We review the Chasman-Green approach to the design of low-emittance storage rings having dispersion-free straight sections for the placement of undulators. The matching of undulator magnets to the storage ring lattice is considered, as are limitations on the achievable peak current and transverse emittance. A brief discussion of the operation of a free electron laser in a storage ring is presented and some comments are made on the optimization of the storage ring design.
{"title":"Electron Storage Ring Design","authors":"S. Krinsky","doi":"10.1364/feg.1983.ma3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/feg.1983.ma3","url":null,"abstract":"We review the Chasman-Green approach to the design of low-emittance storage rings having dispersion-free straight sections for the placement of undulators. The matching of undulator magnets to the storage ring lattice is considered, as are limitations on the achievable peak current and transverse emittance. A brief discussion of the operation of a free electron laser in a storage ring is presented and some comments are made on the optimization of the storage ring design.","PeriodicalId":436319,"journal":{"name":"Topical Meeting on Free Electron Generation of Extreme Ultraviolet Coherent Radiation","volume":"162 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115530338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The literature on the quantum analysis of FEL is now becoming somewhat conspicuous, despite the fact that classical theories work well in accounting for the available experimental data concerning both amplification and oscillation experiments. No genuine quantum effect has been observed up to now. Therefore, the main goal of such analyses should be to put in evidence observable effects whose interpretation needs quantum mechanics.
{"title":"Quantum FEL Statistics: a Critical Review","authors":"G. Dattoli, M. Richetta, A. Renieri","doi":"10.1364/feg.1983.tua4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/feg.1983.tua4","url":null,"abstract":"The literature on the quantum analysis of FEL is now becoming somewhat conspicuous, despite the fact that classical theories work well in accounting for the available experimental data concerning both amplification and oscillation experiments. No genuine quantum effect has been observed up to now. Therefore, the main goal of such analyses should be to put in evidence observable effects whose interpretation needs quantum mechanics.","PeriodicalId":436319,"journal":{"name":"Topical Meeting on Free Electron Generation of Extreme Ultraviolet Coherent Radiation","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128344329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We analyze the evolution of the 3-D radiation pulse in the free electron laser (FEL) oscillator, where the electron pulses have arbitrary radial and axial profiles. Radiation pulse is decomposed into Gaussian resonator modes. The electron dynamics and the radiation pulse are formulated self-consistently. We present numerical results in the small signal regime and the large signal trapped particle regime. In the trapped particle regime, the radiation field develops sideband, due to the particle oscillation in the ponderomotive potential well. We find that the wavelength of the amplitude modulation is approximately the pulse slippage distance. We will present the effect of the 3-D radiation field on the growth of the carrier frequency and the sideband frequencies.
{"title":"3-D Pulse Propagation in an FEL Oscillator*","authors":"Cha-Mei Tang, P. Sprangle","doi":"10.1364/feg.1983.tua5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/feg.1983.tua5","url":null,"abstract":"We analyze the evolution of the 3-D radiation pulse in the free electron laser (FEL) oscillator, where the electron pulses have arbitrary radial and axial profiles. Radiation pulse is decomposed into Gaussian resonator modes. The electron dynamics and the radiation pulse are formulated self-consistently. We present numerical results in the small signal regime and the large signal trapped particle regime. In the trapped particle regime, the radiation field develops sideband, due to the particle oscillation in the ponderomotive potential well. We find that the wavelength of the amplitude modulation is approximately the pulse slippage distance. We will present the effect of the 3-D radiation field on the growth of the carrier frequency and the sideband frequencies.","PeriodicalId":436319,"journal":{"name":"Topical Meeting on Free Electron Generation of Extreme Ultraviolet Coherent Radiation","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115893226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We consider possibilities for operating a free-electron laser at a wavelength of about 5 Å. At this wavelength a Bragg crystal ring resonator can provide feedback, but since the losses are large, large gain per pass is needed. We calculate the regimes of wiggler wavelength, wiggler length, and electron energy where large gain is obtainable.
