Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.17323/1728-192x-2023-3-75-94
Rouslan Khestanov, Artyom Kosmarski
The article focuses on two models of political and state formations, those of liberal-democratic and Soviet-Chinese. The use of Niklas Luhmann’s concept of decision in analyzing their systemic foundations opens a new perspective on both these models and the contemporary political process. A brief overview of the discussion on the topic of decision-making in organizations was offered, and the heuristic value of Niklas Luhmann’s concept of decision was substantiated. One of his key definitions of decision is that decision-making can be described as the transformation of uncertainty into risk. In this view, decision is seen as a function and element of the organization or organizational systems. An organization continuously makes decisions, though none solve the problem because it is based on a paradox: only those issues that are fundamentally undecidable can be decided. At the same time, each new decision is not only a response to the challenges of the surrounding world, but is contingently determined by a series of previous decisions. Therefore, one can say that the decision-making process is based on the paradox that constitutes the organization and determines its specificity and identity. The article demonstrates that the liberal-democratic model is based on the paradox of politics and administration. The Soviet-Chinese model is based on the paradox of party and state.
{"title":"Paradoxes of the Soviet-Chinese and Liberal-Democratic Models of Government","authors":"Rouslan Khestanov, Artyom Kosmarski","doi":"10.17323/1728-192x-2023-3-75-94","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17323/1728-192x-2023-3-75-94","url":null,"abstract":"The article focuses on two models of political and state formations, those of liberal-democratic and Soviet-Chinese. The use of Niklas Luhmann’s concept of decision in analyzing their systemic foundations opens a new perspective on both these models and the contemporary political process. A brief overview of the discussion on the topic of decision-making in organizations was offered, and the heuristic value of Niklas Luhmann’s concept of decision was substantiated. One of his key definitions of decision is that decision-making can be described as the transformation of uncertainty into risk. In this view, decision is seen as a function and element of the organization or organizational systems. An organization continuously makes decisions, though none solve the problem because it is based on a paradox: only those issues that are fundamentally undecidable can be decided. At the same time, each new decision is not only a response to the challenges of the surrounding world, but is contingently determined by a series of previous decisions. Therefore, one can say that the decision-making process is based on the paradox that constitutes the organization and determines its specificity and identity. The article demonstrates that the liberal-democratic model is based on the paradox of politics and administration. The Soviet-Chinese model is based on the paradox of party and state.","PeriodicalId":43314,"journal":{"name":"Sociologiceskoe Obozrenie","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135505883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.17323/1728-192x-2023-3-318-334
Nikolay Rozov
Macro-historical changes in the practices and structures of organized violence have their own regularities that require theoretical analysis. It is shown that the steady growth and development of these structures are determined by the main trends of social evolution such as demographic growth, the expansion and complication of polities, and the development of technologies and weapons. The internal mechanisms of both the cyclicality and the direction and irreversibility of these changes are considered. The practices of organized violence have changed considerably, and many of those unacceptable today were once common, socially approved, and even obligatory. Hypothetical principles have been formulated for the emergence, spread, and termination of such practices, which are always connected with the nature and outcome of political struggle, as well as with the change of worldviews consisting of primarily moral, social and political values and corresponding normative principles. The inevitable costs of the growth of violence structures are associated primarily with the possibility of their leaders gaining political subjectivity and claims to power, which is fraught with conspiracies, revolts, and similar phenomena that undermine social and political stability. These costs generate concerns of the rulers and elites to control the violence structures. Three basic forms of such control have been described as “ideal types”, those of patrimonial-charismatic control based on emotional commitment to the ruler, conflict-repressive control with divide-and-conquer strategies, and bureaucratic control involving subordination to formal rules. The last type includes two versions, with a reliance on the principle of power and on the principle of law. The social and mental foundations that support the rule of law in institutions and organizations of state violence are examined.
