A great development has been appeared in wireless technologies and location based services and especially with appearance of open android operating system. In outdoor environments, Global Positioning System (GPS) can be used to get the position of smartphone users but GPS receiver is mostly inefficient in indoor environments. In this paper, several positioning systems have been reviewed which are used different technologies such as WLAN networks, cellular networks, infrared and ultrasound based system. Many comparison metrics between positioning techniques have been mentioned such as measurement type, accuracy, coverage, line of sight or non-line of sight, affected by multipath and cost and the best technique can be obtained through these metrics.
{"title":"A review of Indoor Positioning Techniques","authors":"Hiba Hussein Marza","doi":"10.59746/jfes.v1i2.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59746/jfes.v1i2.39","url":null,"abstract":"A great development has been appeared in wireless technologies and location based services and especially with appearance of open android operating system. In outdoor environments, Global Positioning System (GPS) can be used to get the position of smartphone users but GPS receiver is mostly inefficient in indoor environments. In this paper, several positioning systems have been reviewed which are used different technologies such as WLAN networks, cellular networks, infrared and ultrasound based system. Many comparison metrics between positioning techniques have been mentioned such as measurement type, accuracy, coverage, line of sight or non-line of sight, affected by multipath and cost and the best technique can be obtained through these metrics.","PeriodicalId":433821,"journal":{"name":"Jornual of AL-Farabi for Engineering Sciences","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116871440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The propensity of one fluid in a fluid pair to coat the surface voluntarily is known as wettability. Fluid distribution and flow behavior in porous rocks mainly controlled by wettability. Oil recovery by water flooding depend mainly on the wettability of the reservoir rock. Many methods used for wettability measurement. These methods are qualitative and quantitative. Spontaneous imbibition is one of widely used methods for quantitative wettability measurement. Direct measurement and weighing technique are two known methods for spontaneous imbibition measurement. This work presents comparison between the two aforementioned methods. Experimental measurement of spontaneous imbibition achieved on core samples from the same source. Results approved that the samples are water wet but having different tendencies, the imbibition rate related to time have variable trend in addition, ultimate water saturation in weighing method experiment are higher than that in volume measurement method. The weighing method is better than the volume measurement method.
{"title":"Wettability Evaluation by Spontaneous Imbibition Measurement","authors":"Ahmed Jubair Mahmood","doi":"10.59746/jfes.v1i2.49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59746/jfes.v1i2.49","url":null,"abstract":"The propensity of one fluid in a fluid pair to coat the surface voluntarily is known as wettability. Fluid distribution and flow behavior in porous rocks mainly controlled by wettability. Oil recovery by water flooding depend mainly on the wettability of the reservoir rock. Many methods used for wettability measurement. These methods are qualitative and quantitative. Spontaneous imbibition is one of widely used methods for quantitative wettability measurement. Direct measurement and weighing technique are two known methods for spontaneous imbibition measurement. This work presents comparison between the two aforementioned methods. Experimental measurement of spontaneous imbibition achieved on core samples from the same source. Results approved that the samples are water wet but having different tendencies, the imbibition rate related to time have variable trend in addition, ultimate water saturation in weighing method experiment are higher than that in volume measurement method. The weighing method is better than the volume measurement method.","PeriodicalId":433821,"journal":{"name":"Jornual of AL-Farabi for Engineering Sciences","volume":"350 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115284112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The future of 5G New Radio (NR) development has many significant concerns. To overcome the working frequency band issue, a frequency-reconfigurable patch antenna based on pin diodes is presented and investigated. The antenna's compact dimensions (30 mm x 20 mm x 1.6 mm) are due to its construction on FR-4 substrate material with a relative permittivity of = 4.4. A feed port and two switches allow frequency reconfiguration in the antenna module. C-band service is provided by this antenna module's ability to switch between operating at 3.4 GHz, 4.8 GHz, and 7.5 GHz. Simulation of the proposed antenna is accomplished in the CST microwave studio. The presentation and discussion of the radiation pattern and S parameter demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed antenna. Antenna module's size and performance are both precisely appropriate.
