Francis Aning Anokye, Henrietta Abane, E. K. Ekumah
Fishing plays an important role in the Ghanaian economy and about 10% of Ghanaians directly or indirectly make their living from the fishery sub-sector. This, notwithstanding, artisanal fishing is characterised by seasonality, rising costs of operation and diminishing catches resulting from pirate fishing by foreign trawlers, use of illegal fishing techniques and, lately, the drilling of light crude oil offshore. The main objective of this paper was to examine traditional institutional arrangements within the artisanal fishing industry in Shama, a community along the west coast of Ghana. Emphasis was placed on social relations within the context of a moral economy that ensures that the fishing activities and livelihoods are sustained in the face of dwindling fish stocks and high expedition costs. The sustainable livelihood approach was reviewed to high-light the vulnerability context within which community livelihoods are obtained and the risk management and coping strategiesindividuals employ to deal with such vulnerabilities. Those risk coping strategies were carried out within the context of a community moral economy. A total of 33 respondents were selected by accidental and purposive sampling for the study. Interviewing, focus group discussions and non-participant observation were used for data collection and analysis. The study revealed that stakeholders in the artisanal marine fishing industry in Shama draw on family, social networks and social claims to ensure the sustainability of their livelihoods. It is through social networks and claims that the people were able to access financial capital to support their fishing businesses and cope with vulnerabilities.
{"title":"Moral economy and the sustainability of the arttisanal marine fishing industry in Shama, Ghana","authors":"Francis Aning Anokye, Henrietta Abane, E. K. Ekumah","doi":"10.47963/joss.v7i3.301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47963/joss.v7i3.301","url":null,"abstract":"Fishing plays an important role in the Ghanaian economy and about 10% of Ghanaians directly or indirectly make their living from the fishery sub-sector. This, notwithstanding, artisanal fishing is characterised by seasonality, rising costs of operation and diminishing catches resulting from pirate fishing by foreign trawlers, use of illegal fishing techniques and, lately, the drilling of light crude oil offshore. The main objective of this paper was to examine traditional institutional arrangements within the artisanal fishing industry in Shama, a community along the west coast of Ghana. Emphasis was placed on social relations within the context of a moral economy that ensures that the fishing activities and livelihoods are sustained in the face of dwindling fish stocks and high expedition costs. The sustainable livelihood approach was reviewed to high-light the vulnerability context within which community livelihoods are obtained and the risk management and coping strategiesindividuals employ to deal with such vulnerabilities. Those risk coping strategies were carried out within the context of a community moral economy. A total of 33 respondents were selected by accidental and purposive sampling for the study. Interviewing, focus group discussions and non-participant observation were used for data collection and analysis. The study revealed that stakeholders in the artisanal marine fishing industry in Shama draw on family, social networks and social claims to ensure the sustainability of their livelihoods. It is through social networks and claims that the people were able to access financial capital to support their fishing businesses and cope with vulnerabilities.","PeriodicalId":433603,"journal":{"name":"Oguaa Journal of Social Sciences","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123601063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study assesses the poverty and inequality situation in Ghana using the last four rounds of the Ghana Living Standards Survey (1991–2013). The FGT poverty incidence, Gini and Generalized Entropy inequality measures and regression analysis are used to examine trends, spatial distribution and correlation between poverty inequality and poverty. e ndings suggest that the proportion of population dened as income-poor but non-poor in consumption have increased overtime. Also, a decline in wealth inequality is observed, but rural inequality overtime has increased to outpace urban inequality. Minimizing wealth inequality especially, in rural areas, has the potential of accelerating poverty reduction in Ghana.
