Pub Date : 2019-07-31DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76562
M. Abbas
The contamination of foods and feeds by mycotoxins is significant problem worldwide that pose serious health hazardous effects in humans and animals. Risk arises from the fact that fungal species grow naturally in food and are difficult to eliminate. The presence of multiple mycotoxins (co-occurrence) in food products increases day by day and their natural co-occurrence is an increasing health concern due to the exposure of multiple fungal growth, which might exert greater toxicity than exposure of single mycotoxins. The presence of mycotoxins in food and feed are associated with health and reproductive issues, lower performance, and higher medical costs. Survey on co-occurrence of mycotoxins indicated that over 50% contaminated samples contained more than one mycotox- ins and Asia faces a heightened risk of mycotoxins overall. There is a lack of information regarding co-occurrence of mycotoxins in food and animal feed. Face to this situation, the current chapter will be very informative to explore the incidence of multiple mycotoxins, their co-occurrence and the detoxification of mycotoxins using different techniques. worldwide among the other mycotoxins (AFLA, OTA, ZEN, DON, FUM and T-2 toxins) followed by AFLA. Analysis were performed in 8345 plant meal samples including corn, corn DDGS, corn gluten meal, wheat, wheat bran, rice, rice bran and soybean meal for detection of mycotoxins collected from different regions all over the world [47, 51, 52]. Corn gluten meal and corn DDGS which are commonly used in aquaculture feed were found highly contaminated with DON and FUM.
{"title":"Co-Occurrence of Mycotoxins and Its Detoxification Strategies","authors":"M. Abbas","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76562","url":null,"abstract":"The contamination of foods and feeds by mycotoxins is significant problem worldwide that pose serious health hazardous effects in humans and animals. Risk arises from the fact that fungal species grow naturally in food and are difficult to eliminate. The presence of multiple mycotoxins (co-occurrence) in food products increases day by day and their natural co-occurrence is an increasing health concern due to the exposure of multiple fungal growth, which might exert greater toxicity than exposure of single mycotoxins. The presence of mycotoxins in food and feed are associated with health and reproductive issues, lower performance, and higher medical costs. Survey on co-occurrence of mycotoxins indicated that over 50% contaminated samples contained more than one mycotox- ins and Asia faces a heightened risk of mycotoxins overall. There is a lack of information regarding co-occurrence of mycotoxins in food and animal feed. Face to this situation, the current chapter will be very informative to explore the incidence of multiple mycotoxins, their co-occurrence and the detoxification of mycotoxins using different techniques. worldwide among the other mycotoxins (AFLA, OTA, ZEN, DON, FUM and T-2 toxins) followed by AFLA. Analysis were performed in 8345 plant meal samples including corn, corn DDGS, corn gluten meal, wheat, wheat bran, rice, rice bran and soybean meal for detection of mycotoxins collected from different regions all over the world [47, 51, 52]. Corn gluten meal and corn DDGS which are commonly used in aquaculture feed were found highly contaminated with DON and FUM.","PeriodicalId":433598,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins - Impact and Management Strategies","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130900780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78784
Titilayo D O Falade
Aflatoxins are natural poisons produced by some members of the Aspergillus section Flavi group. Their control is critical in sub-Saharan Africa as in other parts of the world because of the health and economic dangers that aflatoxins cause. Aflatoxin management requires a pipeline approach (from production to consumption) that addresses the pre-disposing factors to aflatoxin contamination. These strategies will involve strategies at the pre-harvest, peri-harvest and post-harvest stages to prevent contamination. Post-contamination practices are also relevant in situations where avoidance of contamination is not possible. Strategies that inform producers, handlers, consumers of what aflatoxins are, how they can be prevented from contaminating produce or managed are important for aflatoxin management. Additionally, the engagement public and private sectors, regional bodies and community associations are critical for effective aflatoxin management as they have the capacity to influence behavior changes and modulate practices that predispose food and feed to aflatoxin contamination. Furthermore, the role of research and academic institutions to provide factual information and effectively communicate technical information for aflatoxin management is crucial to avoid misinformation and application of improper practices.