5G新无线电(NR)发展的未来有许多重大问题。为了解决工作频带问题，提出并研究了一种基于引脚二极管的频率可重构贴片天线。天线的紧凑尺寸(30mm x 20mm x 1.6 mm)是由于其在相对介电常数为= 4.4的FR-4衬底材料上建造的。一个馈电端口和两个开关允许在天线模块中重新配置频率。c波段服务是由该天线模块在3.4 GHz、4.8 GHz和7.5 GHz之间切换的能力提供的。该天线的仿真是在CST微波工作室完成的。辐射方向图和S参数的给出和讨论证明了该天线的可行性。天线模块的尺寸和性能都非常合适。
{"title":"Reconfigurable Antenna for sub-6 GHz and C band Applications","authors":"Akram Jabbar Abdulhussein","doi":"10.59746/jfes.v1i2.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59746/jfes.v1i2.41","url":null,"abstract":" The future of 5G New Radio (NR) development has many significant concerns. To overcome the working frequency band issue, a frequency-reconfigurable patch antenna based on pin diodes is presented and investigated. The antenna's compact dimensions (30 mm x 20 mm x 1.6 mm) are due to its construction on FR-4 substrate material with a relative permittivity of = 4.4. A feed port and two switches allow frequency reconfiguration in the antenna module. C-band service is provided by this antenna module's ability to switch between operating at 3.4 GHz, 4.8 GHz, and 7.5 GHz. Simulation of the proposed antenna is accomplished in the CST microwave studio. The presentation and discussion of the radiation pattern and S parameter demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed antenna. Antenna module's size and performance are both precisely appropriate.","PeriodicalId":433821,"journal":{"name":"Jornual of AL-Farabi for Engineering Sciences","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123754994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The relative viscosity, specific viscosity and reduced viscosity were enumerated to evaluate the intrinsic viscosity for three types of base lubricating oils 40, 60 and 150 stock that were mixed with olefin copolymer of type Polyvinyl chloride-100XA at four temperature degrees of 40, 60, 80 and 100 oC and using of three different kinds of polymeric additives formulations named as Lubrizol 21001, HiTEC 8722B and HiTEC 340. Mixtures of base lubricating oils with proportions of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 wt% from the Polyvinyl chloride-100XA were blended with 4 and 8 wt% of the three additives. The results were remarkable and showed that the intrinsic viscosity for the base lubricating oils increase by increasing both temperature degrees and the proportions of Polyvinyl chloride-100XA and the additives.
{"title":"Improving the Intrinsic Viscosity for Base Lubricating Oils mixed with OCP by using Some Polymeric Additives","authors":"Tiba N. Jasim, T. Kashmoula","doi":"10.59746/jfes.v1i2.44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59746/jfes.v1i2.44","url":null,"abstract":"The relative viscosity, specific viscosity and reduced viscosity were enumerated to evaluate the intrinsic viscosity for three types of base lubricating oils 40, 60 and 150 stock that were mixed with olefin copolymer of type Polyvinyl chloride-100XA at four temperature degrees of 40, 60, 80 and 100 oC and using of three different kinds of polymeric additives formulations named as Lubrizol 21001, HiTEC 8722B and HiTEC 340. Mixtures of base lubricating oils with proportions of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 wt% from the Polyvinyl chloride-100XA were blended with 4 and 8 wt% of the three additives. The results were remarkable and showed that the intrinsic viscosity for the base lubricating oils increase by increasing both temperature degrees and the proportions of Polyvinyl chloride-100XA and the additives.","PeriodicalId":433821,"journal":{"name":"Jornual of AL-Farabi for Engineering Sciences","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132193656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current Study gives an Electrocoagulation Process for the Reduction of Nitrate Ions from Aqueous Solutions, to Meet the Standards of Water for Drinking Purposes.The effect variables such as pH Init, Current Density (i), Temperature (T), and Time (t) on the Reduction Efficiency was studied in Batch Reactor Using Aluminium Electrodes. The Optimal Reduction Conditions Were Proposed to be at pH = 7, Temperature of 30◦ C, Current Density 2.604 mA.cm-2 and Time of 120 min. The Results Showed that the Reduction Percentages for NO3- were 88.18% by Using Al Electrodes at 120 min. The Electrode Consumption was (0.167) kg/m3 and the Mean Energy Consumed was WSP= (3.5) kWh/m3.
