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Income inequalities and poverty in Slovakia: Development and changes 斯洛伐克的收入不平等和贫困问题:发展与变化
IF 0.6 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-24 DOI: 10.18778/1231-1952.30.2.12
A. Michálek
Slovakia is a suitable object for the study of income inequalities. The dynamic development of the country in recent years has significantly changed the social situation of its inhabitants. This development made visible the already considerable inequalities of income and wealth at the regional level (rich West and poor East), between the city and the countryside (richer cities and poorer lagging countryside), but also among the considerably wealthy elite and marginalised populations. This contribution has three objectives. The first is to capture the development of income inequality and poverty in Slovakia, the second is to capture the distribution of income at different geographic scales, and the third is to identify low-income regions.
斯洛伐克是研究收入不平等问题的合适对象。斯洛伐克近年来的蓬勃发展极大地改变了居民的社会状况。这种发展使得地区层面(富裕的西部和贫穷的东部)、城市和乡村之间(富裕的城市和贫穷落后的乡村)以及相当富裕的精英阶层和边缘化人群之间本已相当严重的收入和财富不平等现象更加明显。这一贡献有三个目标。首先是了解斯洛伐克收入不平等和贫困的发展情况,其次是了解不同地域范围的收入分配情况,第三是确定低收入地区。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of learning city networks on multi-level urban development and transformation processes 学习型城市网络对多层次城市发展和转型进程的影响
IF 0.6 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-24 DOI: 10.18778/1231-1952.30.2.07
Andrea Jonas, André Mueller
Learning city networks are real-time laboratories related to national and local urban development policies. In order to support learning city networks, the Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial Development (BBSR) together with the Federal Ministry of Housing, Urban Development and Building (BMWSB), the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), the German Marshall Fund of the United States (GMF), the Deutsche Gesellschaft für internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), and partner cities have developed and further enhanced the multi-level D4UC (Dialogues for Urban Change) Method since 2012. This method makes an international exchange on the specificities of urban transformation processes, based on purposeful projects, possible for participating cities. The article discusses methods and lessons learned and is framed within a theoretical background of learning networks.
学习型城市网络是与国家和地方城市发展政策相关的实时实验室。为了支持学习型城市网络,联邦建筑、城市事务和空间发展研究所(BBSR)与联邦住房、城市发展和建设部(BMWSB)、美国住房和城市发展部(HUD)、美国德国马歇尔基金会(GMF)、德国国际合作机构(GIZ)以及合作城市自 2012 年起开发并进一步强化了多层次的 D4UC(城市变革对话)方法。该方法使参与城市能够在有目的的项目基础上就城市转型过程的特殊性进行国际交流。文章以学习网络为理论背景,讨论了相关方法和经验教训。
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引用次数: 0
A global perspective on the value of multi-level analysis as an enabler for achieving SDGs 从全球视角看待多层次分析作为实现可持续发展目标推动力的价值
IF 0.6 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-24 DOI: 10.18778/1231-1952.30.2.03
Robert Ndugwa, Dennis Mwaniki
With more than 50 percent of the global population living in urban areas, Sustainable Development Goal 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities provides a critical lever for us to realise all other SDG goals. This calls for tracking urban spatial development at various levels to facilitate a better understanding of the role, amongst others, of remote sensing data in the field of sustainable urban development and services of general interest to be provided by authorities. Urbanisation patterns may thus be retraced, but also modelled in order to provide evidence for decision makers. Without proper planning, the spatial impacts of urbanisation and subsequent spatial inequalities are more likely to affect disadvantaged groups most. In the last decade of the SDGs, the use of data to inform policies is very critical, and such evidence needs to be anchored in multi-level analysis and ensure vertical and horizontal applications at all governance levels.