{"title":"Aflatoxin Management Strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"Titilayo D O Falade","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.78784","url":null,"abstract":"Aflatoxins are natural poisons produced by some members of the Aspergillus section Flavi group. Their control is critical in sub-Saharan Africa as in other parts of the world because of the health and economic dangers that aflatoxins cause. Aflatoxin management requires a pipeline approach (from production to consumption) that addresses the pre-disposing factors to aflatoxin contamination. These strategies will involve strategies at the pre-harvest, peri-harvest and post-harvest stages to prevent contamination. Post-contamination practices are also relevant in situations where avoidance of contamination is not possible. Strategies that inform producers, handlers, consumers of what aflatoxins are, how they can be prevented from contaminating produce or managed are important for aflatoxin management. Additionally, the engagement public and private sectors, regional bodies and community associations are critical for effective aflatoxin management as they have the capacity to influence behavior changes and modulate practices that predispose food and feed to aflatoxin contamination. Furthermore, the role of research and academic institutions to provide factual information and effectively communicate technical information for aflatoxin management is crucial to avoid misinformation and application of improper practices.","PeriodicalId":433598,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins - Impact and Management Strategies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127381430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80363
Yasir Allah Ditta, S. Mahad, U. Bacha
About 25% of total agriculture products are contaminated with aflatoxins (AFs) and other mycotoxins in the world especially in Africa, Asia and Latin America, completely losing about 2 – 3% of food values and thus causing economic losses to farmers. The mycotoxin contaminations of food supply chain impact on human and animal health primarily, whereas production is the second major concern especially in developing countries. Aflatoxins (colorless to pale yellow colored crystals) are the most studied (>5000 research articles) group of mycotoxins. AFs impose major problems regarding health, growth, FCR (feed conversion ratio), etc. in the subtropical zone. In the agricultural commodities, the prevention of fungal contamination during plant growth, harvesting and storage seems to be the most effective and rational precautionary measures to avoid mycotoxins. Activated charcoal; aluminosilicates; polymers, such as polyvinyl pyrrolidones and chole-styramine; and yeast, yeast-based products, and humic acid have been studied extensively with promising but variable results. A live yeast, named Saccharomyces cerevisiae ( S. cerevisiae ), has also been observed to lighten the adverse effects of aflatoxicosis in poultry. These beneficial effects were later attributed to glucomannan, being derived from the cell wall of S. cerevisiae .
{"title":"Aflatoxins: Their Toxic Effect on Poultry and Recent Advances in Their Treatment","authors":"Yasir Allah Ditta, S. Mahad, U. Bacha","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80363","url":null,"abstract":"About 25% of total agriculture products are contaminated with aflatoxins (AFs) and other mycotoxins in the world especially in Africa, Asia and Latin America, completely losing about 2 – 3% of food values and thus causing economic losses to farmers. The mycotoxin contaminations of food supply chain impact on human and animal health primarily, whereas production is the second major concern especially in developing countries. Aflatoxins (colorless to pale yellow colored crystals) are the most studied (>5000 research articles) group of mycotoxins. AFs impose major problems regarding health, growth, FCR (feed conversion ratio), etc. in the subtropical zone. In the agricultural commodities, the prevention of fungal contamination during plant growth, harvesting and storage seems to be the most effective and rational precautionary measures to avoid mycotoxins. Activated charcoal; aluminosilicates; polymers, such as polyvinyl pyrrolidones and chole-styramine; and yeast, yeast-based products, and humic acid have been studied extensively with promising but variable results. A live yeast, named Saccharomyces cerevisiae ( S. cerevisiae ), has also been observed to lighten the adverse effects of aflatoxicosis in poultry. These beneficial effects were later attributed to glucomannan, being derived from the cell wall of S. cerevisiae .","PeriodicalId":433598,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins - Impact and Management Strategies","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125623339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79328
Sefater Gbashi, N. Madala, S. Saeger, M. Boevre, Ifeoluwa Adekoya, O. Adebo, P. Njobeh
The proliferated contamination of agricultural commodities by mycotoxins and their attendant toxic effects on humans and animals which consume such commodities con stitutes a major concern to food safety and security. These highly toxic food contami- nants are produced by various filamentous fungi species that are ubiquitous in nature, however, favourable climatic conditions in the tropics favour their proliferation in these regions. Africa, by virtue of its location along the equator makes it highly accommodative to proliferation of mycotoxigenic fungi species, as such, it is the most affected of all the continents. Other factors such as poverty, and climate change further complicates the mycotoxin situation on the continent. Economic impact due to mycotoxin contamination in Africa is thus alarming. The effects of mycotoxins can in fact be felt in the overall health of humans and animals, sustainable development, food security and safety, damage to the African agricultural export brand, negatively impacting Africa’s self-sustainability and increased dependence on foreign aid, not excluding high cost of research, mitigation and regulation of the prevalence of these toxins in African countries. This book chapter presents an exhaustive appraisal of the socio-economic impact of mycotoxins on Africa. Our observations herein are expected to stimulate policy makers, as well as, all stakehold ers along the food supply chain to identify critical areas of collaboration and strengthen alliances in order to ameliorate the effects of these toxicants on the continent of Africa, and the world at large.
