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Enacted or idealistic co-operative values? 制定的还是理想主义的合作价值观?
IF 2.2 Q3 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcom.2024.100248
Co-operatives differ from other forms of business due to their strong values-based nature, but it is nevertheless recognized that there is a significant gap between international co-operative values and the practical management of co-operatives. According to the values base, management naturally requires that co-operatives as organizations have a common sensemaking of co-operative values. With this present research, we create a deep understanding of how the managers of large co-operatives make sense of the values related to the co-operative ideology. As a result of our qualitative empirical research, we present how Finnish managers of large co-operatives understand the values-based nature of co-operatives in two ways – enacted and idealistic – and construct an ideology of co-operatives around four values: equality, financial responsibility, democracy, and regional responsibility. At the co-operative level, the understanding of values is constructed as a shared, incongruous, partially shared, and contradictory sensemakings. The findings reveal that the values-based nature of co-operatives is recognized but that it is tense and fragmented, and we suggest strengthening management training and information to members to strengthen the unique identity of co-operatives.
合作社因其强烈的价值观而不同于其他形式的企业,但人们也认识到,国际合作社价值观与合作社的实际管理之间存在着巨大差距。根据价值观基础,管理自然要求合作社作为组织对合作社价值观有共同的认识。通过本研究,我们深入了解了大型合作社的管理者如何理解与合作社意识形态相关的价值观。作为定性实证研究的结果,我们介绍了芬兰大型合作社的管理者是如何通过两种方式--既定的和理想化的--理解合作社的价值本质,并围绕平等、财务责任、民主和地区责任这四种价值构建合作社意识形态的。在合作社层面,对价值观的理解被构建为一种共享的、不协调的、部分共享的和相互矛盾的意识形态。研究结果表明,合作社以价值观为基础的性质得到了认可,但这一性质是紧张和分散的,我们建议加强管理培训和向成员提供信息,以强化合作社的独特身份。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the impact of accelerator programs on startup success: A focus on corporate collaboration and goal achievement 探索加速器计划对初创企业成功的影响:关注企业合作与目标实现
IF 2.2 Q3 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcom.2024.100235

Start-up corporation collaboration is a phenomenon that is becoming more and more noticeable in the marketplace. Start-ups perceive such partnerships as an opportunity to scale up their solutions (products/services), while corporations open up to young companies to explore new business models. Understanding the collaboration goals is vital to secure collaboration benefits for each party. It seems interesting to find out to what extent this type of collaboration is critical to the start-ups, to what extent the corporate collaboration goals are defined, and if they are achieved. Therefore, diffusion of innovation theory and social network theory appear as a capable theoretical lens for analysing how 15 defined goals that start-ups use to guide them through establishing collaboration with corporations and verifying partnerships in the context of the adopted goals. The impact of the start-ups' experience on the perceived significance of the goals and their attainment level was examined. Moreover, a clear difference in the perception of expectations and the level of attainment of the set goals of partnership with corporations depending on the company development phase was highlighted, and it was presented how start-up awareness grows along with start-up development and the approach of start-ups to the studied variables changes.

初创企业与公司的合作是市场上越来越引人注目的一种现象。初创企业将这种合作视为扩大其解决方案(产品/服务)规模的机会,而企业则向年轻公司敞开大门,探索新的商业模式。了解合作目标对于确保各方的合作利益至关重要。我们似乎有兴趣了解,这种类型的合作在多大程度上对初创企业至关重要,企业的合作目标在多大程度上得到了明确,以及这些目标是否得到了实现。因此,创新扩散理论和社会网络理论似乎可以作为一个理论视角,用于分析初创企业如何通过与企业建立合作关系来确定目标,并在所定目标的背景下验证合作关系。研究还考察了初创企业的经验对目标的认知意义及其实现程度的影响。此外,研究还强调了公司发展阶段不同,对与企业建立伙伴关系的预期的认识和实现既定目标的程度也存在明显差异,并介绍了初创企业的认识是如何随着初创企业的发展而增长的,以及初创企业对所研究变量的处理方法是如何变化的。
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引用次数: 0
Organizational structures of agriculture cooperatives in China: Evidence from the green vegetable sector 中国农业合作社的组织结构:来自绿色蔬菜行业的证据
IF 2.1 Q2 Business, Management and Accounting Pub Date : 2024-06-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcom.2024.100246
Yan Liu , Elena Garnevska , Nicola Shadbolt