{"title":"Free-Electron Lasers in the X-Ray Region: General Design Considerations","authors":"J. Gea-Banacloche, G. Moore, M. Scully","doi":"10.1364/feg.1983.wa7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/feg.1983.wa7","url":null,"abstract":"We consider possibilities for operating a free-electron laser at a wavelength of about 5 Å. At this wavelength a Bragg crystal ring resonator can provide feedback, but since the losses are large, large gain per pass is needed. We calculate the regimes of wiggler wavelength, wiggler length, and electron energy where large gain is obtainable.","PeriodicalId":436319,"journal":{"name":"Topical Meeting on Free Electron Generation of Extreme Ultraviolet Coherent Radiation","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123364202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the past decade techniques for the synthesis of multilayer structures of quality sufficient for application as x-ray and extreme ultraviolet dispersion elements and optic devices have been developed. Physical vapor deposition techniques have been applied to the sequential deposition of layers of two materials having optical constants appropriate for the spectral range of interest. These layers are of extremely high uniformity and vary in thickness from less than 1 nanometer to 100 nanometers. This work follows the early efforts of Dumand and Youtz and the work of Dinkledge and Frericks. More recently Spiller and his coworkers have been working on the development of normal incidence multilayer mirrors specifically for the low energy x-ray domains.
{"title":"Multilayer Mirrors and Optics for Low Energy X-Ray and Extreme Ultraviolet Regimes","authors":"T. Barbee","doi":"10.1364/feg.1983.mb2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/feg.1983.mb2","url":null,"abstract":"During the past decade techniques for the synthesis of multilayer structures of quality sufficient for application as x-ray and extreme ultraviolet dispersion elements and optic devices have been developed. Physical vapor deposition techniques have been applied to the sequential deposition of layers of two materials having optical constants appropriate for the spectral range of interest. These layers are of extremely high uniformity and vary in thickness from less than 1 nanometer to 100 nanometers. This work follows the early efforts of Dumand and Youtz and the work of Dinkledge and Frericks. More recently Spiller and his coworkers have been working on the development of normal incidence multilayer mirrors specifically for the low energy x-ray domains.","PeriodicalId":436319,"journal":{"name":"Topical Meeting on Free Electron Generation of Extreme Ultraviolet Coherent Radiation","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116403796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Transverse Optical Klystron (TOK) has been described by many authors1. An important recent development is the proposal to use the TOK to generate radiation from the vacuum ultra-violet to the soft X-rays2,3. In this paper, a new and improved method to generate intense coherent radiation of short wavelength is described.
{"title":"Generation of Intense Coherent Soft X-rays by Laser Induced and Subsequently Frozen Electron Microbunching","authors":"L. H. Yu","doi":"10.1364/feg.1983.wa6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/feg.1983.wa6","url":null,"abstract":"The Transverse Optical Klystron (TOK) has been described by many authors1. An important recent development is the proposal to use the TOK to generate radiation from the vacuum ultra-violet to the soft X-rays2,3. In this paper, a new and improved method to generate intense coherent radiation of short wavelength is described.","PeriodicalId":436319,"journal":{"name":"Topical Meeting on Free Electron Generation of Extreme Ultraviolet Coherent Radiation","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123780742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Smith-Purcell (S-P) radiation is examined as a possible source of coherent and incoherent radiation in the x-ray regime. The physical mechanism and radiation pattern is quite similar to that of coherent transition radiation(1). However, since in the S-P radiation the electrons are traversing outside the material (above the grating), coherent interference of radiation from a large number of grating rulings and stimulated emission are more likely to be realized.