{"title":"Water Purification By Removing Chemical Materials From Water By Electrochemical Methods","authors":"Marwa H. Al-Bayati, S. Najim","doi":"10.59746/jfes.v1i2.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59746/jfes.v1i2.43","url":null,"abstract":"The current Study gives an Electrocoagulation Process for the Reduction of Nitrate Ions from Aqueous Solutions, to Meet the Standards of Water for Drinking Purposes.The effect variables such as pH Init, Current Density (i), Temperature (T), and Time (t) on the Reduction Efficiency was studied in Batch Reactor Using Aluminium Electrodes. The Optimal Reduction Conditions Were Proposed to be at pH = 7, Temperature of 30◦ C, Current Density 2.604 mA.cm-2 and Time of 120 min. The Results Showed that the Reduction Percentages for NO3- were 88.18% by Using Al Electrodes at 120 min. The Electrode Consumption was (0.167) kg/m3 and the Mean Energy Consumed was WSP= (3.5) kWh/m3.","PeriodicalId":433821,"journal":{"name":"Jornual of AL-Farabi for Engineering Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131713691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a gathering of mobile nodes that want to communicate without any preplanned infrastructure and fixed organization of available links. Each node in MANET operates as a router, forwarding information packets for other mobile nodes. There are many routing protocols that possess different performance levels in different scenarios. The main task is to evaluate the existing routing protocols and finding by comparing them the best one. In this article been compared AODV, DSR and DSDV routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) to specify the best operational conditions for each MANETs protocol. I study these three MANETs routing protocols by different simulations in NS-2 simulator. We describe that pause time parameter affect their performance. This performance analysis is measured in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio, Average End-to-End Delay, Normalized Routing Load and Average Throughput.
{"title":"Comparative analysis of routing protocols for wireless area networks and evaluation of the effectiveness","authors":"Zaid Ihsan, Nouri","doi":"10.59746/jfes.v1i2.48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59746/jfes.v1i2.48","url":null,"abstract":"A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a gathering of mobile nodes that want to communicate without any preplanned infrastructure and fixed organization of available links. Each node in MANET operates as a router, forwarding information packets for other mobile nodes. There are many routing protocols that possess different performance levels in different scenarios. The main task is to evaluate the existing routing protocols and finding by comparing them the best one. In this article been compared AODV, DSR and DSDV routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) to specify the best operational conditions for each MANETs protocol. I study these three MANETs routing protocols by different simulations in NS-2 simulator. We describe that pause time parameter affect their performance. This performance analysis is measured in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio, Average End-to-End Delay, Normalized Routing Load and Average Throughput.","PeriodicalId":433821,"journal":{"name":"Jornual of AL-Farabi for Engineering Sciences","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121475388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, the quality of TGRIS River is studied at the intake of Al-Rashediya Water Station using time series analysis. 14 measured parameters of water quality, daily periods for 9 years (2013-2021), monthly mean averaged were studied which are: K+, Na+, T.S.S, T.D.S, SO42-, Cl-, Mg2+, Ca2+, T.H, Alk., E.C, pH, Turb, and Temp., from which WQI was calculated. Investigation of observed WQI time series shows that there is a simple seasonal behavior. The order of model for WQI time series was determined using auto correlation function (ACF) and partial auto correlation function (PACF). ARIMA (0, 1, 1) (autoregressive, integrated, moving average) model was found suitable to generate and forecast the quality of the river water. The fit statistic for, Stationary R-squared, R-squared, RMSE, MAPE, MaxAPE, MAE, MaxAE, and Normalized BIC criteria were used for evaluating the generation and forecasting results. Their MEAN generated for the model fit were 0.250, 0.338, 106.248, 43.119, 217.295, 73.758, 355.509, 9.419, respectively. The model statistics result for Ljung-Box Q (18) (statistics, DF, and Sig.) were 17.156,17, and 0.444 respectively. The above results show that time series modeling is quite capable of water quality forecasting. In this study of the Forecasted WQI model of the becoming 24 months for the years (2022 and 2023) were predicted, shows an increasing trend, which must be considered and managed.