China’s agriculture cooperatives are playing a pivotal role in promoting rural development and boosting farmers’ income. As a result of the rapidly changing external environment, diverse types of cooperatives have emerged. However, a comprehensive understanding of the organizational structures, including ownership, control, and benefit rights, of different types of cooperatives, is limited. This study analyzes the organizational structures of two types of cooperatives in China: entrepreneur-led cooperatives and government-led cooperatives. Qualitative methodology was used in this study, including semi-structured interviews with four green vegetable production cooperatives in Shandong province. Results reveal the structural differences between these two types of case cooperatives. Despite the shared ownership, control, and benefit rights among members, entrepreneur-led cooperatives are characterized by the dominance of core members in capital contribution, control rights, and dividend distribution; whereas government-led cooperatives distribute those rights more equally among all members. The findings in this study present a more comprehensive landscape of the organizational structures of China’s cooperatives. Empirically, it demonstrates how cooperatives can evolve and vary across laws and cultures, even within the same legislative background. Additionally, it offers crucial insights for these cooperatives to develop and sustain long-term vitality.

中国的农业合作社在促进农村发展和农民增收方面发挥着举足轻重的作用。随着外部环境的快速变化,出现了多种类型的合作社。然而,对不同类型合作社的组织结构,包括所有权、控制权和受益权的全面了解却十分有限。本研究分析了中国两类合作社的组织结构:企业主导型合作社和政府主导型合作社。本研究采用定性方法,包括对山东省四家绿色蔬菜生产合作社进行半结构式访谈。研究结果揭示了这两类合作社的结构差异。尽管成员之间共享所有权、控制权和收益权,但企业家主导型合作社的特点是核心成员在出资、控制权和红利分配方面占主导地位;而政府主导型合作社则在所有成员之间更平等地分配这些权利。本研究的结果更全面地展示了中国合作社的组织结构。从经验上讲,它展示了合作社如何在不同的法律和文化背景下发展和变化,即使在相同的法律背景下也是如此。此外,它还为这些合作社发展和保持长期活力提供了重要启示。
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引用次数: 0
Social capital and credit risk in a financial cooperative of Ecuador 厄瓜多尔一家金融合作社的社会资本与信贷风险
IF 2.1 Q2 Business, Management and Accounting Pub Date : 2024-06-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcom.2024.100247
Juanita Salinas Vásquez , Juan Pablo Sarmiento Jara , María Paz Urgilés Salinas , Diego Fernando Oña Avendaño

In finance markets with asymmetric information, the borrower’s relational characteristics of social capital are relevant for lenders and borrowers as they increase the possibility of access to financing and reduce default rates and transaction costs by expanding information channels while increasing the capacity to afford obligations. Especially in financial cooperatives, taking into account social capital implies recognizing the potential of the information generated by its governance structure, close relationships with local communities, and ties with members. This investigation analyses the relationship between social capital and credit risk, suggesting that social capital reduces the probability and intensity of default interaction increased during COVID-19. The quantitative analysis uses data collected from Ecuador from “Cooperativa de Ahorro y Crédito Jardín Azuayo” (COACJA), where the Hurdle econometric model with negative binomial distribution is applied. Results show that social capital variables identified on an individual and contextual level evidence limited but significant effects in reducing the probability and intensity of default on different risk levels. Moreover, it is observed that the effect of credit application mobility, volunteering, and trust between people increases during the pandemic year.

在信息不对称的金融市场中,借款人的社会资本关系特征对贷款人和借款人都具有重要意义,因为这些特征通过扩大信息渠道,增加了获得融资的可能性,降低了违约率和交易成本,同时提高了承担债务的能力。特别是在金融合作社中,考虑社会资本意味着认识到其治理结构、与当地社区的密切关系以及与成员的联系所产生的信息潜力。本研究分析了社会资本与信贷风险之间的关系,认为社会资本可降低 COVID-19 期间增加的违约互动的概率和强度。定量分析使用了从厄瓜多尔 "Cooperativa de Ahorro y Crédito Jardín Azuayo"(COACJA)收集的数据,并应用了负二项分布的赫尔德计量经济学模型。结果表明,从个人和环境层面确定的社会资本变量在降低不同风险等级的违约概率和违约强度方面效果有限,但意义重大。此外,研究还发现,在大流行病年期间,信贷申请流动性、志愿服务和人与人之间的信任度的影响会增加。
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引用次数: 0
Cooperative opportunities for strengthening SMEs in dealing with online platforms 加强中小企业与网络平台打交道的合作机会
IF 2.1 Q2 Business, Management and Accounting Pub Date : 2024-06-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcom.2024.100245
Anselm Balk

