Pub Date : 2006-01-01DOI: 10.1163/22134522-90000039
L. Schachner
The study of the imperial aristocracy stands on relatively firm ground. We might consider it to consist of two main parts: firstly, a military aristocracy, for whom membership was partially the result of birth, or (more likely) of military ability (well attested in the western empire); and secondly, a senatorial aristocracy, whose membership was based on imperial service and personal wealth. To the large store of written evidence—most notably the correspondence of Symmachus and Libanius—one should add the substantial number of inscriptions that were still being set up in the political centres of the Mediterranean and, to a lesser extent, the archaeological record: artefacts such as jewels, diptychs, statues, objects of daily use, as well as houses and villas. At the same time, the developments of late antique prosopography since the 1960s have led scholarship to a very sophisticated understanding of the political standing and connections of the members of this group. Studies have concentrated on issues such as personal and political connections, particularly in terms of friendship and patronage. More recent is the scholarly interest in questions of senatorial self-representation (especially with respect to epigraphy and statuary). The study of housing, both urban (strongest in the case of Rome) and rural, is especially relevant to late antique archaeology, and a number of questions have been addressed: the Christianisation of this group, the political functions performed in domestic spaces, and the development of a senatorial ‘representational’ architecture, especially in the case of their massive palatial residences in Constantinople. A few problems still remain, however, most fundamentally ones of definition: the position of senators in late antique society was defined not only juridically, but also visually, in the sense that those who
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Pub Date : 2006-01-01DOI: 10.1163/22134522-90000053
S. Roskams
Why are archaeologists ‘missing’ the poor in Late Roman towns? This paper suggest that we are looking in the wrong place, and need to concentrate on areas of the townscape beyond its monumental centre; that we are looking in the wrong way, and need to develop more sophisticated methodologies in both gathering and analysing data; and that we are seeing our evidence through inappropriate interpretative frameworks. To remedy this last state of affairs, we must develop Marxist approaches defining different modes of production, and then apply them to the analysis of townscapes and landscapes, and to artefact and ecofact assemblages.
{"title":"The Urban Poor: Finding the Marginalised","authors":"S. Roskams","doi":"10.1163/22134522-90000053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22134522-90000053","url":null,"abstract":"Why are archaeologists ‘missing’ the poor in Late Roman towns? This paper suggest that we are looking in the wrong place, and need to concentrate on areas of the townscape beyond its monumental centre; that we are looking in the wrong way, and need to develop more sophisticated methodologies in both gathering and analysing data; and that we are seeing our evidence through inappropriate interpretative frameworks. To remedy this last state of affairs, we must develop Marxist approaches defining different modes of production, and then apply them to the analysis of townscapes and landscapes, and to artefact and ecofact assemblages.","PeriodicalId":436574,"journal":{"name":"Social and Political Life in Late Antiquity - Volume 3.1","volume":"19 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123572526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789047407607_018
{"title":"Constructed and Consumed: Everyday Life of the Poor in 4th c. Cappadocia","authors":"","doi":"10.1163/9789047407607_018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047407607_018","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":436574,"journal":{"name":"Social and Political Life in Late Antiquity - Volume 3.1","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131268758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-01-01DOI: 10.1163/22134522-90000056
J. Haldon
This paper summarises some archaeological and documentary evidence for the changes seen in the East Roman empire between the 6th and the 9th c., and suggests how this evidence may be placed within a broader theoretical framework relating to pre-modern social systems. Whilst archaeological evidence for the latter part of the period remains very limited, that for the 6th and 7th c. reveals a marked retreat from urban life towards more defensible sites, and a decline in inter-regional exchange. However, combined with the archaeological data, documentary sources suggest the survival of a society of some complexity, producing sufficient surplus to sustain the military and bureaucratic systems that evolved between the later 7th and 9th c. It is suggested that Byzantine society should not be viewed as a ‘logical’ hierarchical entity reminiscent of modern western administrative structures, but rather as the result of a multiplicity of interacting relationships and social structures.
{"title":"Social Transformation in the 6th–9th c. East","authors":"J. Haldon","doi":"10.1163/22134522-90000056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22134522-90000056","url":null,"abstract":"This paper summarises some archaeological and documentary evidence for the changes seen in the East Roman empire between the 6th and the 9th c., and suggests how this evidence may be placed within a broader theoretical framework relating to pre-modern social systems. Whilst archaeological evidence for the latter part of the period remains very limited, that for the 6th and 7th c. reveals a marked retreat from urban life towards more defensible sites, and a decline in inter-regional exchange. However, combined with the archaeological data, documentary sources suggest the survival of a society of some complexity, producing sufficient surplus to sustain the military and bureaucratic systems that evolved between the later 7th and 9th c. It is suggested that Byzantine society should not be viewed as a ‘logical’ hierarchical entity reminiscent of modern western administrative structures, but rather as the result of a multiplicity of interacting relationships and social structures.","PeriodicalId":436574,"journal":{"name":"Social and Political Life in Late Antiquity - Volume 3.1","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123448192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-01-01DOI: 10.1163/22134522-90000052
W. Mayer
Like those of Basil and the two Gregories, the writings of John Chrysostom provide useful data about poverty that is difficult to recover from the archaeological record. In this article, images of the poor and information about poverty in his writings are grouped into five categories: basic information, voluntary poverty (asceticism), the sight and sound of poverty in the urban setting, individual social response, and self-consciousness about poverty. In a sixth section, the status of the data and how they relate to the models put forward by Patlagean and Brown are considered.
