Pub Date : 2022-04-12DOI: 10.1163/22105018-02302018
M. Kuklina, V. Kuklina, N. Krasnoshtanova, D. Kobylkin, E. Rasputina, E. Batotsyrenov, A. Trufanov
Okinskiy district of Buryatia is characterised by the entanglement of heterogeneous economies formed by the global demand for gold and jade, the remnants of Soviet planning systems at the local and municipal levels, traditional Soyot and Buryat land use practices and nascent adventure and recreational tourist flows. In a situation where most of the economic and social relations remain informal and rarely captured in the official documents, landscapes become the visible marker of the changing, intersecting and sometimes conflicting interests of these actors. In this paper, we analyse and juxtapose social and landscape data to examine how these relations are manifested in the land cover, which is a valuable proxy for studies of landscapes in a situation of remoteness. Using interviews and observations, we collected and analysed data on pertinent social, cultural and professional ties and examined local land-use practices and diverse economic interests during fieldwork in August 2020. The analysis of forest change was carried out using statistical and forest plan data, and a land-cover map was created using Landsat satellite images from 2020. The resulting map illustrates preservation of a traditional way of life in the form of seasonal migration infrastructure which includes summer pastures with summer houses and informal roads connecting them with settlements. However, multi-temporal maps with field data validation are needed to support more detailed accounts of change captured in the interviews.
{"title":"Emerging Land Use Challenges and Overlapping Interests in a Remote Community","authors":"M. Kuklina, V. Kuklina, N. Krasnoshtanova, D. Kobylkin, E. Rasputina, E. Batotsyrenov, A. Trufanov","doi":"10.1163/22105018-02302018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22105018-02302018","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Okinskiy district of Buryatia is characterised by the entanglement of heterogeneous economies formed by the global demand for gold and jade, the remnants of Soviet planning systems at the local and municipal levels, traditional Soyot and Buryat land use practices and nascent adventure and recreational tourist flows. In a situation where most of the economic and social relations remain informal and rarely captured in the official documents, landscapes become the visible marker of the changing, intersecting and sometimes conflicting interests of these actors. In this paper, we analyse and juxtapose social and landscape data to examine how these relations are manifested in the land cover, which is a valuable proxy for studies of landscapes in a situation of remoteness. Using interviews and observations, we collected and analysed data on pertinent social, cultural and professional ties and examined local land-use practices and diverse economic interests during fieldwork in August 2020. The analysis of forest change was carried out using statistical and forest plan data, and a land-cover map was created using Landsat satellite images from 2020. The resulting map illustrates preservation of a traditional way of life in the form of seasonal migration infrastructure which includes summer pastures with summer houses and informal roads connecting them with settlements. However, multi-temporal maps with field data validation are needed to support more detailed accounts of change captured in the interviews.","PeriodicalId":43430,"journal":{"name":"Inner Asia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41729261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-12DOI: 10.1163/22105018-02302020
K. Browne, Tumendelger Dashdorj
It has been almost 100 years since the pioneering expedition of the American Museum of Natural History (New York) to the Gobi Desert led by Roy Chapman Andrews in 1922. Therefore, it is an opportune time to examine the contribution Andrews made to palaeontology in central Asia and to consider the question of education and repatriation in the context of the protection of Mongolia’s fossilised heritage. Furthermore, this paper investigates the threat to Mongolia’s rare and exceptional cultural heritage posed by modern-day fossil poachers along with domestic efforts to combat the illicit fossil trade in central Asia. This paper concludes with an examination of the repatriation from the United States of Tarbosaurus bataar and the establishment of the Central Museum of Mongolian Dinosaurs dedicated to repatriated dinosaur specimens.
