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Civil society organisations, conflict prevention and peacebuilding in Northern Ghana 加纳北部的民间社会组织、冲突预防与和平建设
Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.47963/joss.v10i1.919
Patrick Osie-Kuffour, K. Bukari
The complexity of contemporary violent conflicts requires a shift from the traditional notion that preventing conflicts and building peace reside within governments to include the role of Civil Society Organisations (CSOs). Using a qualitative research design with 20 in-depth interviews conducted with representatives of CSOs in northern Ghana, the study reveals three broad categories of CSOs namely Faith-Based Organisations (FBOs), Community-Based Organisations (CBOs) and Non-Governmental Organisations(NGOs) performing conflict prevention and peacebuilding roles. These CSOs respond constructively to conflict using dialogue and mediation in different ways by using multiple instruments such as early warning systems and peace education for conflict prevention and peacebuilding. The study shows that, unlike the state, CSOs worked towards conflict prevention and peacebuilding through local initiatives and partnership with communities. The dominant philosophy guiding CSOs’ work is the integrationist paradigm. One serious limitation identified in the conflict prevention and peacebuilding work of CSOs in northern Ghana is the lack of a common peacebuilding framework that can guide them to reduce the duplication of functions within the same space. The paper recommends that CSOs should forge a working partnership to roll out a comprehensive conflict prevention and peacebuilding activity to build sustainable peace for the development of the regions of northern Ghana.
当代暴力冲突的复杂性要求我们改变传统观念,即防止冲突和建立和平应由政府负责,而应包括民间社会组织(cso)的作用。该研究采用定性研究设计,对加纳北部的公民社会组织代表进行了20次深入访谈,揭示了公民社会组织的三大类,即基于信仰的组织(FBOs)、基于社区的组织(CBOs)和非政府组织(ngo),它们发挥着预防冲突和建设和平的作用。这些民间社会组织利用预警系统和和平教育等多种手段,以不同方式通过对话和调解建设性地应对冲突,以预防冲突和建设和平。研究表明,与国家不同,民间社会组织通过地方倡议和社区伙伴关系致力于预防冲突和建设和平。指导公民社会组织工作的主导哲学是整合主义范式。加纳北部民间社会组织在预防冲突和建设和平工作中发现的一个严重限制是缺乏一个共同的建设和平框架,可以指导他们减少同一空间内职能的重复。该报告建议民间社会组织建立工作伙伴关系,开展全面的预防冲突和建设和平活动,为加纳北部地区的发展建立可持续的和平。
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引用次数: 1
person or the issue? Relational process, person- and idea- targeted questions in UK and Ghanaian parliamentary questions 人还是问题?英国和加纳议会问题中的关系过程、个人和想法为目标的问题
Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.47963/joss.v10i1.906
Kwabena Sarfo Sarfo-Kantankah
Using parliamentary questions as data and a corpus-assisted systemic functional approach through Wordsmith Tools, this paper, with specific reference to relational processes, explores yes/no interrogatives in order to establish how MPs encode in their questions issues of attitudes, commitments, personalities and ideas of (Prime) Ministers during Ghanaian Minister’s and UK Prime Minister’s Questions. The paper finds that MPs use yes/no interrogatives with relational processes to describe (Prime) Ministers as carriers of certain attributes relating to their positions and responsibilities, while some of the questions are issue- focused. To achieve this, MPs employ two main questioning strategies: person-targeted and idea-targeted pragmatic strategies, thereby raising issues of (Prime) Ministers’ credibility and commitment to duty. The paper has implications for parliamentary questions, party politics and MPs’ and (Prime) Ministers’ duties as representatives of their constituents.