{"title":"A Three Dimensional Analysis of Spontaneous and Stimulated Smith-Purcell Radiation in the X-ray Regime","authors":"A. Gover, M. Piestrup, R. Pantell","doi":"10.1364/feg.1983.tua6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/feg.1983.tua6","url":null,"abstract":"The Smith-Purcell (S-P) radiation is examined as a possible source of coherent and incoherent radiation in the x-ray regime. The physical mechanism and radiation pattern is quite similar to that of coherent transition radiation(1). However, since in the S-P radiation the electrons are traversing outside the material (above the grating), coherent interference of radiation from a large number of grating rulings and stimulated emission are more likely to be realized.","PeriodicalId":436319,"journal":{"name":"Topical Meeting on Free Electron Generation of Extreme Ultraviolet Coherent Radiation","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132676972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main features of the interaction between free-electrons and electromagnetic (e.m.) waves have been deeply investigated in these last years, in connection with FEL dynamics. The first approach to the FEL topics was done in a quantum mechanical framework. In spite of this fact, the most interesting results were obtained by using completely classical approaches. This kind of treatment, which is well justified for the up to now developed FEL sources (infrared and visible radiation), can become no more adequate in the extreme UV spectral region. In this paper the validity limits of the classical approach are investigated. It is found that low electron energy operation with small wavelength pump wave may require the quantization of the electron motion, while the high energy and long pass undulator devices can be treated satisfactorily with classical mechanics. Furthermore, the coherence properties of the emitted radiation are studied. For these topics too, the classical or quantum character of the electron motion plays a crucial role. In particular, it is possible to show that, when a "semi-classical" treatment can be done (i.e., quantized radiation and classical electron) the e.m. field coherent states preserved by the FEL interaction are the same as the ones of standard lasers, i.e. the harmonic oscillator coherent states (Glauber states). Finally, the very short wavelength FEL operation is investigated by accounting for the limitation coming from electron beam energy spread and emittance. It comes out that recirculated FEL devices (i.e., Storage Ring FELs) may have, under this point of view, performances better than the single pass ones.
{"title":"FEL Generation of Extreme Ultraviolet Coherent Radiation: Theoretical Aspects","authors":"A. Renieri","doi":"10.1364/feg.1983.ma1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/feg.1983.ma1","url":null,"abstract":"The main features of the interaction between free-electrons and electromagnetic (e.m.) waves have been deeply investigated in these last years, in connection with FEL dynamics. The first approach to the FEL topics was done in a quantum mechanical framework. In spite of this fact, the most interesting results were obtained by using completely classical approaches. This kind of treatment, which is well justified for the up to now developed FEL sources (infrared and visible radiation), can become no more adequate in the extreme UV spectral region. In this paper the validity limits of the classical approach are investigated. It is found that low electron energy operation with small wavelength pump wave may require the quantization of the electron motion, while the high energy and long pass undulator devices can be treated satisfactorily with classical mechanics. Furthermore, the coherence properties of the emitted radiation are studied. For these topics too, the classical or quantum character of the electron motion plays a crucial role. In particular, it is possible to show that, when a \"semi-classical\" treatment can be done (i.e., quantized radiation and classical electron) the e.m. field coherent states preserved by the FEL interaction are the same as the ones of standard lasers, i.e. the harmonic oscillator coherent states (Glauber states). Finally, the very short wavelength FEL operation is investigated by accounting for the limitation coming from electron beam energy spread and emittance. It comes out that recirculated FEL devices (i.e., Storage Ring FELs) may have, under this point of view, performances better than the single pass ones.","PeriodicalId":436319,"journal":{"name":"Topical Meeting on Free Electron Generation of Extreme Ultraviolet Coherent Radiation","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115513179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The question of whether quantum mechanical effects may have a significant roll in the free electron laser (FEL) gain mechanism and the oscillation build-up process is considered in detail. In particular, we consider two important aspects: The effect of electron quantum recoil on the FEL gain formula and the effect of quantum field fluctuations on the FEL operation1.
{"title":"Are There Quantum Mechanical Effects on Free Electron Laser Operation in the X-ray Regime?","authors":"A. Gover","doi":"10.1364/feg.1983.wa2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/feg.1983.wa2","url":null,"abstract":"The question of whether quantum mechanical effects may have a significant roll in the free electron laser (FEL) gain mechanism and the oscillation build-up process is considered in detail. In particular, we consider two important aspects: The effect of electron quantum recoil on the FEL gain formula and the effect of quantum field fluctuations on the FEL operation1.","PeriodicalId":436319,"journal":{"name":"Topical Meeting on Free Electron Generation of Extreme Ultraviolet Coherent Radiation","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129260421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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