{"title":"Forecasting Monthly Water Quality Index Using a Seasonal ARIMA Model for Tigris River at Al-Rashediya Water Station in Baghdad City","authors":"Muna Yousif, Abdul-Ahad, Shaymaa Nashat Subhee","doi":"10.59746/jfes.v1i2.46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59746/jfes.v1i2.46","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the quality of TGRIS River is studied at the intake of Al-Rashediya Water Station using time series analysis. 14 measured parameters of water quality, daily periods for 9 years (2013-2021), monthly mean averaged were studied which are: K+, Na+, T.S.S, T.D.S, SO42-, Cl-, Mg2+, Ca2+, T.H, Alk., E.C, pH, Turb, and Temp., from which WQI was calculated. Investigation of observed WQI time series shows that there is a simple seasonal behavior. The order of model for WQI time series was determined using auto correlation function (ACF) and partial auto correlation function (PACF). ARIMA (0, 1, 1) (autoregressive, integrated, moving average) model was found suitable to generate and forecast the quality of the river water. The fit statistic for, Stationary R-squared, R-squared, RMSE, MAPE, MaxAPE, MAE, MaxAE, and Normalized BIC criteria were used for evaluating the generation and forecasting results. Their MEAN generated for the model fit were 0.250, 0.338, 106.248, 43.119, 217.295, 73.758, 355.509, 9.419, respectively. The model statistics result for Ljung-Box Q (18) (statistics, DF, and Sig.) were 17.156,17, and 0.444 respectively. \u0000The above results show that time series modeling is quite capable of water quality forecasting. \u0000In this study of the Forecasted WQI model of the becoming 24 months for the years (2022 and 2023) were predicted, shows an increasing trend, which must be considered and managed.","PeriodicalId":433821,"journal":{"name":"Jornual of AL-Farabi for Engineering Sciences","volume":"63 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132947954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The lockdown of the society that caused by COVID 19 couldn’t affect the education sector as there is an alternative option that the students can take their education in online classes. Online classes start been widely used over the Internet as all the education sectors start using the e-learning system. E-learning system use the online tools to stream the contents of the lecture, such contents will increase the traffic load on the networks. The load of the networks will affect the smoothness of the online classes, as there is a possibility that the video frames could be lost or corrupted. Frame distance technique is proposed to reduce the traffic on the networks, by dropping the redundancy slides that are related to the same display time segment. Three different frame distance technique are considered in this study (low, medium and high) to show the amount of bandwidth that are required to stream the video to a group of students. From the outcomes it can be found from that, adaption will be necessary to reduce the video traffic load on the networks that will have a positive effect on the online classes.