{"title":"Poverty and Inequality in Ghana: Analysis of the Dimensions, Trends and Spatial Perspectives","authors":"S. Annim, W. Brafu-Insaidoo","doi":"10.47963/joss.v7i3.297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47963/joss.v7i3.297","url":null,"abstract":"This study assesses the poverty and inequality situation in Ghana using the last four rounds of the Ghana Living Standards Survey (1991–2013). The FGT poverty incidence, Gini and Generalized Entropy inequality measures and regression analysis are used to examine trends, spatial distribution and correlation between poverty inequality and poverty. e ndings suggest that the proportion of population dened as income-poor but non-poor in consumption have increased overtime. Also, a decline in wealth inequality is observed, but rural inequality overtime has increased to outpace urban inequality. Minimizing wealth inequality especially, in rural areas, has the potential of accelerating poverty reduction in Ghana.","PeriodicalId":433603,"journal":{"name":"Oguaa Journal of Social Sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127659268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Enu-kwesi, Maria-Antoinette Adriana Quarshie, J. Mensah
This paper discusses access to financial support and business success of small and medium enterprises in the Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis, Ghana, given the current emphasis on local content in the oil and gas sector. Using a descriptive survey design, interview schedules were adopted to collect data from 303 enterprises that were selected from a list of 1547 provided by the Business Advisory Centre of the National Board for Small Scale Industries (NBSSI). Checklists were also used to elicit qualitative information from 21 support institutions. Descriptive statistics, supported with chi-square analysis were used to examine the quantitative data, while the qualitative data were mostly categorized. The evidence showed that enterprises that had accessed financial support also received training from the support institutions were relatively more successful than those who had not accessed support. Those businesses that could not access support and were not successful were advised to open business accounts separate from owners’ accounts with banks and learn about the support systems. It was suggested that the NBSSI should create a database of support institutions, which in turn, should make it easier for the enterprises to access their services.
{"title":"Access to nancial support and business success: A study of small and medium enterprises in Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis, Ghana","authors":"F. Enu-kwesi, Maria-Antoinette Adriana Quarshie, J. Mensah","doi":"10.47963/joss.v7i3.300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47963/joss.v7i3.300","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses access to financial support and business success of small and medium enterprises in the Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis, Ghana, given the current emphasis on local content in the oil and gas sector. Using a descriptive survey design, interview schedules were adopted to collect data from 303 enterprises that were selected from a list of 1547 provided by the Business Advisory Centre of the National Board for Small Scale Industries (NBSSI). Checklists were also used to elicit qualitative information from 21 support institutions. Descriptive statistics, supported with chi-square analysis were used to examine the quantitative data, while the qualitative data were mostly categorized. The evidence showed that enterprises that had accessed financial support also received training from the support institutions were relatively more successful than those who had not accessed support. Those businesses that could not access support and were not successful were advised to open business accounts separate from owners’ accounts with banks and learn about the support systems. It was suggested that the NBSSI should create a database of support institutions, which in turn, should make it easier for the enterprises to access their services.","PeriodicalId":433603,"journal":{"name":"Oguaa Journal of Social Sciences","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126992855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leisure activities are an integral part of volunteer tourism. However, information on this subject is scanty. This study examined the leisure activities of young international volunteers in Ghana. Questionnaire was employed in data collection from a stratified sample of 320 respondents. The results showed that volunteer tourists engaged in sixteen main activities in varied combinations, with the popular ones being resting on beaches, visiting towns and villages, visiting forts and castles, enjoying sunny weather, crossing over the canopy walkway and visiting night clubs. Except for the level of education, no significant variation was observed in volunteers’ leisure activities in relation to place of origin, sex, age, marital status, and religion. The study, therefore, concludes that leisure activities of young volunteers are diverse, but the types of activities undertaken are largely similar.