本文通过Wordsmith工具使用议会问题作为数据和语料库辅助的系统功能方法,特别参考关系过程,探索是/否疑问句,以确定议员如何在他们的问题中编码加纳部长和英国首相的态度、承诺、个性和想法等问题。本文发现,国会议员使用带有关系过程的是/否疑问句来描述(首相)作为与其职位和责任相关的某些属性的载体,而一些问题是聚焦于问题的。为了实现这一目标,议员们采用了两种主要的质疑策略:以人为目标和以理念为目标的务实策略,从而提出了(总理)的可信度和对职责的承诺的问题。这篇论文对议会问题、政党政治以及议员和(首相)作为其选民代表的职责都有影响。
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引用次数: 0
Community participation and sustainable forest management in the Twifo-Hemang-Lower Denkyira District Twifo-Hemang-Lower Denkyira地区的社区参与和可持续森林管理
Pub Date : 2022-03-24 DOI: 10.47963/joss.v7i1.587
M. A. Aning-Agyei, P. G. Aning-Agyei, S. Kendie, E. Y. Tenkorang
Community participation is central to the sustainable management of forest reserves. However, forest reserves in the Twifo-Hemang-Lower Denkyira District are disturbed by rural people even under collaborative forest management, which threatens forest sustainability. The study analysed the socio-economic importance of the reserves to the forest fringe communities, participation levels of the communities in reserve protection, and challenges stakeholders face in ensuring sustainable forest management (SFM). The study adopted a descriptive study design to assess community participation in SFM. Both simple random sampling and purposive sampling techniques were used to select the sample for the study. Questionnaire, interview schedule and focus group discussion guide were employed for the primary data collection. The main findings of the study were that forest fringe communities enjoyed some benefits from the forest but this was not enough. Their participation in SFM was only by upholding the forest by-laws. However, a major challenge was the farm raiding by elephants from the forest reserve. Community participation in SFM was at the 'lowest levels. Some of the challenges encountered by stakeholders in SFM were non-cooperation of community members and access restriction to forest resources. The study recommends that government should not only legally recognise forest ownership rights but also build the capacity of communities to allow higher community participation levels in SFM.
社区参与对森林保护区的可持续管理至关重要。然而,即使在森林协同经营的情况下,特福-赫曼-下登基拉地区的森林保护区也受到农村人口的干扰,这对森林的可持续性构成了威胁。该研究分析了保护区对森林边缘社区的社会经济重要性,社区对保护区保护的参与程度,以及利益相关者在确保可持续森林管理(SFM)方面面临的挑战。本研究采用描述性研究设计来评估社区参与SFM。采用简单随机抽样和有目的抽样两种方法来选择研究样本。主要数据收集采用问卷调查、访谈计划和焦点小组讨论指南。这项研究的主要发现是,森林边缘社区从森林中获得了一些好处,但这还不够。他们参与森林管理的唯一条件是遵守森林章程。然而,一个主要的挑战是来自森林保护区的大象袭击农场。社区对森林管理的参与处于“最低水平”。森林资源管理的利益相关者遇到的一些挑战是社区成员的不合作和获得森林资源的限制。该研究建议,政府不仅应该在法律上承认森林所有权,而且还应该建设社区的能力,以提高社区对森林管理的参与程度。
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引用次数: 0
Gradation of stakeholder participation in water resources management in the Densu Basin in Ghana 加纳Densu盆地水资源管理中利益相关者参与的分级
Pub Date : 2020-06-01 DOI: 10.47963/joss.v9i1.323
N. Anokye
The literature shows that degrading water resources is partly due to the lack of stakeholder participation in its management. It also underscores that intensive stakeholder participation is vital for democracy, good governance, and sustainable development in water resources management. However, the gradation of stakeholder participation in water resources management has not been widely studied. I applied the extended ladder of participation in water resource management in the Densu Basin in Ghana. I collected data through 123 interviews and 26 focus group discussions in addition to an examination of policy and legal documents on water resource management. My findings show that the activities that affect the lives of the communities influence the intensity of their participation in the Densu Basin. I therefore recommend that for local people to manage their water resources sustainably and intensively, government and non-governmental agencies must link management activities with local livelihoods and create awareness of the importance of the ecosystem to community sustenance. My findings again show that inducing communities through economic incentives is only appropriate for short term water resource management needs as such incentives cannot be sustained. However, an approach that stimulates communities to participate through their own initiatives after being helped to identify their needs is likely to lead to intensive and sustainable participation in water resource management.