{"title":"Streaming the Video Presentation Slides based on Frame Distance Technique","authors":"Hussein Muzahim Aziz","doi":"10.59746/jfes.v1i2.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59746/jfes.v1i2.47","url":null,"abstract":"The lockdown of the society that caused by COVID 19 couldn’t affect the education sector as there is an alternative option that the students can take their education in online classes. Online classes start been widely used over the Internet as all the education sectors start using the e-learning system. E-learning system use the online tools to stream the contents of the lecture, such contents will increase the traffic load on the networks. The load of the networks will affect the smoothness of the online classes, as there is a possibility that the video frames could be lost or corrupted. \u0000Frame distance technique is proposed to reduce the traffic on the networks, by dropping the redundancy slides that are related to the same display time segment. Three different frame distance technique are considered in this study (low, medium and high) to show the amount of bandwidth that are required to stream the video to a group of students. From the outcomes it can be found from that, adaption will be necessary to reduce the video traffic load on the networks that will have a positive effect on the online classes.","PeriodicalId":433821,"journal":{"name":"Jornual of AL-Farabi for Engineering Sciences","volume":"368 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121622135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This academic paper deals with reviewing theoretical studies on MHD peristaltic transport of the Non-Newtonian as well as Newtonian fluids such as Hyperbolic Tangent fluid, Carreau fluid and Bingham fluid. Here, a wide range of study subjects, concepts, points of view, and mathematical models are presented. All of these studies are focused on Non-Newtonian fluids peristaltic activity. Among numerous of the Non- Newtonian fluids flows in physiological system, blood pumping mechanics
{"title":"A Review Report of Present Trend in Peristaltic Activity of MHD NON-Newtonian and Newtonian Fluids","authors":"Safa Riyadh Ridha","doi":"10.59746/jfes.v1i2.40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59746/jfes.v1i2.40","url":null,"abstract":"This academic paper deals with reviewing theoretical studies on MHD peristaltic transport of the Non-Newtonian as well as Newtonian fluids such as Hyperbolic Tangent fluid, Carreau fluid and Bingham fluid. Here, a wide range of study subjects, concepts, points of view, and mathematical models are presented. All of these studies are focused on Non-Newtonian fluids peristaltic activity. Among numerous of the Non- Newtonian fluids flows in physiological system, blood pumping mechanics","PeriodicalId":433821,"journal":{"name":"Jornual of AL-Farabi for Engineering Sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114083386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Iraq is known with the abundance of date palm trees. This can be an important source of food nutrients and agricultural waste for energy. Date pits represent 18-20% of the fruit weight, and are recognized for their oil content and other nutritional components. This agricultural waste can be of great importance as a source of biofuel or useful nutritional compounds. In this paper, date pits of the most common variety of dates in Iraq named Zahdi, was investigated for compositional analysis and biomass value assessment. Samples of dried pits were examined for sugars, wax & chlorophyll and total inorganic ash content. In addition, structural sugars were examined to assess the potential of producing biofuel from date pits. It is found that the total content of structural sugars was 62.16% mainly Arabinose (53.56%). This highly significant percentage of Arabinose in date pits has not been reported in literature till the present. Further analysis of the volatile organic compounds in the pits via pyrolysis, identified a rare sugar in nature named D-allose. It is believed that thermochemical conversion of polysaccharides has led to produce the monosaccharide d-allose sugar. It is the first time ever to identify this rare sugar in Iraqi date pits with a noticeable amount. The importance of this finding comes from the recent medical investigations that proved the inhibiting activity of D-allose on many carcinoma cells in the human body.
{"title":"Compositional Analysis and identification of bio-oil in Iraqi Date Pits","authors":"Khalidah Al-Qayim","doi":"10.59746/jfes.v1i2.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59746/jfes.v1i2.45","url":null,"abstract":"Iraq is known with the abundance of date palm trees. This can be an important source of food nutrients and agricultural waste for energy. Date pits represent 18-20% of the fruit weight, and are recognized for their oil content and other nutritional components. This agricultural waste can be of great importance as a source of biofuel or useful nutritional compounds. In this paper, date pits of the most common variety of dates in Iraq named Zahdi, was investigated for compositional analysis and biomass value assessment. Samples of dried pits were examined for sugars, wax & chlorophyll and total inorganic ash content. In addition, structural sugars were examined to assess the potential of producing biofuel from date pits. It is found that the total content of structural sugars was 62.16% mainly Arabinose (53.56%). This highly significant percentage of Arabinose in date pits has not been reported in literature till the present. Further analysis of the volatile organic compounds in the pits via pyrolysis, identified a rare sugar in nature named D-allose. It is believed that thermochemical conversion of polysaccharides has led to produce the monosaccharide d-allose sugar. It is the first time ever to identify this rare sugar in Iraqi date pits with a noticeable amount. The importance of this finding comes from the recent medical investigations that proved the inhibiting activity of D-allose on many carcinoma cells in the human body.","PeriodicalId":433821,"journal":{"name":"Jornual of AL-Farabi for Engineering Sciences","volume":"1993 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127463004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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