{"title":"Lesisure Activities of Youg Volunteer Tourists in Ghana","authors":"F. E. Amuquandoh","doi":"10.47963/joss.v7i3.302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47963/joss.v7i3.302","url":null,"abstract":"Leisure activities are an integral part of volunteer tourism. However, information on this subject is scanty. This study examined the leisure activities of young international volunteers in Ghana. Questionnaire was employed in data collection from a stratified sample of 320 respondents. The results showed that volunteer tourists engaged in sixteen main activities in varied combinations, with the popular ones being resting on beaches, visiting towns and villages, visiting forts and castles, enjoying sunny weather, crossing over the canopy walkway and visiting night clubs. Except for the level of education, no significant variation was observed in volunteers’ leisure activities in relation to place of origin, sex, age, marital status, and religion. The study, therefore, concludes that leisure activities of young volunteers are diverse, but the types of activities undertaken are largely similar.","PeriodicalId":433603,"journal":{"name":"Oguaa Journal of Social Sciences","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126152878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Infant feeding has not always been seen as a social behaviour by health professionals and this has contributed substantiallyto infant mortality among various communities. This paper describes infant feeding practices among mothers in Cape Coast from a sociological perspective. A Symbolic interactionist perspective guided the study, and a descriptive crosssectional survey design methodology was used. The study targeted women, 20 years and above, with not more than six month old babies. A total of 138 mothers were selected at the Central Regional Hospital. Mother’s marital and employment status, their friends’ way of feeding their babies, social support and baby’s age influenced mothers’ infant feeding practices. Culturally, water, as a welcome drink, was also found to be an important part of infant feeding practices. It is recommended that the Ghana Health Service should fashion infant feeding education taking into consideration socioculturalfactors.
{"title":"Infant feeding practices in Cape Coast, Ghana: A sociological perspective","authors":"Solomon Sika-Brigh, C. Ahorlu","doi":"10.47963/joss.v7i2.328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47963/joss.v7i2.328","url":null,"abstract":"Infant feeding has not always been seen as a social behaviour by health professionals and this has contributed substantiallyto infant mortality among various communities. This paper describes infant feeding practices among mothers in Cape Coast from a sociological perspective. A Symbolic interactionist perspective guided the study, and a descriptive crosssectional survey design methodology was used. The study targeted women, 20 years and above, with not more than six month old babies. A total of 138 mothers were selected at the Central Regional Hospital. Mother’s marital and employment status, their friends’ way of feeding their babies, social support and baby’s age influenced mothers’ infant feeding practices. Culturally, water, as a welcome drink, was also found to be an important part of infant feeding practices. It is recommended that the Ghana Health Service should fashion infant feeding education taking into consideration socioculturalfactors.","PeriodicalId":433603,"journal":{"name":"Oguaa Journal of Social Sciences","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123762161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solid waste management has become a daunting task for municipal and district authorities who seem to lack the capabilityand logistics to deal with the escalating waste situation. This paper examined residents’ perceptions and attitudes towardsurban solid waste management in the Berekum Municipality in the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana. Using a survey questionnaire and in-depth interview guide, data was gathered from 150 randomly selected household respondents and three purposively selected key institutions. The Theory of Planned Behaviour which provides a framework for studying human behaviour guided the study. The study found that residents recognised solid waste management as a major problem. It was also revealed that residents do not currently pay for waste management services rendered to them. Strategies to address solid waste problem will need to consider adequate supply of containers, intensive public education and introduction of user fees for waste management services.
