Therapeutic communities (TC’s) are consciously designed, living-learning environments designed to evoke social, psychological and behavioural change. The success of the residential TC model saw these community-led, self-help environments for addicts move into custodial settings and early evidence suggests this transition was effective. The purpose of this paper is to examine the evidence relevant to the effectiveness of prison based, drug-free TCs.,In order to establish their true efficiency, particular focus has been placed on studies conducted over the last ten years (2007-2017).,To date, the TC remains superior to other forms of drug treatment in reducing recidivism and drug relapse amongst addicts who offend.,Outcomes of this review highlighted the importance of aftercare in providing transitional support; a fundamental aspect of treatment necessary for success and for maintaining long-term recovery post release.
{"title":"Doing time on a TC: how effective are drug-free therapeutic communities in prison? A review of the literature","authors":"Laura Aslan","doi":"10.1108/TC-10-2017-0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/TC-10-2017-0028","url":null,"abstract":"Therapeutic communities (TC’s) are consciously designed, living-learning environments designed to evoke social, psychological and behavioural change. The success of the residential TC model saw these community-led, self-help environments for addicts move into custodial settings and early evidence suggests this transition was effective. The purpose of this paper is to examine the evidence relevant to the effectiveness of prison based, drug-free TCs.,In order to establish their true efficiency, particular focus has been placed on studies conducted over the last ten years (2007-2017).,To date, the TC remains superior to other forms of drug treatment in reducing recidivism and drug relapse amongst addicts who offend.,Outcomes of this review highlighted the importance of aftercare in providing transitional support; a fundamental aspect of treatment necessary for success and for maintaining long-term recovery post release.","PeriodicalId":43236,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Communities","volume":"23 3 1","pages":"26-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2018-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80156565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The US therapeutic community 2017","authors":"Roderic L. Mullen, N. Arbiter","doi":"10.1108/TC-10-2017-0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/TC-10-2017-0031","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43236,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Communities","volume":"101 1","pages":"206-206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87732006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: Democratic therapeutic communities, use a ‘flattened hierarchy’ model whereby staff and clients are considered to have an equal voice, sharing administrative and some therapeutic responsibility. Using the sociological framework of interaction ritual chain theory, this paper explains how TC client members negotiated and enforced community expectations through an analysis of power within everyday interactions outside of structured therapy. Design: The study used narrative ethnography, consisting of participant observation with two democratic communities, narrative interviews with 21 client members, and semi-structured interviews with seven staff members. Findings: Findings indicate social interactions could empower clients to recognise their personal agency and to support one another. However, these dynamics could be destructive when members were excluded or marginalised. Some clients used their interactions at times to consolidate power amongst dominant members. Practical implications: It is argued that the flattened hierarchy approach theoretically guiding TC principles does not operate as a flattened model in practice. Rather, a fluid hierarchy, whereby clients shift and change social positions, seems more suited to explaining how the power structure worked within the communities, including amongst the client group. Recognising the hierarchy as ‘fluid’ may open dialogues within TCs as to whether, and how, members experience exclusion. Originality/value: Explorations of power have not specifically focused on power dynamics between clients. Moreover, this is one of the first papers to look at power dynamics outside of structured therapy.