{"title":"Poverty and Society in the World of John Chrysostom","authors":"W. Mayer","doi":"10.1163/22134522-90000052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22134522-90000052","url":null,"abstract":"Like those of Basil and the two Gregories, the writings of John Chrysostom provide useful data about poverty that is difficult to recover from the archaeological record. In this article, images of the poor and information about poverty in his writings are grouped into five categories: basic information, voluntary poverty (asceticism), the sight and sound of poverty in the urban setting, individual social response, and self-consciousness about poverty. In a sixth section, the status of the data and how they relate to the models put forward by Patlagean and Brown are considered.","PeriodicalId":436574,"journal":{"name":"Social and Political Life in Late Antiquity - Volume 3.1","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121762969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-01-01DOI: 10.1163/9789047407607_013
{"title":"Architecture and Power: Churches in Northern Italy from the 4th to the 6th c","authors":"","doi":"10.1163/9789047407607_013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047407607_013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":436574,"journal":{"name":"Social and Political Life in Late Antiquity - Volume 3.1","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127393271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-01-01DOI: 10.1163/22134522-90000041
R. Reece
Coins constitute source material: explicitly, from what is written and portrayed on them or the place and authority in which they were struck, and implicitly, from the portrait style and type. They are also objects of metal, sometimes precious, the use and control of which reflects politics. Around 294, portraiture changed very sharply from individuality to the representation of authority. Reverse types were also now much more limited and concentrated than under the Principate. The change occurred around 274 to 294, when city mints also ceased local production and were either closed or made branches of the one Imperial mint. These are signs of a move towards a heavily centralised money supply, dictated by more strongly emphasised authority. Control of metals, especially gold, followed the same path, though reforms in the mid-4th c. may suggest that silver was let out of state control and ‘privatised’.
{"title":"Coins and Politics in the Late Roman World","authors":"R. Reece","doi":"10.1163/22134522-90000041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22134522-90000041","url":null,"abstract":"Coins constitute source material: explicitly, from what is written and portrayed on them or the place and authority in which they were struck, and implicitly, from the portrait style and type. They are also objects of metal, sometimes precious, the use and control of which reflects politics. Around 294, portraiture changed very sharply from individuality to the representation of authority. Reverse types were also now much more limited and concentrated than under the Principate. The change occurred around 274 to 294, when city mints also ceased local production and were either closed or made branches of the one Imperial mint. These are signs of a move towards a heavily centralised money supply, dictated by more strongly emphasised authority. Control of metals, especially gold, followed the same path, though reforms in the mid-4th c. may suggest that silver was let out of state control and ‘privatised’.","PeriodicalId":436574,"journal":{"name":"Social and Political Life in Late Antiquity - Volume 3.1","volume":"179 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124746939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-01-01DOI: 10.1163/22134522-90000050
S. Ellis
The concept of the “middle class” is a modern invention, but it can be applied in archaeology to identify housing between that of the aristocracy and the lowest level of domestic architecture in a settlement. Applying this concept suggests that late antique craftsmen and professionals aspired to an aristocratic lifestyle by adopting elements of aristocratic architecture. There are indications that the middle classes increased their influence in Late Antiquity and that they continued to aspire to an aristocratic lifestyle until the 7th c. A.D.
{"title":"Middle Class Houses in Late Antiquity","authors":"S. Ellis","doi":"10.1163/22134522-90000050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22134522-90000050","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of the “middle class” is a modern invention, but it can be applied in archaeology to identify housing between that of the aristocracy and the lowest level of domestic architecture in a settlement. Applying this concept suggests that late antique craftsmen and professionals aspired to an aristocratic lifestyle by adopting elements of aristocratic architecture. There are indications that the middle classes increased their influence in Late Antiquity and that they continued to aspire to an aristocratic lifestyle until the 7th c. A.D.","PeriodicalId":436574,"journal":{"name":"Social and Political Life in Late Antiquity - Volume 3.1","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126266512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-01-01DOI: 10.1163/22134522-90000038
L. Lavan
{"title":"Political Life in Late Antiquity: A Bibliographic Essay","authors":"L. Lavan","doi":"10.1163/22134522-90000038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22134522-90000038","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":436574,"journal":{"name":"Social and Political Life in Late Antiquity - Volume 3.1","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121936605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2006-01-01DOI: 10.1163/22134522-90000054
P. V. Ossel
The state of the rural population in Late Antiquity has traditionally-been described by textual scholars as one of crushing impoverishment, with a colonate suffering from social oppression. Archaeologists working in northern Gaul have tended to agree with this picture, on the basis of their field discoveries, yet the views of those textual scholars have now begun to change and recent archaeological work also suggests that new models are needed. A re-evaluation of both methodology and data results in a picture of continued economic and social complexity.
{"title":"Rural Impoverishment in Northern Gaul at the End of Antiquity: the Contribution of Archaeology","authors":"P. V. Ossel","doi":"10.1163/22134522-90000054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22134522-90000054","url":null,"abstract":"The state of the rural population in Late Antiquity has traditionally-been described by textual scholars as one of crushing impoverishment, with a colonate suffering from social oppression. Archaeologists working in northern Gaul have tended to agree with this picture, on the basis of their field discoveries, yet the views of those textual scholars have now begun to change and recent archaeological work also suggests that new models are needed. A re-evaluation of both methodology and data results in a picture of continued economic and social complexity.","PeriodicalId":436574,"journal":{"name":"Social and Political Life in Late Antiquity - Volume 3.1","volume":"23 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114043741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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