全球 50% 以上的人口居住在城市地区,可持续发展目标 11 "可持续城市和社区 "为我们实现所有其他可持续发展目标提供了关键杠杆。这就需要在各个层面跟踪城市空间发展,以便更好地了解遥感数据在城市可持续发展领域的作用,以及相关部门提供的具有普遍意义的服务。因此,不仅可以追溯城市化模式,还可以建立模型,为决策者提供证据。如果没有适当的规划,城市化的空间影响和随之而来的空间不平等更有可能对弱势群体造成最严重的影响。在可持续发展目标的最后十年中,利用数据为政策提供信息非常重要,这些证据需要以多层次分析为基础,并确保在所有治理层面的纵向和横向应用。
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引用次数: 0
Factors affecting tourist visits to archaeological sites in Turkey: A spatial regression analysis 影响游客参观土耳其考古遗址的因素:空间回归分析
IF 0.6 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-24 DOI: 10.18778/1231-1952.30.2.09
Özge Deniz Toköz, A. Avci, Hasan Engin Duran
The study focuses on the factors affecting visitor numbers to archaeological sites in Turkey. The aim is to investigate the geographical, economic, and demographic factors underlying the visits using statistical methods. The study covers 117 archaeological site visits in 2019. Although existing studies analysed determinants of visits to archaeological sites of different countries, the evidence needs to be explicit. Methodologically, the classical linear regression models are primarily applied in the literature, whereas the incorporation of spatial dependence has largely been ignored. This study contributes to the literature by employing demographic, economic, and climatic factors and spatial relations between the sites. Therefore, spatial autoregressive (SAR) and spatial error models (SEM) are developed in the analyses. According to the results, WHL inscription and distance to the city centre are crucial factors for the visits. In addition, the study emphasizes the significant negative effect of spatial dependence on visitor numbers of archaeological sites near each other.
研究重点是影响土耳其考古遗址游客数量的因素。目的是利用统计方法调查影响参观人数的地理、经济和人口因素。研究涵盖了 2019 年 117 个考古遗址的参观情况。尽管现有研究分析了不同国家考古遗址访问量的决定因素,但需要明确的证据。在方法论上,文献中主要采用经典的线性回归模型,而空间依赖性在很大程度上被忽视。本研究通过采用人口、经济和气候因素以及遗址之间的空间关系,为文献做出了贡献。因此,在分析中建立了空间自回归模型(SAR)和空间误差模型(SEM)。结果表明,世界遗产申遗和与市中心的距离是影响参观的关键因素。此外,研究还强调了空间依赖性对相邻考古遗址游客数量的显著负面影响。
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引用次数: 0
Multi-level territorial monitoring in Switzerland as a case in federalism and multi-polarity 瑞士的多级领土监测--联邦制和多极化的一个案例
IF 0.6 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-24 DOI: 10.18778/1231-1952.30.2.05
Marco Kellenberger
In Switzerland, spatial observation and monitoring systems are very much defined and implemented at the various levels of government. This takes into account the fact that the main challenges and issues differ greatly not only between the levels of government but also regionally. The exchange processes between the levels of state, as well as between the various actors at the respective levels are interwoven in many ways, and this peculiarity of political work is also reflected in the implementation of indicator and monitoring systems. Although strongly characterised by the subsidiarity and independence of the respective level, a lively and well-balanced interaction between different actors can also be observed. This results in a somewhat multipolar picture within and across the levels, with a strong focus on cross-sectoral coordination and cooperation. The main goal of this article is to give an insight into and to deepen the understanding of the main characteristics and processes, dependencies, and interactions in the context of territorial monitoring in Switzerland. The insight is provided from a rather subjective perspective and based on a long-time institutional experience in this field.
在瑞士,空间观测和监测系统主要由各级政府确定和实施。这就考虑到了一个事实,即主要挑战和问题不仅在各级政府之间存在很大差异,而且在地区之间也存在很大差异。各级政府之间以及各级政府的不同参与者之间的交流过程以多种方式交织在一起,这种政治工作的特殊性也反映在指标和监测系统的实施过程中。尽管各层级的辅助性和独立性特征明显,但也可以看到不同参与者之间活跃而平衡的互动。这就在一定程度上形成了各层次内部和之间的多极化局面,重点是跨部门协调与合作。本文的主要目的是深入探讨和加深理解瑞士国土监测的主要特点和过程、依赖关系和互动关系。本文从主观角度出发,以该领域的长期机构经验为基础,提出了自己的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Modelling the regional variability of building activity in Greece: A multi-level multinomial logistic regression approach 希腊建筑活动的区域可变性建模:多层次多项逻辑回归方法
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.18778/1231-1952.30.1.01
Dimitrios Kantianis, Serafeim Polyzos, Dimitrios Tsiotas
This paper studies spatial differences in the fluctuations of the regional building activity in Greece, by developing a composite multinomial logistic regression model expressing the building activity’s variability in socio-economic terms. The results show that the variability in building activity is related to economies of scale within the construction sector, along with the performance of two other Greek economy’s major sectors, i.e., tourism and tertiary, in highlighting a dependence on the prime drivers of economic and regional development. Overall, the research provides empirical evidence on the macro-economic modelling of spatial demand, based on a proxy incorporating all aspects of human activity in the geographical space.
