify the determinants of financial reporting practice adopted in an unregulated disclosure setting. This study examines the claim that the number of items disclosed in the income statement produced by Japanese heavy chemical companies during this period was materially affected by the period’s national economic policy put in place to rationalise the sector through business combinations. To test this proposition, we conduct an ordered logit analysis using 1651 panel data sets consisting of income statements issued by 104 industrial companies available from the Integrated Database of Corporate Historical Materials provided by the Japan Digital Archives Center (J-DAC). Our evidence suggests the possibility that an inherent motivation existed on the part of the owner-managers in the heavy chemical industry to withhold performance information from the public as a consequence of the business combination movement promoted by the National Industrial Rationalization initiative. One possible explanation is the desire of the corporate managers to protect their dominant position from hostile takeovers by providing less-transparent information and thus amplifying the uncertainty associated with acquisitions.
20世纪30年代日本的财务报告制度是一个重要的分析主题,因为它为学者们提供了一个不可或缺的机会,以确定在不受监管的披露环境中采用的财务报告实践的决定因素。本研究考察了一种说法,即日本重化学公司在这一时期的损益表中披露的项目数量受到该时期通过企业合并使该部门合理化的国家经济政策的重大影响。为了验证这一命题,我们使用1651个面板数据集进行有序logit分析,这些数据集由104家工业公司发布的损益表组成,这些数据集来自日本数字档案中心(J-DAC)提供的企业历史资料综合数据库。我们的证据表明,由于国家工业合理化倡议推动的企业合并运动,重化工行业的所有者-管理者可能存在向公众隐瞒业绩信息的内在动机。一种可能的解释是,企业管理者希望通过提供不那么透明的信息来保护自己的主导地位,从而放大与收购相关的不确定性。
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引用次数: 2
Relational approaches to accounting change: the Stati as means of mediation in the Kingdom of Naples 会计变化的关系方法:作为那不勒斯王国调解手段的Stati
IF 0.6 Q4 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2021-05-03 DOI: 10.1080/21552851.2021.1922122
Alessandra Bulgarelli, Clelia Fiondella, Marco Maffei, Rosanna Spanò
ABSTRACT This study investigates accounting change processes by examining the creation and implementation of new accounting tools—known as Stati—to plan and monitor local finance during the period of 1611–1633 in the Kingdom of Naples. The Stati arose among several measures in this vast peripheral State of the Spanish imperial system to address problems concerning financial and material support, given constant Spanish war campaigns. The accounting change investigated in this research involved 2000 municipalities and started an ongoing dialogue, which laid the foundations for a new relationship between the central government and local communities. The study aims to ascertain how specific contextual and cultural features shape the accounting change process. It employs the Middle Range Theory (MRT) of Broadbent and Laughlin and finds that the Kingdom of Naples underwent a successful change known as reorientation through boundary management. The results highlight how the successful change took place beyond the intrinsic potential of the proposed technical innovation, showing how the suggested tools were conceived, designed, adapted, implemented, and shared.
本研究通过研究1611-1633年那不勒斯王国新会计工具(称为static)的创建和实施,以计划和监测地方财政,来调查会计变化过程。在西班牙帝国体系的这个庞大的边缘国家,由于西班牙不断的战争,为了解决财政和物质支持方面的问题,斯塔蒂提出了几项措施。本研究调查的会计变化涉及2000个城市,并开始了持续的对话,为中央政府和地方社区之间的新关系奠定了基础。该研究旨在确定具体的背景和文化特征如何塑造会计变更过程。它采用了Broadbent和Laughlin的中程理论(MRT),并发现那不勒斯王国通过边界管理经历了一次成功的改变,即重新定位。结果强调了成功的变化是如何超越所建议的技术创新的内在潜力发生的,显示了所建议的工具是如何构思、设计、改编、实现和共享的。
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引用次数: 2
Fraud in accounting and audit research (1926–2019) – a bibliometric analysis 会计和审计研究中的欺诈(1926-2019)——文献计量学分析
IF 0.6 Q4 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2021-03-05 DOI: 10.1080/21552851.2022.2143827
Nicole V. S. Ratzinger‐Sakel, T. Tiedemann
ABSTRACT In the light of corporate fraud scandals, this study highlights the evolution and trends of fraud-related research within the accounting and audit discipline. Using bibliometrics to explore 260 fraud articles published in leading accounting and auditing journals between 1926 and 2019, our study reveals shifts in theories, frameworks, and research topics that shaped the research field. We find that the evolution of fraud research in the accounting and audit discipline is closely linked to developments in the regulatory environment. We further show that the fragmented literature can be categorised into different clusters, characterising various research streams. Based on the visualisation of fading and emerging research topics, we suggest promising future research avenues.