文献表明,水资源退化的部分原因是利益相关者缺乏对水资源管理的参与。报告还强调,利益攸关方的密切参与对水资源管理中的民主、善治和可持续发展至关重要。然而,水资源管理中利益相关者参与的分级研究尚未得到广泛的研究。我在加纳Densu盆地应用了参与水资源管理的扩展阶梯。我通过123次访谈和26次焦点小组讨论收集数据,并查阅了水资源管理方面的政策和法律文件。我的研究结果表明,影响社区生活的活动影响了他们参与Densu盆地的强度。因此,我建议,为了使当地人民可持续和集中地管理其水资源,政府和非政府机构必须将管理活动与当地生计联系起来,并使人们认识到生态系统对社区维持的重要性。我的研究结果再次表明,通过经济激励措施吸引社区只适合短期水资源管理需要,因为这种激励措施无法持续。但是,在帮助社区确定其需要后,鼓励社区通过自己的主动行动参与的办法很可能导致密集和可持续地参与水资源管理。
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引用次数: 0
Factors influencing household energy choices in the Kumasi Metropolitan area of Ghana 加纳库马西大都市区影响家庭能源选择的因素
Pub Date : 2020-06-01 DOI: 10.47963/joss.v9i1.319
Emmanuel Adjei-Danso, E. Y. Tenkorang, P. Osei-Kufuor
Reforms in the energy sector are expected to bring about essential efciency gains, which could result in energy diversifcation and welfare improvements among households. However, there are other unintended social and environmental consequences associated with the process. One signifcant social concern is the likely impact on how low-income families access new energy. The study used a cross-sectional design to undertake a comparative analysis of domestic energy choices. Data was collected from 405 households’ decision makers. An interview schedule and a guide were used for the data collection. The results showed that modern fuels are by far the most predominant source of energy for high and medium class residential households in Kumasi. However, residents in low-class areas preferred to use biomass fuel as their primary energy choice. Contextual variations revealed that general factors such as afordability and accessibility of energy source were exogenous determinants of energy choice. The fndings of the study also lend support to the energy ladder hypothesis that household income is a signifcant determinant of household energy choice. Further, social and demographic factors are critical determinants of cooking fuel type in residential zones. The study recommends the promotion of modern fuels through developing dependable energy distribution systems, and public education campaigns by the Energy Commission of Ghana.
预计能源部门的改革将带来基本的效率提高,从而可能导致能源多样化和家庭福利的改善。然而,与此过程相关的还有其他意想不到的社会和环境后果。一个重要的社会问题是低收入家庭如何获得新能源可能受到的影响。本研究采用横断面设计对国内能源选择进行比较分析。数据收集自405户家庭的决策者。数据收集采用访谈时间表和指南。结果表明,到目前为止,现代燃料是库马西中高阶层家庭最主要的能源来源。然而,低收入地区的居民更倾向于使用生物质燃料作为他们的主要能源选择。环境差异表明,能源的可负担性和可及性等一般因素是能源选择的外生决定因素。研究结果也支持了能源阶梯假说,即家庭收入是家庭能源选择的重要决定因素。此外,社会和人口因素是居住区烹饪燃料类型的关键决定因素。该研究建议通过发展可靠的能源分配系统和加纳能源委员会开展的公众教育运动来推广现代燃料。
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引用次数: 0
Informal operators in waste management in Accra, Ghana: From neglect to recognition? 加纳阿克拉废物管理中的非正式经营者:从被忽视到被认可?
Pub Date : 2020-06-01 DOI: 10.47963/joss.v9i1.322
Owusu Boampong, Akua O. Britwum, Angela D. Akorsu
Informal waste collectors play an essentialrole in urban solid waste management; however,in many developing countries, they are neglectedin the waste management policy framework. Thispaper explored the policy regime of informal waste operators in waste management in Accra, Ghana.Drawing on qualitative data from in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with informal waste collectors, private waste companies and officials of Accra Metropolitan Assembly, the paper shows that formal waste contractors with concession rights underserve low-class areas due to operational difficulties. The informal waste collectors fill this gap by providing services to these underserved communities though they have no legal entitlement to the concessions. The formal waste contractors and the municipal authorities recognize this gap filling role of informal waste collectors in waste management in Accra yet fail to provide the official recognition to legitimise their participation in solid waste management. The lack of official recognition, even in formal policy documents, undermines the development of informal waste management services as a viable employment option. It also denies a substantial section of the residents in poorer neighbourhoods in the national capital access to affordable and efficient waste management services.
