Pub Date : 2020-01-22DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.86054
N. P. Pereira, C. Gatto, E. Oliveira, T. Fernandes
Exercise training (ET) represents a non-pharmacological treatment that can attenuate or even reverse the process of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), by stimulat-ing protein synthesis, angiogenesis, mitochondrial biogenesis, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative effects that are involved to enhance the performance and improved quality of life. Despite the benefits of exercise, the intricacies of their underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been recognized as a major regulatory network governing gene expression in several physiological processes and appeared as pivotal modulators in a myriad of cardiovascular processes under physiological and pathological conditions. However, little is known about ncRNA expression and role in response to exercise. Here we review the current understanding of the ncRNA role in exercise-induced adaptations focused on the cardiovascular system and address their potential role in clinical applications for cardiovascular diseases.
{"title":"Noncoding RNAs in the Cardiovascular System: Exercise Training Effects","authors":"N. P. Pereira, C. Gatto, E. Oliveira, T. Fernandes","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.86054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86054","url":null,"abstract":"Exercise training (ET) represents a non-pharmacological treatment that can attenuate or even reverse the process of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), by stimulat-ing protein synthesis, angiogenesis, mitochondrial biogenesis, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative effects that are involved to enhance the performance and improved quality of life. Despite the benefits of exercise, the intricacies of their underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been recognized as a major regulatory network governing gene expression in several physiological processes and appeared as pivotal modulators in a myriad of cardiovascular processes under physiological and pathological conditions. However, little is known about ncRNA expression and role in response to exercise. Here we review the current understanding of the ncRNA role in exercise-induced adaptations focused on the cardiovascular system and address their potential role in clinical applications for cardiovascular diseases.","PeriodicalId":432485,"journal":{"name":"Muscle Cells - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126396043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-19DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90629
G. Gaina
The skeletal muscle is a complex tissue that represents most of the muscle tissue in mammals and plays a key role in health and in the body’s function. It is a heterogeneous tissue whose contractile and metabolic functions depend on type, size, and quality of a large number of proteins. The multitude of proteins, the relationships that exist between them, and functional changes that occur in different muscle pathologies make their investigation to be challenged. In this chapter, current approaches in proteomic studies, its application, specific technical advice, and recent progress of the most important techniques based on antigen-antibody interactions used for the analysis of muscle proteins involved in different muscle diseases are presented.
{"title":"Current Approaches in Immunoassay Methods Focus on Skeletal Muscle Proteins","authors":"G. Gaina","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.90629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90629","url":null,"abstract":"The skeletal muscle is a complex tissue that represents most of the muscle tissue in mammals and plays a key role in health and in the body’s function. It is a heterogeneous tissue whose contractile and metabolic functions depend on type, size, and quality of a large number of proteins. The multitude of proteins, the relationships that exist between them, and functional changes that occur in different muscle pathologies make their investigation to be challenged. In this chapter, current approaches in proteomic studies, its application, specific technical advice, and recent progress of the most important techniques based on antigen-antibody interactions used for the analysis of muscle proteins involved in different muscle diseases are presented.","PeriodicalId":432485,"journal":{"name":"Muscle Cells - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives","volume":"279 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125493834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-11DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85177
K. Lassiter, S. Dridi
In mammals, orexin A and B (also known as hypocretin 1 and 2) are two orexigenic peptides produced primarily by the lateral hypothalamus that signal through two G-protein-coupled receptors, orexin receptors 1/2, and have been implicated in the regulation of several physiological processes. However, the physiological roles of orexin are not well defined in avian (non-mammalian vertebrate) species. Recently, we made a breakthrough by identifying that orexin and its related receptors 1/2 (ORXR1/2) are expressed in avian muscle tissue and cell line, and appears to be a secretory protein. Functional in vitro studies showed that orexin A and B differentially regulated expression of the orexin system, suggesting that orexins might have autocrine, paracrine, and/or endocrine roles. Administration of recombinant orexin modulated mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics, function, and bioenergetics. In this chapter, we include a brief overview of the (patho) physiological role of orexin, comparative findings between mammalian and avian orexin, and in-depth analysis of orexin’s action on avian muscle mitochondria.