{"title":"The case for ‘fluid’ hierarchies in therapeutic communities","authors":"Jenelle M. Clarke","doi":"10.1108/TC-05-2017-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/TC-05-2017-0016","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Democratic therapeutic communities, use a ‘flattened hierarchy’ model whereby staff and clients are considered to have an equal voice, sharing administrative and some therapeutic responsibility. Using the sociological framework of interaction ritual chain theory, this paper explains how TC client members negotiated and enforced community expectations through an analysis of power within everyday interactions outside of structured therapy. \u0000 \u0000Design: The study used narrative ethnography, consisting of participant observation with two democratic communities, narrative interviews with 21 client members, and semi-structured interviews with seven staff members. \u0000 \u0000Findings: Findings indicate social interactions could empower clients to recognise their personal agency and to support one another. However, these dynamics could be destructive when members were excluded or marginalised. Some clients used their interactions at times to consolidate power amongst dominant members. \u0000 \u0000Practical implications: It is argued that the flattened hierarchy approach theoretically guiding TC principles does not operate as a flattened model in practice. Rather, a fluid hierarchy, whereby clients shift and change social positions, seems more suited to explaining how the power structure worked within the communities, including amongst the client group. Recognising the hierarchy as ‘fluid’ may open dialogues within TCs as to whether, and how, members experience exclusion. \u0000 \u0000Originality/value: Explorations of power have not specifically focused on power dynamics between clients. Moreover, this is one of the first papers to look at power dynamics outside of structured therapy.","PeriodicalId":43236,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Communities","volume":"42 1","pages":"207-216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88480989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reflections on the TC landscape in the UK","authors":"Kevin Gallagher","doi":"10.1108/TC-10-2017-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/TC-10-2017-0027","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43236,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Communities","volume":"42 1","pages":"203-204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91123631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Australasian TCs: innovation and enhancement of the model","authors":"L. Magor-Blatch","doi":"10.1108/TC-10-2017-0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/TC-10-2017-0030","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43236,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Communities","volume":"27 1","pages":"202-202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79301256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the application of therapeutic community (TC) method in non-TC environments. Design/methodology/approach Milieu treatment is defined and differentiated from TC “proper”. Literature is reviewed covering attempts to use TC methods in inpatient wards, across hospitals, and more recently in the criminal justice system and more widely through the enabling environments initiative. Findings It is unclear whether TC milieu treatments proved helpful in acute ward environments in their heyday in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, in particular those involving people suffering from acute psychosis, and the changing landscape of psychiatric provision may make further investigation difficult. The reasons for this, and for the difficulties reaching a firm conclusion, are outlined. In contrast, TC milieu interventions appear to be demonstrating usefulness more recently in less mixed populations without the implementation of full TC “proper”. Research limitations/implications Much of the research is old and the methodology poor, which limits the conclusions that can be drawn. Practical implications Recent innovations pick up in a more accessible way principles of therapeutic communities that can inform and improve care in a variety of contexts. They are sufficiently well defined to lend themselves to research, which should now be a priority. Originality/value After a gap in developments in the field, recent innovations are reintroducing elements of TC functioning to new contexts including criminal justice settings, inpatient wards, homeless shelters and city communities.
{"title":"Milieu approaches and other adaptations of therapeutic community method: past and future","authors":"S. Pearce, R. Haigh","doi":"10.1108/TC-02-2017-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/TC-02-2017-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the application of therapeutic community (TC) method in non-TC environments. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Design/methodology/approach \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Milieu treatment is defined and differentiated from TC “proper”. Literature is reviewed covering attempts to use TC methods in inpatient wards, across hospitals, and more recently in the criminal justice system and more widely through the enabling environments initiative. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Findings \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000It is unclear whether TC milieu treatments proved helpful in acute ward environments in their heyday in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, in particular those involving people suffering from acute psychosis, and the changing landscape of psychiatric provision may make further investigation difficult. The reasons for this, and for the difficulties reaching a firm conclusion, are outlined. In contrast, TC milieu interventions appear to be demonstrating usefulness more recently in less mixed populations without the implementation of full TC “proper”. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Research limitations/implications \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Much of the research is old and the methodology poor, which limits the conclusions that can be drawn. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Practical implications \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Recent innovations pick up in a more accessible way principles of therapeutic communities that can inform and improve care in a variety of contexts. They are sufficiently well defined to lend themselves to research, which should now be a priority. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Originality/value \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000After a gap in developments in the field, recent innovations are reintroducing elements of TC functioning to new contexts including criminal justice settings, inpatient wards, homeless shelters and city communities.","PeriodicalId":43236,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Communities","volume":"132 1","pages":"136-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80177251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to give a pedagogics-based contribution to the discussion about evidence-based practice (EBP) and its implementation, with substance abuse treatment as an area of interest. Design/methodology/approach The paper takes its starting point in two different ways of looking at knowledge – as a product or as a process – and from there, the implications regarding the therapeutic encounter, staff training, and evaluation are examined. Findings The reasoning reveals the importance of process thinking when it comes to developing the work field in a more comprehensive way. Originality/value By the pedagogics-based view on EBP the paper illuminates aspects that may broaden a further discussion.