本文研究了希腊区域建筑活动波动的空间差异,通过开发一个复合多项逻辑回归模型来表达建筑活动在社会经济方面的可变性。结果表明,建筑活动的可变性与建筑部门的规模经济有关,同时与希腊经济的另外两个主要部门的表现有关,即旅游业和第三产业,突出了对经济和区域发展的主要驱动因素的依赖。总体而言,该研究为空间需求的宏观经济模型提供了经验证据,该模型基于包含地理空间中人类活动的所有方面的代理。
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引用次数: 0
Centres and peripheries reflected in distribution patterns of EU cohesion policy funding on the example of the Baranya county, Hungary 欧盟凝聚力政策资金分配模式中的中心和边缘——以匈牙利巴拉尼亚县为例
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.18778/1231-1952.30.1.02
Zoltán Pámer
The cohesion policy of the EU plays a key role in overcoming territorial disparities. The emergence of the policy was accompanied by a debate on a place-neutral or place-based approach. In the case of Hungary, the first fully implemented programming period of 2007−2013 and the still ongoing 2014−2020 period provide a good tool for comparison. Overall, the aim of the research was to provide an in-depth look into the change of territorial patterns of EU-funding distribution, on the example of the Baranya county, being part of one of the 20 least developed regions of the EU; how territorial patterns of EU funding changed between the two periods and how the county-level territorial objectives were reflected in the funding patters. The introduction of the paper provides a review of relevant literature on EU cohesion policy, then the selection of the Baranya county as a case study is justified. The following part shortly presents the framework of regional development in Hungary, highlighting the relevant documents for the case study county. The presentation of the empirical study is divided into two parts. First, as quali­tative research perceptions of the stakeholders of the key levels of regional policy decision-making are analysed. Second, a quantitative analysis of the territorial funding patterns of the two periods is presented, in light of established territorial objectives.
欧盟的凝聚力政策在克服地域差异方面发挥了关键作用。该政策的出台伴随着一场关于地点中立或基于地点的方法的辩论。就匈牙利而言,2007 - 2013年第一个全面实施的方案拟订期和仍在进行的2014 - 2020年期间提供了一个很好的比较工具。总的来说,这项研究的目的是深入研究欧盟资金分配的地域格局变化,以欧盟20个最不发达地区之一的巴拉尼亚县为例;欧盟资助的地域模式如何在两个时期之间发生变化,以及县级地域目标如何反映在资助模式中。本文首先对欧盟凝聚力政策的相关文献进行了回顾,然后选择巴兰亚县作为案例研究是合理的。以下部分简要介绍了匈牙利的区域发展框架,重点介绍了案例研究县的相关文件。本文的实证研究分为两部分。首先,作为定性研究,分析了区域政策决策关键层面的利益相关者的看法。第二,根据既定的领土目标,对这两个时期的领土筹资模式进行了定量分析。
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引用次数: 0
The mapping of forms of spatial planning: An instrument-oriented tool for the international comparison of spatial planning activities 空间规划形式的映射:空间规划活动国际比较的工具导向工具
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.18778/1231-1952.30.1.03
Géza Salamin
The paper makes a contribution to European comparative research on spatial planning by providing an instrument-oriented methodological framework for forms of planning. Based on the main efforts to date, the main challenges of comparative research on European planning systems are identified. The author’s comparative four-dimensional model and related visual tool can be used to bridge different national languages of planning and compare various spatial forms of planning. With the tool, the nature of planning regimes, specific plans, and other planning-related activities can be identified in accordance with the dimensions of Motivation, Geography, Scope, and Instruments, making them comparable.
本文通过为规划形式提供一个工具导向的方法框架,为欧洲空间规划的比较研究做出了贡献。根据迄今为止的主要努力,确定了欧洲规划系统比较研究的主要挑战。作者的比较四维模型和相关的可视化工具可以用来桥梁不同国家的规划语言,比较不同的规划空间形式。利用该工具,可以根据动机、地理、范围和工具的维度确定规划制度、具体计划和其他与规划有关的活动的性质,使它们具有可比性。
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引用次数: 0
The future of wellness tourism after COVID-19 COVID-19后健康旅游的未来
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.18778/1231-1952.30.1.05
Andressa Piatto Clerici, Catriona Murphy, Nuno Miguel Castanheira Almeida
The tourism industry has drastically reduced its activity since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, yet there has been an undeniable rise in demand for wellness tourism which now represents one of the fastest growing tourism market segments globally. Admittedly, while the COVID-19 pandemic has delayed the forecasted wellness tourism growth trend, this segment has stood fast at USD 4.4 trillion in 2020 while global GDP declined by 2.8%. In 2020, the wellness tourism market was valued at USD 436 billion, projected to rise to USD 816 billion by 2022 with more than 1.2 billion trips being realised and anticipated growth estimated at USD 1.0 trillion by 2025. The main purpose of this study is to ascertain the future trends of wellness tourism, and to investigate the extent to which this upward growth trend can be sustainably maintained post COVID-19. A qualitative structured interview methodology was employed using email interviews comprising six pre-determined questions with three expert wellness tourism participants. These expert interviewees were based in countries that were severely impacted by COVID-19, namely Brazil, USA, and Portugal. NVivo Nudist was used to analyse the primary data collected. In validating previous research findings, this study indicates that despite the challenges facing the sector, upward growth patterns in wellness tourism will continue beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.