非正规废物收集者在城市固体废物管理中发挥着至关重要的作用;然而,在许多发展中国家,它们在废物管理政策框架中被忽视了。本文探讨了加纳阿克拉的非正式废物经营者在废物管理中的政策制度。通过对非正式废物收集商、私营废物公司和阿克拉市议会官员的深度访谈和焦点小组讨论得出的定性数据,本文表明,由于运营困难,拥有特许经营权的正式废物承包商未能为底层地区提供足够的服务。非正式的废物收集者填补了这一空白,他们为这些服务不足的社区提供服务,尽管他们没有合法权利获得特许权。正式的废物承包商和市政当局认识到非正式废物收集者在阿克拉废物管理中的填补空白的作用,但未能提供官方承认,使他们参与固体废物管理合法化。即使在正式的政策文件中也缺乏官方承认,这破坏了非正式废物管理服务作为一种可行的就业选择的发展。它还使首都较贫穷社区的相当一部分居民无法获得负担得起的有效废物管理服务。
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引用次数: 2
Unpacking Africa as a dynamic continent: Insights from contemporary development issues in Ghana 打开非洲作为一个充满活力的大陆:从加纳当代发展问题的见解
Pub Date : 2020-06-01 DOI: 10.47963/joss.v9i1.318
M. Oteng-Ababio
Since the last formal vestiges of colonial rule disappeared in 1994, the democratically elected governments on the African continent have been experimenting with developmental strategies and policies. These experiments come at the backdrop that Africa’s output per head is notoriously among the lowest in the world and has, on the average, expanded slowly and haltingly since 1960, albeit, with some critical changes, and variations over place, space and time. The structural adjustment programme (SAP) in the 1980s, for example, marked a watershed: a fundamental shift from administrative to market means of resource allocation. This opinion piece, appearing in this Special Issue of the Oguaa Journal of Social Sciences on the theme “Developmental issues in contemporary Ghana”, provides an overview of Africa’s development trajectories as presented by the collection of articles, using Ghana as a test-tube.
自从殖民统治最后的正式残余在1994年消失以来,非洲大陆上民主选举产生的政府一直在试验发展战略和政策。这些试验的背景是,非洲的人均产出是世界上最低的,自1960年以来,平均而言,非洲的增长缓慢而停滞,尽管在地方、空间和时间上发生了一些重大变化。例如,1980年代的结构调整方案标志着一个分水岭:资源分配手段从行政手段向市场手段的根本转变。这篇发表于《奥瓜社会科学杂志》特刊的评论文章以“当代加纳的发展问题”为主题,以加纳为实验对象,概述了非洲的发展轨迹。
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引用次数: 0
Does labour matter in reforms? Indications from Ghana’s environmental sanitation policy 劳工在改革中重要吗?加纳环境卫生政策的启示
Pub Date : 2020-06-01 DOI: 10.47963/joss.v9i1.321
A. D. Akorsu, A. Britwum, Owusu Boampong
Recent policy debates point to public service privatisation as a solution to the problems of state indebtedness, non-performance, and inefciency of the public sector. This privatisation agenda has raised concerns about the implications for jobs and working conditions. In developing countries like Ghana, where markets are weak or exhibit signs of failure, state policy becomes a vital avenue for securing decent working conditions for workers. Using an appraisal of Ghana’s Environmental Sanitation Policy and through the lens of institutional theory, the paper argues that the extent to which employment rights are framed, even at the policy stage, signals how labour rights will be impacted within privatised employment spaces. The analysis shows that the environmental sanitation policy ignores the interests of labour. The paper, therefore, recommends the need for inputs of labour market institutions such as trade unions at the policy stage. This is because trade unions remain the most credible source of response to the unrestrained exploitative tendencies of capital at the expense of labour.
最近的政策辩论指出,公共服务私有化是解决国家负债、不履行义务和公共部门效率低下等问题的一种方法。这一私有化议程引发了人们对就业和工作条件影响的担忧。在加纳等市场疲软或表现出失败迹象的发展中国家,国家政策成为确保工人体面工作条件的重要途径。通过对加纳环境卫生政策的评估,并通过制度理论的视角,本文认为,即使在政策阶段,就业权利的框架程度也表明,在私有化的就业空间中,劳工权利将如何受到影响。分析表明,环境卫生政策忽视了劳动者的利益。因此,该文件建议在政策阶段需要工会等劳动力市场机构的投入。这是因为工会仍然是应对资本以牺牲劳动力为代价的无限制剥削倾向的最可靠来源。
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引用次数: 0
Social capital: The missing link in Ghana’s development 社会资本:加纳发展的缺失环节
Pub Date : 2020-06-01 DOI: 10.47963/joss.v9i1.324
Frederick Koomson, F. Enu-kwesi
Development practitioners in recent times have recognised that the general factors of production determine only partially the process of economic growth because they overlook the way in which economic actors interact and organise themselves to generate economic growth. In 2006, the World Bank publication cited developing countries as having the least amount of intangible capital compared to the developed nations. However, among the components of intangible capital, social capital has attracted considerable attention among social scientists in general and development economists in particular because there is growing evidence that social capital can have impacts on development outcomes. Using primarily desk studies, the paper examines current literature on social capital and how they provide some answers to the missing link in Ghana’s development. We conclude that while micro-level social capital is important and predominates in Ghana’s development, its success largely depends on macro-level social capital.This implies that an enabling socio-economic environment is very vital for all sectors to function properly. In essence, social capital – like natural, physical and human capital – has limited value if it is not combined with other forms of capital, because social capital makes the other types of capital and their productive combination more efficient.