This study investigates how small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in sectors reliant on online platforms in their value chain cope with dependency challenges and explores the potential of cooperative strategies to alleviate these issues. The research focuses on the Viennese hotel sector. Through qualitative content analysis and inductive category formation, the study finds that many SMEs reluctantly accept the dominance of online travel agencies (OTAs) due to established dependencies. As predicted by the resource dependence approach most SMEs search for ways to reduce these dependencies but tend to be unsure about effective responses. As cooperatives have been used in the past as an instrument to reduce dependencies, their suitability as a means for hotels to collectively build a countermeasure against OTAs was investigated in a subsequent step. The findings indicate that platform cooperatives are not considered a suitable response due to a lack of pioneers and uncertain success prospects. However, cooperative solutions that strengthen individual SMEs without directly challenging OTAs are viewed more favourably. Thus, platform cooperatives are not seen as most appropriate, but rather classical non-digital cooperatives supporting SMEs in a way that strengthen their individual position vis-à-vis online platforms.

本研究调查了在价值链中依赖网络平台的行业中的中小型企业(SMEs)如何应对依赖性挑战,并探讨了合作战略缓解这些问题的潜力。研究重点是维也纳的酒店业。通过定性内容分析和归纳分类,研究发现许多中小型企业由于既有的依赖关系而不愿接受在线旅行社(OTA)的主导地位。正如资源依赖性方法所预测的那样,大多数中小型企业都在寻找减少这些依赖性的方法,但往往无法确定有效的应对措施。由于合作社过去曾被用作减少依赖性的工具,因此我们在随后的步骤中对其是否适合作为酒店集体建立针对 OTA 的对策的一种手段进行了调查。研究结果表明,由于缺乏先驱者和不确定的成功前景,平台合作社并不被认为是一种合适的对策。然而,人们更青睐那些在不直接挑战 OTA 的情况下加强单个中小企业的合作解决方案。因此,平台合作社并不被认为是最合适的,相反,传统的非数字合作社支持中小型企业的方式加强了它们相对于在线平台的个体地位。
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引用次数: 0
Collective action for rice smallholder’s value chain: Insight from Yogyakarta, Indonesia 水稻小农价值链的集体行动:印度尼西亚日惹的启示
IF 2.1 Q2 Business, Management and Accounting Pub Date : 2024-04-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcom.2024.100236
Shaf Rijal Ahmad , Nicola Shadbolt , Janet Reid

The rice value chain in Indonesia is dominated by smallholder farmers, and the recent transformation presents bigger opportunities for them to participate in the chain system through collective action. This study identifies and describes 1) the benefits of collective action and 2) how smallholder rice farmers act collectively within a group and why. This paper presents a case study involving smallholder rice farmers in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, who have worked collectively and benefited from the valuechain transformation. Data were sourced from semi-structured interviews involving relevant actors. This interview data is complemented with document studies. The finding shows that collective action helps build competitive advantage by facilitating smallholder farmers to develop their capabilities, improve their bargaining power, and bypass intermediaries. Nevertheless, this only works for smallholder farmers with a production capacity above their household needs. The findings also show that the drivers of collective action are motivation, trust, shared visions, social cohesion, good leadership, active engagement, and external support. This study contributes to knowledge about the interaction between actors within a collective group and how to develop smallholder organizations, particularly for rice commodities.

印度尼西亚的大米价值链以小农为主,近期的转型为他们通过集体行动参与价值链系统提供了更大的机会。本研究确定并描述了:1)集体行动的益处;2)小农户如何在群体中采取集体行动,以及采取集体行动的原因。本文介绍了一项案例研究,涉及印度尼西亚日惹的小农稻米种植者,他们通过集体行动从价值链转型中获益。数据来源于对相关参与者进行的半结构化访谈。这些访谈数据得到了文件研究的补充。研究结果表明,集体行动有助于小农发展自身能力、提高议价能力并绕过中间商,从而建立竞争优势。然而,这只适用于生产能力高于家庭需求的小农。研究结果还表明,集体行动的驱动因素包括动力、信任、共同愿景、社会凝聚力、良好的领导力、积极参与和外部支持。这项研究有助于了解集体团体内各行动者之间的互动,以及如何发展小农组织,特别是水稻商品组织。
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引用次数: 0
Entrepreneurial cooperatives: The impact of entrepreneurial orientation on economic and social performance 创业型合作社:创业导向对经济和社会绩效的影响
IF 2.1 Q2 Business, Management and Accounting Pub Date : 2024-03-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcom.2024.100234
Ueli Löffel, Markus Gmür