{"title":"Mongolia’s Fossilised Heritage","authors":"K. Browne, Tumendelger Dashdorj","doi":"10.1163/22105018-02302020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22105018-02302020","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 It has been almost 100 years since the pioneering expedition of the American Museum of Natural History (New York) to the Gobi Desert led by Roy Chapman Andrews in 1922. Therefore, it is an opportune time to examine the contribution Andrews made to palaeontology in central Asia and to consider the question of education and repatriation in the context of the protection of Mongolia’s fossilised heritage. Furthermore, this paper investigates the threat to Mongolia’s rare and exceptional cultural heritage posed by modern-day fossil poachers along with domestic efforts to combat the illicit fossil trade in central Asia. This paper concludes with an examination of the repatriation from the United States of Tarbosaurus bataar and the establishment of the Central Museum of Mongolian Dinosaurs dedicated to repatriated dinosaur specimens.","PeriodicalId":43430,"journal":{"name":"Inner Asia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41850040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-12DOI: 10.1163/22105018-02302016
K. Grigorichev, Iuliia Koreshkova
The article discusses the appearance of complex relations around the production and supply chains of agricultural products of ‘Chinese’ greenhouses in the Siberian suburbs. The authors attempt to analyse the contradictory relations as an assemblage in Manuel DeLanda’s theoretical optics. Attempt to explain how the market manipulation of vegetable identification (‘Chinese’/‘local’) conceals a complex social assemblage with a multiplicity of identities, which, through the practices of translation, allows the assemblage to be combined. The study demonstrates how ‘Chinese’ actors engage material resources, through assemblages with local residents and the authorities, which allows them to acquire a symbolic resource of ‘locality’ and get involved in the situation of ‘local capitalism’. For local residents, this is an opportunity to integrate into capitalist relations through the sale of the symbolic resource ‘locality’. Such a sale of ‘locality’ is only possible if there are stable perceptions of ‘Chineseness’, in the maintenance of which the local population are engaged.
{"title":"‘Chinese’ or ‘Local’?","authors":"K. Grigorichev, Iuliia Koreshkova","doi":"10.1163/22105018-02302016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22105018-02302016","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The article discusses the appearance of complex relations around the production and supply chains of agricultural products of ‘Chinese’ greenhouses in the Siberian suburbs. The authors attempt to analyse the contradictory relations as an assemblage in Manuel DeLanda’s theoretical optics. Attempt to explain how the market manipulation of vegetable identification (‘Chinese’/‘local’) conceals a complex social assemblage with a multiplicity of identities, which, through the practices of translation, allows the assemblage to be combined. The study demonstrates how ‘Chinese’ actors engage material resources, through assemblages with local residents and the authorities, which allows them to acquire a symbolic resource of ‘locality’ and get involved in the situation of ‘local capitalism’. For local residents, this is an opportunity to integrate into capitalist relations through the sale of the symbolic resource ‘locality’. Such a sale of ‘locality’ is only possible if there are stable perceptions of ‘Chineseness’, in the maintenance of which the local population are engaged.","PeriodicalId":43430,"journal":{"name":"Inner Asia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48163707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-12DOI: 10.1163/22105018-02302017
N. Ryzhova
Drawing on decades of participant observation, followed by ethnographic research in Novoalexeevka (the Russian Far East), this article reveals why and how a polyphonic assemblages’ economy (economic relations different from both socialist and capitalist) was substituted by plantation capitalism. The story is that polyphonic assemblage involved almost all the villagers, while in plantation capitalism, almost all of them fell by the wayside. The article demonstrates that a polyphonic assemblages’ economy created on the ruins of socialism have not survived because of the deficit of different types of collaboration (for-translation, for-scaling up, for-protection). The article also explains why even the collective farms (in the article referred to as a socialist assemblage) better satisfied villagers needs than the plantation capitalism that developed.