{"title":"Orexin System and Avian Muscle Mitochondria","authors":"K. Lassiter, S. Dridi","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85177","url":null,"abstract":"In mammals, orexin A and B (also known as hypocretin 1 and 2) are two orexigenic peptides produced primarily by the lateral hypothalamus that signal through two G-protein-coupled receptors, orexin receptors 1/2, and have been implicated in the regulation of several physiological processes. However, the physiological roles of orexin are not well defined in avian (non-mammalian vertebrate) species. Recently, we made a breakthrough by identifying that orexin and its related receptors 1/2 (ORXR1/2) are expressed in avian muscle tissue and cell line, and appears to be a secretory protein. Functional in vitro studies showed that orexin A and B differentially regulated expression of the orexin system, suggesting that orexins might have autocrine, paracrine, and/or endocrine roles. Administration of recombinant orexin modulated mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics, function, and bioenergetics. In this chapter, we include a brief overview of the (patho) physiological role of orexin, comparative findings between mammalian and avian orexin, and in-depth analysis of orexin’s action on avian muscle mitochondria.","PeriodicalId":432485,"journal":{"name":"Muscle Cells - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives","volume":"11 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113939200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-09DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85053
A. V. Ulyanova
Regulation of pressure and local blood flow occurs at the level of resistance arteries and arterioles. Under physiological conditions, these small vessels exist in a state of partial constriction, termed myogenic tone. Myogenic tone is considered to be an intrinsic property of arteriolar smooth muscle cells, which membranes depo-larize in response to increase in the intraluminal pressure. Oscillations of membrane potential in smooth muscles are mediated by the activity of voltage-gated L-type Ca 2+ channels, which provide an influx of Ca 2+ to activate various voltage-gated and Ca 2+ -sensitive channels of smooth muscle cells and to initiate endothelial Ca 2+ signaling needed for vasodilation. Although a relationship between change in membrane potential and myogenic response is considered to be universal throughout various smooth muscle tissues, it may be regulated differently based on autoregulatory responses and channels expression. Here we review electrophysiological signature of arteriolar smooth muscle in various tissues, with an emphases and specific examples of the excitability of 4th order arterioles isolated from skeletal muscle.
{"title":"Excitability of Vascular Smooth Muscle","authors":"A. V. Ulyanova","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85053","url":null,"abstract":"Regulation of pressure and local blood flow occurs at the level of resistance arteries and arterioles. Under physiological conditions, these small vessels exist in a state of partial constriction, termed myogenic tone. Myogenic tone is considered to be an intrinsic property of arteriolar smooth muscle cells, which membranes depo-larize in response to increase in the intraluminal pressure. Oscillations of membrane potential in smooth muscles are mediated by the activity of voltage-gated L-type Ca 2+ channels, which provide an influx of Ca 2+ to activate various voltage-gated and Ca 2+ -sensitive channels of smooth muscle cells and to initiate endothelial Ca 2+ signaling needed for vasodilation. Although a relationship between change in membrane potential and myogenic response is considered to be universal throughout various smooth muscle tissues, it may be regulated differently based on autoregulatory responses and channels expression. Here we review electrophysiological signature of arteriolar smooth muscle in various tissues, with an emphases and specific examples of the excitability of 4th order arterioles isolated from skeletal muscle.","PeriodicalId":432485,"journal":{"name":"Muscle Cells - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131446771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78990
André Gustavo Oliveira, B. Cruz, Sarah Christine Pereira de Oliveira, L. Viana, Natália Angelo da Silva Miyaguti, L. Ramos, Rafael R Valentim, M. Gomes-Marcondes
The anabolic effects of a supplemented diet with branched-chain amino acids, especially leucine, on skeletal muscle wasting and as a co-adjuvant in cancer treatment have been well-studied. Leucine is a precursor of protein synthesis and acts as a nutritional signal, affecting multiple metabolic processes (e.g., satiety, thermo-genesis, energy efficiency, and body composition). Previous studies related to nutritional therapy have mainly focused on myopenia, which is the loss of skeletal muscle mass in some pathologies, including cancer. Leucine plays a role in the maintenance and even increase of lean body mass in healthy individuals as well as the prevention of disease states that culminate in myopenia. Herein, we review the available data addressing the mechanisms by which leucine acts as a cellular signal, thereby stimulating muscle protein synthesis, leading to the inhibition of muscle catabolism, especially in an experimental model of cancer cachexia. We also show differences found in the metabolomic and proteomic analyses, including the use of leucine in maternal diets as a preventative for muscle wasting as supported by our experimental data.