{"title":"Evidence and practitioners' knowledge : some comments on a current discussion","authors":"Håkan Jenner","doi":"10.1108/TC-01-2017-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/TC-01-2017-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The purpose of this paper is to give a pedagogics-based contribution to the discussion about evidence-based practice (EBP) and its implementation, with substance abuse treatment as an area of interest. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Design/methodology/approach \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The paper takes its starting point in two different ways of looking at knowledge – as a product or as a process – and from there, the implications regarding the therapeutic encounter, staff training, and evaluation are examined. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Findings \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The reasoning reveals the importance of process thinking when it comes to developing the work field in a more comprehensive way. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Originality/value \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000By the pedagogics-based view on EBP the paper illuminates aspects that may broaden a further discussion.","PeriodicalId":43236,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Communities","volume":"65 S1","pages":"193-198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1108/TC-01-2017-0003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72417512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to search for connections rather than particularisation, for two exceptional figures: Broekaert and Platel, and to explore the intersections between science and art, art and science.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper the authors work with a bricolage of possible lines and layers in a complex web of stories associated with the life story, career and private life of Eric Broekaert and of Alain Platel.FindingsBroekaert felt the need to look for methods which had been tested in accordance with the models of hard science. In addition, and in alternating combinations, he searched for deeper layers via etymology, history, philosophy and art. Orthopedagogics as a righteous search for a good/happy life. For Platel, the choreographer of Ballets C de la B, accepting the imperfect/unfinished/abnormal brought the world of orthopedagogics and his work with dancers closer together. The “suffering”, the “abnormal” and the fear and aversion to these, the beautiful/poetic in what is different, looking at the abnormal and wanting to be looked at … are all questions which arise and connect orthopedagogics as a science with Platel’s productions. Platel poses the question: in what world do we want to live?Originality/valueThe authors need Eric Broekaert, Alain Platel and their work as a source of inspiration and as a bridge to new, not yet enough discovered ways of looking at “difference”.
本文的目的是寻找两个特殊人物的联系，而不是特殊化:Broekaert和Platel，并探索科学与艺术，艺术与科学之间的交叉点。设计/方法/方法在这篇论文中，作者在一个复杂的故事网络中拼凑了可能的线条和层次，这些故事与埃里克·布罗卡尔特和阿兰·普拉特尔的生活、职业和私人生活有关。broekaert认为有必要寻找已经根据硬科学模型检验过的方法。此外，在交替的组合中，他通过词源学、历史、哲学和艺术寻找更深层次的东西。矫形外科是对美好/幸福生活的正义追求。对于芭蕾舞团C de la B的编舞家Platel来说，接受不完美/未完成/不正常使矫形外科的世界和他与舞者的工作更紧密地联系在一起。“痛苦”，“不正常”以及对这些的恐惧和厌恶，不同之处的美丽/诗意，看待不正常和希望被看待……这些都是出现的问题，并将矫形外科作为一门科学与普拉特尔的作品联系起来。普拉特尔提出了一个问题:我们想生活在什么样的世界里?原创性/价值作者们需要埃里克·布罗卡尔特、阿兰·普拉特尔和他们的作品作为灵感的源泉，作为通往尚未被充分发现的看待“差异”的新方法的桥梁。
{"title":"An alternating combination of art and science: the legacy of Eric Broekaert illuminated in the honorary doctorate for Alain Platel","authors":"G. Hove, Elisabeth De Schauwer, A. Platel","doi":"10.1108/TC-04-2017-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/TC-04-2017-0013","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to search for connections rather than particularisation, for two exceptional figures: Broekaert and Platel, and to explore the intersections between science and art, art and science.