摘要:鉴于公司欺诈丑闻,本研究重点介绍了会计和审计学科中欺诈相关研究的演变和趋势。我们的研究使用文献计量学来探索1926年至2019年间发表在领先会计和审计期刊上的260篇欺诈文章,揭示了影响研究领域的理论、框架和研究主题的变化。我们发现,会计和审计学科中欺诈研究的发展与监管环境的发展密切相关。我们进一步表明,碎片化的文献可以分为不同的集群,表征不同的研究流。基于对消退和新兴研究课题的可视化,我们提出了有希望的未来研究途径。
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引用次数: 5
Why Lenin failed to implement Marx’s concept of socialism: an accounting history of the Russian revolution, c.1917–1924 为什么列宁未能实现马克思的社会主义概念:1917 - 1924年俄国革命的会计史
IF 0.6 Q4 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/21552851.2021.1875249
R. Bryer
ABSTRACT To orthodox Marxists socialism means central planning. Capitalist accounting is, however, integral to Marx’s socialism that envisages universal worker co-operatives, initially accountable to workers and society for value, but with the interim aim of increasing the ‘productive forces’ to make every labour hour ‘directly’ of equal social value. This study tests the implication that implementing Marx’s socialism requires understanding capitalist accounting by examining its role in the Russian revolution. Lenin failed, it argues, because he did not understand capitalist accounting, Marx’s explanation of it, or his interim aim. Lenin stressed accounting’s centrality, but equated it with budgeting, and confused Marx’s interim aim with Day 1, which led him to support ‘centralisation’ and ‘workers’ control’. Lenin admitted a ‘mistake’ in 1921 when he had understood, apparently intuitively, the necessity of accountability for profit, which underlay his ‘New Economic Policy’, the reintroduction of double-entry bookkeeping in 1922, and his 1923 vision of socialism built from co-operatives. Lenin failed to overcome his comrades’ orthodoxy, and after his death in 1924 Stalin dropped his ideas, which the study hypothesises had important implications for twentieth-century geopolitical history.
对正统马克思主义者来说,社会主义意味着中央计划。然而,资本主义会计是马克思的社会主义不可或缺的一部分,马克思设想了普遍的工人合作社,最初对工人和社会负责,但其临时目标是增加“生产力”,使每一个劳动时间“直接”具有平等的社会价值。本研究通过考察资本主义会计在俄国革命中的作用来检验实现马克思的社会主义需要理解资本主义会计的含义。它认为,列宁之所以失败,是因为他不理解资本主义会计,不理解马克思对资本主义会计的解释,也不理解他的过渡目标。列宁强调会计的中心地位,但将其等同于预算,并将马克思的临时目标与“第一天”混为一谈,这导致他支持“中央集权”和“工人控制”。列宁在1921年承认了一个“错误”,当时他显然是凭直觉理解了对利润负责的必要性,这是他的“新经济政策”的基础,1922年重新引入复式记账法,1923年建立合作社的社会主义愿景。列宁未能克服同志们的正统思想,在1924年斯大林去世后,他放弃了自己的思想,该研究假设,这对20世纪的地缘政治历史有重要影响。
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引用次数: 1
Accounting history publications 2020 会计历史出版物2020
IF 0.6 Q4 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/21552851.2021.1894188
Martin E. Persson
Listed below are 2020 publications, in English, within the general area of accounting history. The definition of what constitutes an accounting history article is not always a straightforward matter, and the description has been interpreted fairly broadly to include any accounting publication with a significant historical input. Malcolm Anderson’s bibliographies from 2010 and through 2016 form the basis for the search terms used to gather these publications. For business history articles, see Business History. For a review of financial history publications, see Financial History Review.
下面列出的是2020年的出版物,在英语中,在会计历史的一般领域。什么构成会计历史文章的定义并不总是一个直截了当的问题,描述已经被解释得相当广泛,包括任何会计出版物与重要的历史输入。马尔科姆·安德森从2010年到2016年的参考书目构成了用于收集这些出版物的搜索词的基础。有关业务历史的文章,请参阅业务历史。有关金融史出版物的评论,请参阅金融史评论。
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引用次数: 1
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Accounting History Review
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