{"title":"The Socio-Economic Impact of Mycotoxin Contamination in Africa","authors":"Sefater Gbashi, N. Madala, S. Saeger, M. Boevre, Ifeoluwa Adekoya, O. Adebo, P. Njobeh","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79328","url":null,"abstract":"The proliferated contamination of agricultural commodities by mycotoxins and their attendant toxic effects on humans and animals which consume such commodities con stitutes a major concern to food safety and security. These highly toxic food contami- nants are produced by various filamentous fungi species that are ubiquitous in nature, however, favourable climatic conditions in the tropics favour their proliferation in these regions. Africa, by virtue of its location along the equator makes it highly accommodative to proliferation of mycotoxigenic fungi species, as such, it is the most affected of all the continents. Other factors such as poverty, and climate change further complicates the mycotoxin situation on the continent. Economic impact due to mycotoxin contamination in Africa is thus alarming. The effects of mycotoxins can in fact be felt in the overall health of humans and animals, sustainable development, food security and safety, damage to the African agricultural export brand, negatively impacting Africa’s self-sustainability and increased dependence on foreign aid, not excluding high cost of research, mitigation and regulation of the prevalence of these toxins in African countries. This book chapter presents an exhaustive appraisal of the socio-economic impact of mycotoxins on Africa. Our observations herein are expected to stimulate policy makers, as well as, all stakehold ers along the food supply chain to identify critical areas of collaboration and strengthen alliances in order to ameliorate the effects of these toxicants on the continent of Africa, and the world at large.","PeriodicalId":433598,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins - Impact and Management Strategies","volume":"225 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130667120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76371
B. Solís-Cruz, D. Hernández-Patlán, B. Hargis, G. Téllez
An important approach to prevent aflatoxicosis in poultry is the addition of non-nutritional adsorbents in the diet to bind aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the gastrointestinal tract. These adsorbents are large molecular weight compounds that are able to bind the mycotoxin, forming a stable complex adsorbent-mycotoxin, which can pass through the gastrointestinal tract. In this chapter, we evaluate the use of polymers and probiotics to reduce AFB1 toxic effects in poultry. Our results on the efficacy of polymers and probiotics in sequestering mycotoxins are highly promising, although this field is still in its infancy and further research is needed. Furthermore, in vivo studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness of these materials against AFB1 toxic effects, since results in the past have indicated that there is great variabil- ity in the efficacy of adsorbing materials in vivo , even though the compounds may show potential adsorption capacity of the mycotoxin in vitro .
{"title":"Control of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry Using Probiotics and Polymers","authors":"B. Solís-Cruz, D. Hernández-Patlán, B. Hargis, G. Téllez","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76371","url":null,"abstract":"An important approach to prevent aflatoxicosis in poultry is the addition of non-nutritional adsorbents in the diet to bind aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the gastrointestinal tract. These adsorbents are large molecular weight compounds that are able to bind the mycotoxin, forming a stable complex adsorbent-mycotoxin, which can pass through the gastrointestinal tract. In this chapter, we evaluate the use of polymers and probiotics to reduce AFB1 toxic effects in poultry. Our results on the efficacy of polymers and probiotics in sequestering mycotoxins are highly promising, although this field is still in its infancy and further research is needed. Furthermore, in vivo studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness of these materials against AFB1 toxic effects, since results in the past have indicated that there is great variabil- ity in the efficacy of adsorbing materials in vivo , even though the compounds may show potential adsorption capacity of the mycotoxin in vitro .","PeriodicalId":433598,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins - Impact and Management Strategies","volume":"225 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122362581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76342
M. Abdallah, M. Ameye, S. Saeger, K. Audenaert, G. Haesaert
Over recent decades, laboratory and field trial experiments have generated a considerable amount of data regarding the promising use of beneficial microorganisms to control plant diseases. Special attention has been paid to diseases caused by mycotoxigenic fungi owing to their direct destructive effect on crop yield and the potential production of mycotoxins, which poses a danger to animal and human health. New legislative initiatives to restrict the use of the existing commercial chemical pesticides have been an incentive for developing and registering new bio-pesticides. In this book chapter, we discuss up to-date pre- harvest biological control agents against mycotoxigenic fungi and their respective toxins. We will focus on the different modes of action of the most frequently studied biological control agents. Furthermore, a comprehensive overview on their ability to suppress mycotoxin biosynthesis will be discussed.