{"title":"Residents’ perceptions and attitudes towards urban solid waste management in the Berekum Municipality, Ghana","authors":"S. Dauda, S. Mariwah, R. Agyapong","doi":"10.47963/joss.v7i2.329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47963/joss.v7i2.329","url":null,"abstract":"Solid waste management has become a daunting task for municipal and district authorities who seem to lack the capabilityand logistics to deal with the escalating waste situation. This paper examined residents’ perceptions and attitudes towardsurban solid waste management in the Berekum Municipality in the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana. Using a survey questionnaire and in-depth interview guide, data was gathered from 150 randomly selected household respondents and three purposively selected key institutions. The Theory of Planned Behaviour which provides a framework for studying human behaviour guided the study. The study found that residents recognised solid waste management as a major problem. It was also revealed that residents do not currently pay for waste management services rendered to them. Strategies to address solid waste problem will need to consider adequate supply of containers, intensive public education and introduction of user fees for waste management services.","PeriodicalId":433603,"journal":{"name":"Oguaa Journal of Social Sciences","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127748860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study examines the effects of market structure on profitability in the Sierra Leone banking industry. There are two competing hypotheses—the traditional structure–conduct–performance (SCP) hypothesis and the efficiency hypothesis (EH). Using pooled and quarterly data for the period 2006-2011, this study tests the validity of these two hypotheses. In general, the overall results of the study have been mixed. However, capital to asset ratio and expenses to asset ratio are found to influence their performance. But for definitive policy purposes, the impact of the banking structure needs to be explored further.
{"title":"Market structure and profit performance of Banks in Sierra Leone","authors":"F. Ahiakpor, B. David","doi":"10.47963/joss.v7i2.326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47963/joss.v7i2.326","url":null,"abstract":"The study examines the effects of market structure on profitability in the Sierra Leone banking industry. There are two competing hypotheses—the traditional structure–conduct–performance (SCP) hypothesis and the efficiency hypothesis (EH). Using pooled and quarterly data for the period 2006-2011, this study tests the validity of these two hypotheses. In general, the overall results of the study have been mixed. However, capital to asset ratio and expenses to asset ratio are found to influence their performance. But for definitive policy purposes, the impact of the banking structure needs to be explored further.","PeriodicalId":433603,"journal":{"name":"Oguaa Journal of Social Sciences","volume":"89 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128372556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The introduction of the Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW) in the early 1990’s brought in a new era in communications and transformed the promotion and sales of tourism products. Established web sites by companies have put them in position to carry out productive marketing activities. The current study presents the findings of an exploratory work on the current stage of Internet use among tour operators in Ghana. The study shows that despite the increase in the use of the Internet, Ghanaian tour operators only use it as an additional mode of communication. Currently, the emphasis is still on traditional marketing communication channels such as the print media and telephone. Their websites simply do not possess the interactive features required for Internet marketing. It is recommended that tour operators in Ghana engage in social interactions by creating virtual communities.
{"title":"Internet use among tour operators in Ghana: An exploratory study","authors":"J. Abanga","doi":"10.47963/joss.v7i2.327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47963/joss.v7i2.327","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction of the Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW) in the early 1990’s brought in a new era in communications and transformed the promotion and sales of tourism products. Established web sites by companies have put them in position to carry out productive marketing activities. The current study presents the findings of an exploratory work on the current stage of Internet use among tour operators in Ghana. The study shows that despite the increase in the use of the Internet, Ghanaian tour operators only use it as an additional mode of communication. Currently, the emphasis is still on traditional marketing communication channels such as the print media and telephone. Their websites simply do not possess the interactive features required for Internet marketing. It is recommended that tour operators in Ghana engage in social interactions by creating virtual communities.","PeriodicalId":433603,"journal":{"name":"Oguaa Journal of Social Sciences","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126577199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The literature on microfinance reveals that microcredit is a powerful tool in reducing poverty. In consonance with this, the main objective of this study was to verify the impact of microcredit on poverty reduction among rural women in the Upper East Region of Ghana, using the Heckman method of estimation. In pursuance of this, data was collected from 500 women engaged in agro-processing of whom 250 were beneficiaries of microcredit and 250 non-beneficiaries. The results showed the existence of spatial differences in the levels of poverty in the Region. Respondents from Builsa, Kasena-Nankana, Bongo and Bawku West Districts had higher levels of weekly consumption expenditures and for that matter are better off than their counterparts from the Talensi/Nabdan District. Also the number of income generating activities and the number of sources of borrowing have a positive impact on poverty. The predicted weekly mean consumption expenditure indicated that respondents who received microcred: > are better off than those who did not receive microcredit as the.beneficiaries spend more per week than the non-beneficiaries. By implication, microcredit has a positive impact on poverty reduction among rural women engaged in agroprocessing in the Upper East Region. In the light of this, microcredit intervention should be strengthened in the Upper East Region since it has a positive impact on poverty reduction.