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper the authors work with a bricolage of possible lines and layers in a complex web of stories associated with the life story, career and private life of Eric Broekaert and of Alain Platel.FindingsBroekaert felt the need to look for methods which had been tested in accordance with the models of hard science. In addition, and in alternating combinations, he searched for deeper layers via etymology, history, philosophy and art. Orthopedagogics as a righteous search for a good/happy life. For Platel, the choreographer of Ballets C de la B, accepting the imperfect/unfinished/abnormal brought the world of orthopedagogics and his work with dancers closer together. The “suffering”, the “abnormal” and the fear and aversion to these, the beautiful/poetic in what is different, looking at the abnormal and wanting to be looked at … are all questions which arise and connect orthopedagogics as a science with Platel’s productions. Platel poses the question: in what world do we want to live?Originality/valueThe authors need Eric Broekaert, Alain Platel and their work as a source of inspiration and as a bridge to new, not yet enough discovered ways of looking at “difference”.","PeriodicalId":43236,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Communities","volume":"282 1","pages":"177-186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76813403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Maeyer, Hanne Vandenbussche, C. Claes, D. Reynaert
PurposeThis paper highlights the integrative character of orthopedagogics. Quality of Life (QoL), as guiding the normative framework in orthopedagogics is explicitly connected with the framework of human rights and the capability approach (CA) in the quest for social justice and human dignity. The purpose of this paper is to question that how these three specific frameworks can cross-fertilize each other and result in the development of an integrated normative foundation for supporting people living in socially vulnerable situations.Design/methodology/approachThis paper reflects on the question on how the human rights framework, the CA and the framework of QoL can be integrated in the support of people who find themselves in a socially vulnerable situation.FindingsThe core features of each framework are described.Originality/valueTo conclude the paper, commonalities and the added value of integrating these three frameworks are explored. By integrating these three frameworks, they could function as a shared agenda that gives direction to the daily actions of professionals, with attention for aspects at the micro, meso and macro levels. Each framework and their interrelatedness urge for an integrative approach of orthopedagogics where the strengths of different frameworks are recognized and used in order to support people in socially vulnerable situations to achieve a life worth living.
{"title":"Human rights, the capability approach and quality of life : an integrated paradigm of support in the quest for social justice","authors":"J. Maeyer, Hanne Vandenbussche, C. Claes, D. Reynaert","doi":"10.1108/TC-03-2017-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/TC-03-2017-0011","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeThis paper highlights the integrative character of orthopedagogics. Quality of Life (QoL), as guiding the normative framework in orthopedagogics is explicitly connected with the framework of human rights and the capability approach (CA) in the quest for social justice and human dignity. The purpose of this paper is to question that how these three specific frameworks can cross-fertilize each other and result in the development of an integrated normative foundation for supporting people living in socially vulnerable situations.Design/methodology/approachThis paper reflects on the question on how the human rights framework, the CA and the framework of QoL can be integrated in the support of people who find themselves in a socially vulnerable situation.FindingsThe core features of each framework are described.Originality/valueTo conclude the paper, commonalities and the added value of integrating these three frameworks are explored. By integrating these three frameworks, they could function as a shared agenda that gives direction to the daily actions of professionals, with attention for aspects at the micro, meso and macro levels. Each framework and their interrelatedness urge for an integrative approach of orthopedagogics where the strengths of different frameworks are recognized and used in order to support people in socially vulnerable situations to achieve a life worth living.","PeriodicalId":43236,"journal":{"name":"Therapeutic Communities","volume":"77 1","pages":"156-162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2017-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77845031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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