{"title":"The Growth of Organized Violence Structures and the Types of Control Over Them","authors":"Nikolay Rozov","doi":"10.17323/1728-192x-2023-3-318-334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17323/1728-192x-2023-3-318-334","url":null,"abstract":"Macro-historical changes in the practices and structures of organized violence have their own regularities that require theoretical analysis. It is shown that the steady growth and development of these structures are determined by the main trends of social evolution such as demographic growth, the expansion and complication of polities, and the development of technologies and weapons. The internal mechanisms of both the cyclicality and the direction and irreversibility of these changes are considered. The practices of organized violence have changed considerably, and many of those unacceptable today were once common, socially approved, and even obligatory. Hypothetical principles have been formulated for the emergence, spread, and termination of such practices, which are always connected with the nature and outcome of political struggle, as well as with the change of worldviews consisting of primarily moral, social and political values and corresponding normative principles. The inevitable costs of the growth of violence structures are associated primarily with the possibility of their leaders gaining political subjectivity and claims to power, which is fraught with conspiracies, revolts, and similar phenomena that undermine social and political stability. These costs generate concerns of the rulers and elites to control the violence structures. Three basic forms of such control have been described as “ideal types”, those of patrimonial-charismatic control based on emotional commitment to the ruler, conflict-repressive control with divide-and-conquer strategies, and bureaucratic control involving subordination to formal rules. The last type includes two versions, with a reliance on the principle of power and on the principle of law. The social and mental foundations that support the rule of law in institutions and organizations of state violence are examined.","PeriodicalId":43314,"journal":{"name":"Sociologiceskoe Obozrenie","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135505870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.17323/1728-192x-2023-3-237-262
Santiago Tejedor, Fernanda Tusa, Laura Cervi, Marta Portales, Margarita Zabotina
The impact COVID-19 has demanded an additional effort from the media to report a virus of global reach. During the lockdown, there has been an increase in information consumption derived from the interest and concern of citizens to know the characteristics, development, and threats of the coronavirus. Although social networks have ranked first among the cyberspace platforms most consulted by citizens, different studies indicate that citizens consider newspapers and magazines to have ‘good intentions’ compared to the ‘worst intentions’ of cyber-media and websites. Based on this, the research focuses on the covers of the paper editions of the newspapers, conceived as a fundamental element that synthesizes and hierarchizes the content that each medium considers of greatest importance and that is connected to the digital version of each medium. This research presents a comparative study of the newspaper covers of eight countries in the world (Italy, United Kingdom, Spain, France, Portugal, United States, Russia, and Germany) to analyze the number of news items about the pandemic, the type of text, the typology of information sources, the characters, the use of color, the inclusion and the focus of the photographs or the location on the page, among other parameters. The study analyzes 288 front pages of 16 daily newspapers (2 per country) in the world, collecting 1,478 news items that include 710 pieces of news, and 94,592 pieces of evidence using a mixed method of direct observation and hemerographic analysis. As a result, the few mentions of affected people and health personnel in front page information is evident, as is the predominance of news journalistic genres (brief and news, especially), and the political figures as the most represented actors shows a high degree of politicization of the global crisis. Finally, it is observed that the visual frames in the analyzed newspapers tend to promote humanization through emotional representation.
{"title":"The Representation and Politicization of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Front Pages of the Daily Newspapers of Russia, Italy, the United Kingdom, Spain, France, Portugal, Germany, and the United States","authors":"Santiago Tejedor, Fernanda Tusa, Laura Cervi, Marta Portales, Margarita Zabotina","doi":"10.17323/1728-192x-2023-3-237-262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17323/1728-192x-2023-3-237-262","url":null,"abstract":"The impact COVID-19 has demanded an additional effort from the media to report a virus of global reach. During the lockdown, there has been an increase in information consumption derived from the interest and concern of citizens to know the characteristics, development, and threats of the coronavirus. Although social networks have ranked first among the cyberspace platforms most consulted by citizens, different studies indicate that citizens consider newspapers and magazines to have ‘good intentions’ compared to the ‘worst intentions’ of cyber-media and websites. Based on this, the research focuses on the covers of the paper editions of the newspapers, conceived as a fundamental element that synthesizes and hierarchizes the content that each medium considers of greatest importance and that is connected to the digital version of each medium. This research presents a comparative study of the newspaper covers of eight countries in the world (Italy, United Kingdom, Spain, France, Portugal, United States, Russia, and Germany) to analyze the number of news items about the pandemic, the type of text, the typology of information sources, the characters, the use of color, the inclusion and the focus of the photographs or the location on the page, among other parameters. The study analyzes 288 front pages of 16 daily newspapers (2 per country) in the world, collecting 1,478 news items that include 710 pieces of news, and 94,592 pieces of evidence using a mixed method of direct observation and hemerographic analysis. As a result, the few mentions of affected people and health personnel in front page information is evident, as is the predominance of news journalistic genres (brief and news, especially), and the political figures as the most represented actors shows a high degree of politicization of the global crisis. Finally, it is observed that the visual frames in the analyzed newspapers tend to promote humanization through emotional representation.","PeriodicalId":43314,"journal":{"name":"Sociologiceskoe Obozrenie","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135505398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.17323/1728-192x-2023-3-219-236
Raewyn Connell, Ivan Kislenko
The history of sociology as a field of knowledge, especially in the English-speaking world, has been obscured by the discipline’s own origin myth in the form of a canon of “classical theory” concerned with European modernity. Sociology was involved in the world of empire from the start. Making the canon more inclusive, in gender, race, and even global terms, is not an adequate correction. Important types of social knowledge, including movement-based and indigenous knowledges, resist canonization. The turn towards decolonial and Southern perspectives, now happening across the social sciences, opens up new perspectives on the history of knowledge. These can be linked with a more sophisticated view of the collective production of knowledge by the workforces that are increasingly, though unequally, interacting. Potentials for a more effectively engaged sociology emerge.