{"title":"Biological Control of Mycotoxigenic Fungi and Their Toxins: An Update for the Pre-Harvest Approach","authors":"M. Abdallah, M. Ameye, S. Saeger, K. Audenaert, G. Haesaert","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76342","url":null,"abstract":"Over recent decades, laboratory and field trial experiments have generated a considerable amount of data regarding the promising use of beneficial microorganisms to control plant diseases. Special attention has been paid to diseases caused by mycotoxigenic fungi owing to their direct destructive effect on crop yield and the potential production of mycotoxins, which poses a danger to animal and human health. New legislative initiatives to restrict the use of the existing commercial chemical pesticides have been an incentive for developing and registering new bio-pesticides. In this book chapter, we discuss up to-date pre- harvest biological control agents against mycotoxigenic fungi and their respective toxins. We will focus on the different modes of action of the most frequently studied biological control agents. Furthermore, a comprehensive overview on their ability to suppress mycotoxin biosynthesis will be discussed.","PeriodicalId":433598,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins - Impact and Management Strategies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131072341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76808
L. Rose, S. Okoth, B. Flett, B. V. J. Rensburg, A. Viljoen
Mycotoxigenic fungi that contaminate grain crops can lead to reduced grain quality, crop yield reduction and mycotoxicosis among humans and livestock. Preharvest management of fungi and mycotoxin contamination is considered among the most important mitigating strategies. Approaches include the breeding of resistant cultivars, use of microorganisms chemical control, production practises and the management of plant stressors. Resistant plants provide an effective and environmentally sound strategy to control mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins; and have been documented. Their incorporation into commercial cultivars is, however, slow and complex. Therefore, emphasis should be placed on determining the resistance of cultivars and landraces currently used by producers. Chemical control has been successfully used for wheat; yet little to no research has been done on other important crops. Biological control strategies have focussed on Aspergillus flavus that produces aflatoxins and infects commercially important crops like maize and groundnuts. Commercial biological control products have been developed and field-tested in several African countries with promising results. The impacts of production practises are unclear under variable environmental conditions; but subsequent disease manifestation and mycotoxin contamination can be reduced. Each preharvest approaches contribute to managing mycotoxigenic fungi and their mycotoxins but integrating approaches may provide more effective management of fungal and mycotoxin contamination in crops.