Although most SMEs are corporations, a substantial proportion are cooperatives and direct competitors in the same business areas. Cooperatives are an organizational alternative combining the ingredients for a sustainable and equal economy in its business model. However, they are often alleged to be inefficient and structurally inert compared to corporations. It is not clear how cooperatives manage to be innovative and efficient, given the characteristics of the cooperative model. Furthermore, there is a lack of understanding how an entrepreneurial orientation (EO) helps them to perform in competition. This study theoretically and empirically examines whether cooperatives benefit from EO in their multi-dimensional goal system. Additionally, the study asks how cooperative-specific collective characteristics relate to EO and performance. Using cross-sectoral data of 368 cooperatives in Switzerland and applying structural equation modelling (PLS), the results show that EO is significantly and positively linked to economic performance. Inter- and intraorganizational cooperation is associated with higher levels of EO and indirectly affects performance through EO. The results suggest that cooperatives, like other SMEs, benefit from EO in competition and can take advantage of cooperative-specific characteristics.

虽然大多数中小企业都是公司,但也有相当一部分是合作社,是同一业务领域的直接竞争对手。合作社是一种组织选择,其商业模式结合了可持续和平等经济的要素。然而,与公司相比,合作社往往被指效率低下、结构惰性大。鉴于合作社模式的特点,人们并不清楚合作社是如何做到创新和高效的。此外,人们也不了解创业导向(EO)如何帮助合作社在竞争中表现出色。本研究从理论和实证角度探讨了合作社在其多维目标体系中是否受益于创业导向。此外,本研究还探讨了合作社特有的集体特征与 EO 和绩效之间的关系。通过使用瑞士 368 家合作社的跨部门数据,并运用结构方程建模(PLS),研究结果表明,EO 与经济绩效有着显著的正相关关系。组织间和组织内的合作与较高水平的EO相关,并通过EO间接影响绩效。结果表明,合作社与其他中小型企业一样,在竞争中受益于企业经营,并能利用合作社特有的特点。
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引用次数: 0
Ireland’s largest beef processing cooperative: A venture beyond their control 爱尔兰最大的牛肉加工合作社:无法控制的风险
IF 2.1 Q2 Business, Management and Accounting Pub Date : 2024-03-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcom.2024.100233
Edel Kelly , Aisling Murtagh , Declan O’Brien

This paper investigates the rapid growth of Irish beef processing cooperatives during the 1960s and 1970s. They failed to hold their market position, selling out to private-owned business by the 1980s. With the benefit of hindsight this paper identifies factors influencing their development and demise. creating a picture of the business environment during their lifetime. Interviews and historical sources are used to build the story of the largest farmer-owned beef processing cooperative Cork Marts IMP. The roles of influential actors and institutions at that time are examined through the functions of an Innovation System. This paper identifies weakness such as firm structures, loyalty, technical skills and knowledge in terms of strategic management, financial planning and marketing, which all played a role in its failure. This marketing innovation of the 1960s, while brave, might now be considered naive and unlucky in having to deal with challenges that were beyond its control. This paper provides insights into competition, scale and supplier power impacting its failure and how scaling export orientated cooperatives might consider a systems-based approach in strategic planning for supporting sustained economic development. Such failures have scarred Irish agriculture as no farmer-owned beef processing business has challenged the dominance of privately-owned enterprises.

本文研究了爱尔兰牛肉加工合作社在 20 世纪 60 年代和 70 年代的快速发展。这些合作社未能保持其市场地位,到 20 世纪 80 年代,它们被出售给私营企业。通过事后分析,本文确定了影响其发展和消亡的因素。本文利用访谈和历史资料,讲述了最大的农民所有牛肉加工合作社 Cork Marts IMP 的故事。通过创新系统的功能,对当时有影响力的参与者和机构的作用进行了研究。本文指出了企业结构、忠诚度、技术技能以及战略管理、财务规划和营销方面的知识等薄弱环节,这些都是导致其失败的原因。20 世纪 60 年代的这一营销创新虽然勇敢,但现在可能会被认为是幼稚和不幸的,因为它不得不应对其无法控制的挑战。本文深入探讨了影响其失败的竞争、规模和供应商力量,以及以出口为导向的规模化合作社如何在支持持续经济发展的战略规划中考虑基于系统的方法。这种失败给爱尔兰农业带来了创伤,因为没有一家农民所有的牛肉加工企业能够挑战私营企业的主导地位。
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引用次数: 0
A framework of HRM in cooperatives: A systematic literature review and future research agenda 合作社人力资源管理框架:系统文献综述和未来研究议程
IF 2.1 Q2 Business, Management and Accounting Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcom.2024.100232
Ludger Voigt, Dietrich von der Oelsnitz