{"title":"Canons and Colonies: a Global Trajectory of Sociology","authors":"Raewyn Connell, Ivan Kislenko","doi":"10.17323/1728-192x-2023-3-219-236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17323/1728-192x-2023-3-219-236","url":null,"abstract":"The history of sociology as a field of knowledge, especially in the English-speaking world, has been obscured by the discipline’s own origin myth in the form of a canon of “classical theory” concerned with European modernity. Sociology was involved in the world of empire from the start. Making the canon more inclusive, in gender, race, and even global terms, is not an adequate correction. Important types of social knowledge, including movement-based and indigenous knowledges, resist canonization. The turn towards decolonial and Southern perspectives, now happening across the social sciences, opens up new perspectives on the history of knowledge. These can be linked with a more sophisticated view of the collective production of knowledge by the workforces that are increasingly, though unequally, interacting. Potentials for a more effectively engaged sociology emerge.","PeriodicalId":43314,"journal":{"name":"Sociologiceskoe Obozrenie","volume":"181 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135505861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.17323/1728-192x-2023-3-147-171
Vladimir Brodskiy
The article develops the discussion initiated by professor S. I. Kaspe in his 2023 paper Love in the Time of War. Contra autonomy of the Political. The text formulates Carl Schmitt’s supposed response to S. I. Kaspe’s proposal to de-autonomize the political by creating an opportunity for the partial subordination of political relations to the Christian commandment, indicating the necessity of love for one’s enemies (Mt 5:44). It is noted that, according to Schmitt, the considered prescription is valid only for private enmity, representing a different continuum in relation to the public enmity that realizes political antagonism. Love directed towards a private enemy is entirely acceptable to Schmitt. In the conditions of external tension, it can contribute to the temporary oblivion of interpersonal conflicts, thus strengthening political unity, and is fully consistent with the logic of Schmitt’s teaching. Carl Schmitt’s reference to Plato’s description of stasis (civil war, sedition) as an illustration of the private enmity is analyzed in the text in the light of its possible contradictions. It is argued that none of the forms of stasis reveals confrontation with inimicus, the private enemy. It is questioned whether love is admissible under the conditions of a full-fledged foreign war (in Schmitt’s understanding) as the apogee of political enmity. The answer takes the characteristics of various forms of war into account. A number of contemporary military trends is considered as significantly narrowing the space for love.