自2019冠状病毒病大流行出现以来,旅游业的活动大幅减少,但对健康旅游的需求却出现了不可否认的增长,健康旅游目前是全球增长最快的旅游细分市场之一。诚然,尽管2019冠状病毒病大流行推迟了预测的健康旅游增长趋势,但在2020年全球GDP下降2.8%的同时,这一领域仍保持在4.4万亿美元的快速增长。2020年,健康旅游市场的价值为4360亿美元,预计到2022年将增至8160亿美元,实现超过12亿次旅行,预计到2025年将增长1万亿美元。本研究的主要目的是确定健康旅游的未来趋势,并调查这种上升趋势在多大程度上可以在COVID-19后持续保持。采用定性结构化访谈方法,采用电子邮件访谈,包括六个预先确定的问题,与三名健康旅游专家参与者。这些专家受访者来自受COVID-19影响严重的国家,即巴西、美国和葡萄牙。使用NVivo Nudist软件分析收集到的原始数据。为了验证之前的研究结果,本研究表明,尽管该行业面临挑战,但在2019冠状病毒病大流行之后,健康旅游的上升模式将继续下去。
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引用次数: 0
The role of social movements in transformative tourism development: Lessons learnt from a case study in Lithuania 社会运动在变革性旅游发展中的作用:立陶宛案例研究的经验教训
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.18778/1231-1952.30.1.04
Dalia Vidickiene, Zivile Gedminaite-Raudone, Vitalija Simonaityte, Rita Lankauskiene
This study responds to the need for theoretical and empirical research on value co-creation in tourism. Previous research has mainly adopted a perspective centred on the collaborative relationships between tourists and service providers, i.e., has been focused on a relationship called ‘one-to-one’. According to the emerging trends in value co-creation theory, value co-creation activities, however, are more complex. The research provides empirical support to previous general conceptualisations of value-creation and brings some new insights to value co-creation involving multiple actors from a perspective called ‘many-to-one’. The research is focused on the role of the most active stakeholder in transformative tourism that represents ‘many’ actors as a whole – the social movement. The paper describes a case on a transformative tourism initiative that is a particularly rich setting for expanding value-cocreation in a network of activities’ research for a more complex understanding of value networks in the tourism sector. The case study examines extensively the role of social movements in transformative tourism development through value co-creation. The findings develop a more complex value co-creation mechanism and enable the conceptualisation of the value co-creation process by identifying drivers of collaboration, value co-creation activities, and outcomes. The research demonstrates the potential of social movements for the development of transformative tourism in value co-creation and has implications for both entrepreneurs and policymakers seeking to develop transformative tourism and leaders of a new generation of social movements aiming to transform society.
本研究回应了旅游业价值共同创造理论与实证研究的需求。以前的研究主要采用了一种以游客和服务提供者之间的合作关系为中心的观点,即关注一种称为“一对一”的关系。然而,根据价值共同创造理论的新兴趋势,价值共同创造活动更加复杂。该研究为以往价值创造的一般概念提供了实证支持,并从“多对一”的角度为涉及多个参与者的价值共同创造带来了一些新的见解。这项研究的重点是在转型旅游中最活跃的利益相关者的角色,它代表了“许多”行动者作为一个整体-社会运动。本文描述了一个关于变革性旅游倡议的案例,这是一个特别丰富的背景,可以在活动网络研究中扩大价值共同创造,从而更复杂地理解旅游部门的价值网络。本案例研究通过价值共同创造,广泛探讨了社会运动在变革性旅游发展中的作用。研究结果发展了一种更复杂的价值共同创造机制,并通过确定协作、价值共同创造活动和结果的驱动因素,使价值共同创造过程概念化。该研究证明了社会运动在价值共同创造中发展转型旅游的潜力,并对寻求发展转型旅游的企业家和政策制定者以及旨在变革社会的新一代社会运动的领导者都有启示。
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引用次数: 0
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European Spatial Research and Policy
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