{"title":"Leucine and Its Importance for Cell Signalling Pathways in Cancer Cachexia-Induced Muscle Wasting","authors":"André Gustavo Oliveira, B. Cruz, Sarah Christine Pereira de Oliveira, L. Viana, Natália Angelo da Silva Miyaguti, L. Ramos, Rafael R Valentim, M. Gomes-Marcondes","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78990","url":null,"abstract":"The anabolic effects of a supplemented diet with branched-chain amino acids, especially leucine, on skeletal muscle wasting and as a co-adjuvant in cancer treatment have been well-studied. Leucine is a precursor of protein synthesis and acts as a nutritional signal, affecting multiple metabolic processes (e.g., satiety, thermo-genesis, energy efficiency, and body composition). Previous studies related to nutritional therapy have mainly focused on myopenia, which is the loss of skeletal muscle mass in some pathologies, including cancer. Leucine plays a role in the maintenance and even increase of lean body mass in healthy individuals as well as the prevention of disease states that culminate in myopenia. Herein, we review the available data addressing the mechanisms by which leucine acts as a cellular signal, thereby stimulating muscle protein synthesis, leading to the inhibition of muscle catabolism, especially in an experimental model of cancer cachexia. We also show differences found in the metabolomic and proteomic analyses, including the use of leucine in maternal diets as a preventative for muscle wasting as supported by our experimental data.","PeriodicalId":432485,"journal":{"name":"Muscle Cells - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126658766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79979
Miguel Luiz Batista Júnior, Felipe Henriques
Cancer-induced cachexia (CC), characterized by systemic inflammation, body weight loss, adipose tissue (AT) remodeling, and muscle wasting, is a malignant metabolic syndrome with an undefined etiology. There is a consensus that multiple factors contribute to cancer-induced AT remodeling, and longitudinal studies show that patients lose AT before they start losing muscle mass. In CC, AT remodeling occurs predominantly through adipocyte atrophy, impairment of fatty acid turnover, inflammation, rearrangement of extracellular matrix (ECM), and browning of AT. More recently, some studies have shown that AT is affected early in the course of cachexia. Additionally, studies using experimental models have consistently indicated that the alterations in adipocyte metabolism begin quite early, followed by the downregulation of adipogenic and thermogenic genes. These sets of changes, in addition to metabolites derived from this process, maybe the initial (sterile) trigger of the sequence of events that result in the remodeling and dysfunction of AT in cachexia. Therefore, the present chapter aims to describe state of the art related to the subject of interest by analyzing the primary studies that have addressed the possible interface between inflammation and morphofunctional alterations of AT, in addition to the possible repercussions of this process during the development of CC.
{"title":"Adipose Tissue Remodeling during Cancer Cachexia","authors":"Miguel Luiz Batista Júnior, Felipe Henriques","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79979","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer-induced cachexia (CC), characterized by systemic inflammation, body weight loss, adipose tissue (AT) remodeling, and muscle wasting, is a malignant metabolic syndrome with an undefined etiology. There is a consensus that multiple factors contribute to cancer-induced AT remodeling, and longitudinal studies show that patients lose AT before they start losing muscle mass. In CC, AT remodeling occurs predominantly through adipocyte atrophy, impairment of fatty acid turnover, inflammation, rearrangement of extracellular matrix (ECM), and browning of AT. More recently, some studies have shown that AT is affected early in the course of cachexia. Additionally, studies using experimental models have consistently indicated that the alterations in adipocyte metabolism begin quite early, followed by the downregulation of adipogenic and thermogenic genes. These sets of changes, in addition to metabolites derived from this process, maybe the initial (sterile) trigger of the sequence of events that result in the remodeling and dysfunction of AT in cachexia. Therefore, the present chapter aims to describe state of the art related to the subject of interest by analyzing the primary studies that have addressed the possible interface between inflammation and morphofunctional alterations of AT, in addition to the possible repercussions of this process during the development of CC.","PeriodicalId":432485,"journal":{"name":"Muscle Cells - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives","volume":"2013 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128174659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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