{"title":"Impact of microcredit on poverty reduction among rural women in Ghana: The case of Upper East Region","authors":"I. Acheampong, S. Alnaa","doi":"10.47963/joss.v7i1.588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47963/joss.v7i1.588","url":null,"abstract":"The literature on microfinance reveals that microcredit is a powerful tool in reducing poverty. In consonance with this, the main objective of this study was to verify the impact of microcredit on poverty reduction among rural women in the Upper East Region of Ghana, using the Heckman method of estimation. In pursuance of this, data was collected from 500 women engaged in agro-processing of whom 250 were beneficiaries of microcredit and 250 non-beneficiaries. The results showed the existence of spatial differences in the levels of poverty in the Region. Respondents from Builsa, Kasena-Nankana, Bongo and Bawku West Districts had higher levels of weekly consumption expenditures and for that matter are better off than their counterparts from the Talensi/Nabdan District. Also the number of income generating activities and the number of sources of borrowing have a positive impact on poverty. The predicted weekly mean consumption expenditure indicated that respondents who received microcred: > are better off than those who did not receive microcredit as the.beneficiaries spend more per week than the non-beneficiaries. By implication, microcredit has a positive impact on poverty reduction among rural women engaged in agroprocessing in the Upper East Region. In the light of this, microcredit intervention should be strengthened in the Upper East Region since it has a positive impact on poverty reduction.","PeriodicalId":433603,"journal":{"name":"Oguaa Journal of Social Sciences","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121676738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The concept of the School Feeding Programme as instituted by the Government ofGhana was to provide caterers in deprived communities with money, who in turn will purchase locally grown foodstuff, prepare it and feed them to kindergarten and primary school children in the community. A major requirement was for the caterers to spend 80% of the monies given them in the communities that accommodated the schools. The primary goal was to reduce hunger and malnutrition in the children, increase school enrolment and increase food production in the communities. This paper investigates and discusses the extent to which these objectives are being carried out by the caterers employed to do so with respect to the use of locally produced food and labour and the reasons behind their choices. Using a qualitative approach, an in-depth interview was conducted for eight caterers out of the eleven engaged in the school feeding programme in the Cape Coast Metropolitan Area. The results from the study revealed that, even though all the caterers were aware of the 80% clause, a bulk of the purchases and labour was acquired outside the communities that housed the schools. Availability and affordability were some of the reasons given for this pattern.
{"title":"Food as a conduit for poverty reduction in Cape Coast Metropolitan Area","authors":"Alberta Bondzi-Simpson","doi":"10.47963/joss.v7i1.591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47963/joss.v7i1.591","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of the School Feeding Programme as instituted by the Government ofGhana was to provide caterers in deprived communities with money, who in turn will purchase locally grown foodstuff, prepare it and feed them to kindergarten and primary school children in the community. A major requirement was for the caterers to spend 80% of the monies given them in the communities that accommodated the schools. The primary goal was to reduce hunger and malnutrition in the children, increase school enrolment and increase food production in the communities. This paper investigates and discusses the extent to which these objectives are being carried out by the caterers employed to do so with respect to the use of locally produced food and labour and the reasons behind their choices. Using a qualitative approach, an in-depth interview was conducted for eight caterers out of the eleven engaged in the school feeding programme in the Cape Coast Metropolitan Area. The results from the study revealed that, even though all the caterers were aware of the 80% clause, a bulk of the purchases and labour was acquired outside the communities that housed the schools. Availability and affordability were some of the reasons given for this pattern.","PeriodicalId":433603,"journal":{"name":"Oguaa Journal of Social Sciences","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130019117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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