近年来,发展实践者已经认识到,一般生产要素只是部分地决定了经济增长的过程,因为他们忽视了经济行动者相互作用和组织起来创造经济增长的方式。2006年,世界银行的一份出版物指出,与发达国家相比,发展中国家拥有的无形资本最少。然而,在无形资本的组成部分中,社会资本引起了社会科学家和发展经济学家的相当大的关注,因为越来越多的证据表明社会资本可以对发展结果产生影响。本文主要使用课桌研究,研究了当前关于社会资本的文献,以及它们如何为加纳发展中缺失的环节提供一些答案。我们的结论是,虽然微观层面的社会资本在加纳的发展中很重要并占主导地位,但其成功在很大程度上取决于宏观层面的社会资本。这意味着有利的社会经济环境对所有部门的正常运作至关重要。从本质上讲,社会资本——就像自然资本、物质资本和人力资本一样——如果不与其他形式的资本结合起来,它的价值是有限的,因为社会资本使其他类型的资本及其生产组合更加有效。
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引用次数: 0
Public sector wage reforms in the light of equity principles 根据公平原则进行公共部门工资改革
Pub Date : 2020-06-01 DOI: 10.47963/joss.v9i1.325
Benjamin Yaw Tachie, H. Potakey
Since 1967 seven committees and commissions have been set up to review disparities, distortions and anomalies inherent in the pay policy and wages in the public sector in Ghana. The introduction of the Single Spine Pay Policy in the year 2010 was meant to address these anomalies but has been bedevilled with several unrests at the labour front. This has manifested itself in various ways such as strike actions, protests, petitions, legal actions, and appeals to the Labour Commission and other stakeholders. Several attempts at resolving these agitations since independence have not yielded the expected outcome which would have led to a more stable labour front. The literature on the various pay reforms in Ghana has not addressed the equity issues inherent in them. The aim of this article therefore, is to review the pay policies, in the light of equity principles and propose solutions to minimise the labour unrest associated with public sector wage reforms. The article uses Adams Equity theory of motivation to explain the frequency of labour unrest in Ghana and proposes the application of the tenets of equity theory as a solution. We use documentary analysis to examine the various reforms and propose a theoretical approach to resolve the canker within and among the labour groups. We conclude this article by arguing that the frequent labour unrest within the public service in Ghana is mainly as a result of perceived inequity in the implementations of the public sector wage reforms.
自1967年以来,设立了七个委员会来审查加纳公共部门薪酬政策和工资中固有的不平等、扭曲和不正常现象。2010年引入的单一支柱薪酬政策旨在解决这些异常现象,但却受到劳工方面几起骚乱的困扰。这以各种方式表现出来,如罢工行动、抗议、请愿、法律行动以及向劳工委员会和其他利益攸关方提出呼吁。自独立以来,为解决这些骚动而进行的几次尝试都没有产生预期的结果,而这种结果本可以导致一个更稳定的劳工阵线。关于加纳各种薪酬改革的文献没有解决其中固有的公平问题。因此,本文的目的是根据公平原则审查薪酬政策,并提出解决方案,以尽量减少与公共部门工资改革相关的劳工骚乱。本文运用亚当斯的动机公平理论来解释加纳劳工骚乱的频率,并提出应用公平理论的原则作为解决方案。我们使用文献分析来检查各种改革,并提出一种理论方法来解决劳工团体内部和之间的溃烂。我们认为,加纳公共服务部门频繁发生的劳工骚乱主要是由于公共部门工资改革实施中的不平等造成的。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Oguaa Journal of Social Sciences
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