Cooperatives, as democratic organizations owned and controlled by their members, pose distinctive challenges in the realm of human resource management (HRM). These challenges stem from their commitment to serving the diverse interests of multiple stakeholders and the fundamental differentiation between member and non-member employees. In an era where sustainability and a multi-stakeholder perspective have gained prominence in HRM research, cooperatives offer an ideal context for exploring these dynamic developments. Through a comprehensive synthesis of existing literature, this review seeks to construct an HRM framework that is tailored specifically to cooperatives. It highlights how the distinctive characteristics of cooperatives, such as member self-leadership, self-control, and adherence to cooperative values and principles, shape HRM policies and practices. The insights derived from this study provide implications for guiding future research in the domain of HRM within the cooperative sector.

合作社作为由其成员拥有和控制的民主组织,在人力资源管理(HRM)领域提出了独特的挑战。这些挑战源于合作社为多方利益相关者的不同利益服务的承诺,以及社员和非社员员工之间的根本区别。在可持续发展和多方利益相关者视角在人力资源管理研究中日益突出的时代,合作社为探索这些动态发展提供了理想的背景。通过对现有文献的综合分析,本综述试图构建一个专门针对合作社的人力资源管理框架。它强调了合作社的独特性,如成员的自我领导、自我控制以及对合作社价值观和原则的坚持,是如何塑造人力资源管理政策和实践的。本研究得出的见解对指导合作社领域未来的人力资源管理研究具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
The influence of size and outreach on agency-related costs in the management of deposit-taking financial co-operatives in Kenya 肯尼亚接受存款金融合作社管理中规模和外联对代理相关成本的影响
IF 2.1 Q2 Business, Management and Accounting Pub Date : 2024-03-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcom.2024.100231
Peter Njuguna , David Mathuva

Using agency and economies of scale theories, this study investigates the influence of size and outreach factors on agency-related costs (ARCs) in the management of deposit-taking (DT) savings and credit co-op societies (SACCOs) in Kenya. Data are retrieved from 160 DT SACCOs in Kenya over the period 2014–2021. Both panel ordinary least squares and 2-step generalized method of moments are utilized to address the objectives of the study. The results depict that ARC levels within the global standard between 0.040 and 0.046 of the average assets with a significant decline during the Covid-19 pandemic period. We further note that as DT SACCOs scale up (in terms of the peer group), the resultant economies of scale lead to lower ARCs. More specifically, smaller DT SACCOs seem to exhibit weaker expense efficiency compared to larger ones. Finally, the results reveal that SACCOs with more members and branch offices are associated with higher ARCs. The study calls for a cautious and prudent expense management strategy by the DT SACCOs to assure solvency and self-sufficiency of the financial cooperatives in Kenya.

本研究利用代理和规模经济理论,调查了肯尼亚接受存款(DT)储蓄和信贷合作社(SACCOs)管理中的规模和外联因素对代理相关成本(ARCs)的影响。数据取自 2014-2021 年间肯尼亚的 160 家 DT SACCO。为实现研究目标,采用了面板普通最小二乘法和两步广义矩法。结果表明,ARC 水平在平均资产的 0.040 至 0.046 之间,处于全球标准范围内,在 Covid-19 大流行期间显著下降。我们进一步注意到,随着 DT SACCO 规模的扩大(就同业群体而言),由此产生的规模经济导致了较低的 ARC。更具体地说,与规模较大的 DT SACCO 相比,规模较小的 DT SACCO 似乎表现出较低的支出效率。最后,研究结果表明,拥有更多会员和分支机构的 SACCO 与更高的 ARC 相关联。这项研究呼吁 DT SACCO 采取谨慎和审慎的支出管理策略,以确保肯尼亚金融合作社的偿付能力和自给自足。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Co-operative Organization and Management
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