{"title":"Cows, Moonshine, Pheasants … versus Soybeans","authors":"N. Ryzhova","doi":"10.1163/22105018-02302017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22105018-02302017","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Drawing on decades of participant observation, followed by ethnographic research in Novoalexeevka (the Russian Far East), this article reveals why and how a polyphonic assemblages’ economy (economic relations different from both socialist and capitalist) was substituted by plantation capitalism. The story is that polyphonic assemblage involved almost all the villagers, while in plantation capitalism, almost all of them fell by the wayside. The article demonstrates that a polyphonic assemblages’ economy created on the ruins of socialism have not survived because of the deficit of different types of collaboration (for-translation, for-scaling up, for-protection). The article also explains why even the collective farms (in the article referred to as a socialist assemblage) better satisfied villagers needs than the plantation capitalism that developed.","PeriodicalId":43430,"journal":{"name":"Inner Asia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42636231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-12DOI: 10.1163/22105018-02302024
Michael Ium
{"title":"Building a Religious Empire: Tibetan Buddhism, Bureaucracy, and the Rise of the Gelukpa, written by Brenton Sullivan","authors":"Michael Ium","doi":"10.1163/22105018-02302024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22105018-02302024","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43430,"journal":{"name":"Inner Asia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45491421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-12DOI: 10.1163/22105018-02302022
Karolina Kozioł
{"title":"Lifestyle in Siberia and the Russian North, edited by Joachim Otto Habeck","authors":"Karolina Kozioł","doi":"10.1163/22105018-02302022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22105018-02302022","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43430,"journal":{"name":"Inner Asia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42142994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-18DOI: 10.1163/22105018-12340174
K. Linden
Leaders and hunters in the Mongolian People’s Republic embarked on a campaign to exterminate wolves who were major threats to the livestock economy. Despite common claims of Mongolian reverence of wolves, the campaign was an intensification and professionalisation of earlier wolf-hunting efforts. Wolf extermination was closely tied up in leaders’ promotion and execution of the second collectivisation campaign (1956–60) both as an external promotion to convince herders to join and an internal measure of success. State planners monitored numbers of livestock killed by wolves and how many wolf pelts were harvested. Professional hunters produced books and participated in conferences to discuss and spread methods of hunting which they articulated as Marxist labour necessary to build socialism. After the end of socialism, centralised wolf-hunting campaigns faded away and many herders point to wolf predation as a societal ill.
{"title":"Animals, Socialism, and Continuity","authors":"K. Linden","doi":"10.1163/22105018-12340174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340174","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Leaders and hunters in the Mongolian People’s Republic embarked on a campaign to exterminate wolves who were major threats to the livestock economy. Despite common claims of Mongolian reverence of wolves, the campaign was an intensification and professionalisation of earlier wolf-hunting efforts. Wolf extermination was closely tied up in leaders’ promotion and execution of the second collectivisation campaign (1956–60) both as an external promotion to convince herders to join and an internal measure of success. State planners monitored numbers of livestock killed by wolves and how many wolf pelts were harvested. Professional hunters produced books and participated in conferences to discuss and spread methods of hunting which they articulated as Marxist labour necessary to build socialism. After the end of socialism, centralised wolf-hunting campaigns faded away and many herders point to wolf predation as a societal ill.","PeriodicalId":43430,"journal":{"name":"Inner Asia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42759723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-18DOI: 10.1163/22105018-12340176
Elizabeth Turk
This article explores the concept of nature (baigal) and the natural world (baigal delkhii, baigal khangai) as cosmological ‘beyond’ (tsaana) that derives particular moral authority in contemporary Mongolia. Interlocutors detailed an agentive nature, able to punish and save, cause illness and restore health that has become increasingly fierce (dogshin) and distant from humans in recent years. This trend was narratively linked to increased disorderly and ‘uncultured’ actions that disrupt the balance between humans and the natural environment which Mongolians’ ‘nature culture’ (baigaliin soyol) notionally upholds. Although notions of natural and nomadic culture were transformed during the twentieth century from concepts associated with ‘backwardness’ to celebration of unique forms of heritage, culture’s fundamental tie to nature endured. As ideas of nature uphold social order and ‘stand in’ for order itself, baigal normatively governs, reacting to lack of moral guidance and state-led regulation today.