本文发展了S. I. Kaspe教授在其2023年的论文《战争时期的爱情》中发起的讨论。反对政治自治。文本阐述了卡尔·施密特对s·i·卡斯佩提议的回应，即通过创造一个机会，使政治关系部分服从基督教戒律，从而使政治去自治，表明爱敌人的必要性(玛5:44)。值得注意的是，根据Schmitt的观点，所考虑的处方仅对私人敌意有效，代表了与实现政治对抗的公共敌意相关的不同连续体。施米特完全可以接受对私人敌人的爱。在外部紧张的条件下，它有助于暂时忘却人际冲突，从而加强政治团结，这与施密特的教学逻辑完全一致。卡尔·施密特引用柏拉图对停滞状态(内战，煽动)的描述作为私人敌意的例证，在文中分析了其可能的矛盾。有人认为，任何形式的停滞都不能揭示与仇人(私人敌人)的对抗。在一场全面的对外战争(在施密特的理解中)作为政治敌意的顶点的情况下，爱情是否可以被接受，这是一个问题。这个答案要考虑到各种战争形式的特点。许多当代军事趋势被认为大大缩小了爱情的空间。
{"title":"War in the Time of Love: Reflection on the Paper by Svyatoslav Kaspe in the Light of the Distinction between Private and Public Enmity in the Teachings of Carl Schmitt","authors":"Vladimir Brodskiy","doi":"10.17323/1728-192x-2023-3-147-171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17323/1728-192x-2023-3-147-171","url":null,"abstract":"The article develops the discussion initiated by professor S. I. Kaspe in his 2023 paper Love in the Time of War. Contra autonomy of the Political. The text formulates Carl Schmitt’s supposed response to S. I. Kaspe’s proposal to de-autonomize the political by creating an opportunity for the partial subordination of political relations to the Christian commandment, indicating the necessity of love for one’s enemies (Mt 5:44). It is noted that, according to Schmitt, the considered prescription is valid only for private enmity, representing a different continuum in relation to the public enmity that realizes political antagonism. Love directed towards a private enemy is entirely acceptable to Schmitt. In the conditions of external tension, it can contribute to the temporary oblivion of interpersonal conflicts, thus strengthening political unity, and is fully consistent with the logic of Schmitt’s teaching. Carl Schmitt’s reference to Plato’s description of stasis (civil war, sedition) as an illustration of the private enmity is analyzed in the text in the light of its possible contradictions. It is argued that none of the forms of stasis reveals confrontation with inimicus, the private enemy. It is questioned whether love is admissible under the conditions of a full-fledged foreign war (in Schmitt’s understanding) as the apogee of political enmity. The answer takes the characteristics of various forms of war into account. A number of contemporary military trends is considered as significantly narrowing the space for love.","PeriodicalId":43314,"journal":{"name":"Sociologiceskoe Obozrenie","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135505394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.17323/1728-192x-2023-3-376-386
Dmitry Rogozin
{"title":"Norman Denzin’s Truth: an Introduction to the Scientific Obituary","authors":"Dmitry Rogozin","doi":"10.17323/1728-192x-2023-3-376-386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17323/1728-192x-2023-3-376-386","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43314,"journal":{"name":"Sociologiceskoe Obozrenie","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135505863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.17323/1728-192x-2023-3-335-349
Dmitry Nosov
The article analyzes the recently-published third part of Olga Zhukova’s trilogy devoted to Russian culture, Russian philosophy, and the philosophy of Russian culture. The article’s author suggests that this book, as well as previous parts of the trilogy, contains extensive, largely unknown material about the studied area. Besides the richness of the factual material, the advantage of the book is that it encourages a reader’s interest in the considered stories; at the same time, it provokes an internal polemic with Zhukova, produces the desire to reflect on the various statements made, and, probably, even enters the discussion with the author. The cornerstone of Zhukova’s concept is the thesis about the fundamental conditionality of Russian culture and Russian philosophy on Eastern Christianity. According to this concept, there is a direct conditionality in some cases, while an indirect conditionality appears through the dialectical contradiction in some others. The article’s author does not find this thesis to be ultimately correct. Another separate object of the article’s discussion is the reviewed book’s polygraphic features.
{"title":"Comprehension of Russian Culture (“Theater Review”)","authors":"Dmitry Nosov","doi":"10.17323/1728-192x-2023-3-335-349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17323/1728-192x-2023-3-335-349","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes the recently-published third part of Olga Zhukova’s trilogy devoted to Russian culture, Russian philosophy, and the philosophy of Russian culture. The article’s author suggests that this book, as well as previous parts of the trilogy, contains extensive, largely unknown material about the studied area. Besides the richness of the factual material, the advantage of the book is that it encourages a reader’s interest in the considered stories; at the same time, it provokes an internal polemic with Zhukova, produces the desire to reflect on the various statements made, and, probably, even enters the discussion with the author. The cornerstone of Zhukova’s concept is the thesis about the fundamental conditionality of Russian culture and Russian philosophy on Eastern Christianity. According to this concept, there is a direct conditionality in some cases, while an indirect conditionality appears through the dialectical contradiction in some others. The article’s author does not find this thesis to be ultimately correct. Another separate object of the article’s discussion is the reviewed book’s polygraphic features.","PeriodicalId":43314,"journal":{"name":"Sociologiceskoe Obozrenie","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135505881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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