{"title":"Preharvest Management Strategies and Their Impact on Mycotoxigenic Fungi and Associated Mycotoxins","authors":"L. Rose, S. Okoth, B. Flett, B. V. J. Rensburg, A. Viljoen","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.76808","url":null,"abstract":"Mycotoxigenic fungi that contaminate grain crops can lead to reduced grain quality, crop yield reduction and mycotoxicosis among humans and livestock. Preharvest management of fungi and mycotoxin contamination is considered among the most important mitigating strategies. Approaches include the breeding of resistant cultivars, use of microorganisms chemical control, production practises and the management of plant stressors. Resistant plants provide an effective and environmentally sound strategy to control mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins; and have been documented. Their incorporation into commercial cultivars is, however, slow and complex. Therefore, emphasis should be placed on determining the resistance of cultivars and landraces currently used by producers. Chemical control has been successfully used for wheat; yet little to no research has been done on other important crops. Biological control strategies have focussed on Aspergillus flavus that produces aflatoxins and infects commercially important crops like maize and groundnuts. Commercial biological control products have been developed and field-tested in several African countries with promising results. The impacts of production practises are unclear under variable environmental conditions; but subsequent disease manifestation and mycotoxin contamination can be reduced. Each preharvest approaches contribute to managing mycotoxigenic fungi and their mycotoxins but integrating approaches may provide more effective management of fungal and mycotoxin contamination in crops.","PeriodicalId":433598,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins - Impact and Management Strategies","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131827227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-04DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77300
Emmanuel Zuza Jnr, A. Muitia, M. Amane, R. Brandenburg, Andrew Emmott, A. Mondjana
The production and utilization of groundnut ( Arachis hypogea L) has increased tremendously across all provinces of Mozambique in recent times. However, the presence of mycotoxins, especially aflatoxins has remained a critical food concern in both the human and livestock diet. In this study, the effect of harvesting time and drying methods on aflatoxin contamination were examined at two locations namely; Nampula Research Station (PAN) and Mapupulo Agricultural Research Center in Nampula and Cabo Delgado provinces respectively. A randomized complete block design in a split-split plot arrangement with four replications was used with three groundnut varieties; ( ICGV-SM-99568 , ICGV-SM-01514 and JL-24 ) as the main plot and three harvesting dates (10 days before physiological maturity, at physiological maturity and 10 days after physiological maturity) and two drying methods; (A-frame and tarpaulin) as the sub-plots. Groundnut samples were analyzed for aflatoxin contamination using immuno-chromatographic assay strips by the M-reader. In both locations, field observations indicated that on average aflatoxin contamination levels were lower at physiological maturity (H2) (≤ 10 ppb) compared to harvesting 10 days before (H1) ( ≤ 15 ppb) and 10 days after physiological maturity (H3) (≥ 20 ppb). It was also observed that the two drying methods were effective in prevention of aflatoxin contamination on groundnut kernels to levels lower than 20 ppb. However, aflatoxin contamination levels were significantly lower ( ≤ 12 ppb) as a result of the A-frame than the tarpaulin method. The results of this study therefore, have indicated that proper post-harvest management of groundnuts such as harvesting at physiological maturity and improved drying gave lowest aflatoxin contamination levels lower than the FDA/WHO regulatory levels of 20 ppb.
{"title":"Effect of Harvesting Time and Drying Methods on Aflatoxin Contamination in Groundnut in Mozambique","authors":"Emmanuel Zuza Jnr, A. Muitia, M. Amane, R. Brandenburg, Andrew Emmott, A. Mondjana","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77300","url":null,"abstract":"The production and utilization of groundnut ( Arachis hypogea L) has increased tremendously across all provinces of Mozambique in recent times. However, the presence of mycotoxins, especially aflatoxins has remained a critical food concern in both the human and livestock diet. In this study, the effect of harvesting time and drying methods on aflatoxin contamination were examined at two locations namely; Nampula Research Station (PAN) and Mapupulo Agricultural Research Center in Nampula and Cabo Delgado provinces respectively. A randomized complete block design in a split-split plot arrangement with four replications was used with three groundnut varieties; ( ICGV-SM-99568 , ICGV-SM-01514 and JL-24 ) as the main plot and three harvesting dates (10 days before physiological maturity, at physiological maturity and 10 days after physiological maturity) and two drying methods; (A-frame and tarpaulin) as the sub-plots. Groundnut samples were analyzed for aflatoxin contamination using immuno-chromatographic assay strips by the M-reader. In both locations, field observations indicated that on average aflatoxin contamination levels were lower at physiological maturity (H2) (≤ 10 ppb) compared to harvesting 10 days before (H1) ( ≤ 15 ppb) and 10 days after physiological maturity (H3) (≥ 20 ppb). It was also observed that the two drying methods were effective in prevention of aflatoxin contamination on groundnut kernels to levels lower than 20 ppb. However, aflatoxin contamination levels were significantly lower ( ≤ 12 ppb) as a result of the A-frame than the tarpaulin method. The results of this study therefore, have indicated that proper post-harvest management of groundnuts such as harvesting at physiological maturity and improved drying gave lowest aflatoxin contamination levels lower than the FDA/WHO regulatory levels of 20 ppb.","PeriodicalId":433598,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins - Impact and Management Strategies","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122741385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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