{"title":"Transgressing National ‘Green Culture’ and the Moral Authority of Nature in ‘Age of the Market’ Mongolia","authors":"Elizabeth Turk","doi":"10.1163/22105018-12340176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340176","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article explores the concept of nature (baigal) and the natural world (baigal delkhii, baigal khangai) as cosmological ‘beyond’ (tsaana) that derives particular moral authority in contemporary Mongolia. Interlocutors detailed an agentive nature, able to punish and save, cause illness and restore health that has become increasingly fierce (dogshin) and distant from humans in recent years. This trend was narratively linked to increased disorderly and ‘uncultured’ actions that disrupt the balance between humans and the natural environment which Mongolians’ ‘nature culture’ (baigaliin soyol) notionally upholds. Although notions of natural and nomadic culture were transformed during the twentieth century from concepts associated with ‘backwardness’ to celebration of unique forms of heritage, culture’s fundamental tie to nature endured. As ideas of nature uphold social order and ‘stand in’ for order itself, baigal normatively governs, reacting to lack of moral guidance and state-led regulation today.","PeriodicalId":43430,"journal":{"name":"Inner Asia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46873820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-18DOI: 10.1163/22105018-12340172
Diqiu Wang
Thirteenth-century sources provide us with striking images of Mongol noblewomen, which are not eclipsed by the heroic conquests and military exploits of their men. While recognising the complexity of gender roles in pre-imperial Mongol society, this article aims to explore the specific responsivities carried by Hö’elün and Börte in the narrative of The Secret History of the Mongols. The selective presentation of their characters and duties further reveals the goal of the Secret Historian to create a ruling model, which includes a brave widowed mother and an intelligent wife for the Qan of the empire.
{"title":"Heroic Mother and Wise Wife","authors":"Diqiu Wang","doi":"10.1163/22105018-12340172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340172","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Thirteenth-century sources provide us with striking images of Mongol noblewomen, which are not eclipsed by the heroic conquests and military exploits of their men. While recognising the complexity of gender roles in pre-imperial Mongol society, this article aims to explore the specific responsivities carried by Hö’elün and Börte in the narrative of The Secret History of the Mongols. The selective presentation of their characters and duties further reveals the goal of the Secret Historian to create a ruling model, which includes a brave widowed mother and an intelligent wife for the Qan of the empire.","PeriodicalId":43430,"journal":{"name":"Inner Asia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42783337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-18DOI: 10.1163/22105018-12340175
Elizabeth Fox
Normative understandings of Mongolian kinship have long revolved around metaphors of flesh, blood and bone, while substantive approaches have focused on materials such as umbilical cords and photographic montages. In this article, I argue that the flesh of livestock has been largely overlooked in considerations of Mongolian kinship, and I address the role of meat in making and maintaining relations, both among people and between people and their homelands (nutag). In pastoral Mongolia, herd animals enact and enable a wide range of social relations. However, in the ethnographic context discussed here – the Ulaanbaatar ger districts – urban-rural migrants live at a distance from animals. No longer herders, their access to nutag meat is reliant on their connections to countryside relatives, rendering meat a kinship-making substance in new ways. This paper begins the work of analysing the shift from animal to meat-based enactments of relatedness in the age of the market.
{"title":"Flesh and Blood","authors":"Elizabeth Fox","doi":"10.1163/22105018-12340175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340175","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Normative understandings of Mongolian kinship have long revolved around metaphors of flesh, blood and bone, while substantive approaches have focused on materials such as umbilical cords and photographic montages. In this article, I argue that the flesh of livestock has been largely overlooked in considerations of Mongolian kinship, and I address the role of meat in making and maintaining relations, both among people and between people and their homelands (nutag). In pastoral Mongolia, herd animals enact and enable a wide range of social relations. However, in the ethnographic context discussed here – the Ulaanbaatar ger districts – urban-rural migrants live at a distance from animals. No longer herders, their access to nutag meat is reliant on their connections to countryside relatives, rendering meat a kinship-making substance in new ways. This paper begins the work of analysing the shift from animal to meat-based enactments of relatedness in the age of the market.","PeriodicalId":43430,"journal":{"name":"Inner Asia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46145921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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