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Organizational design in Estonian agricultural cooperatives 爱沙尼亚农业合作社的组织设计
IF 2.1 Q3 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcom.2019.100093
Constantine Iliopoulos , Rando Värnik , Maryline Filippi , Liis Võlli , Kaie Laaneväli-Vinokurov

Agricultural cooperatives have been extremely successful at producing and bringing food to billions of consumers around the world. Arguably, such success is caused by their superb ability to constantly adapt to the changing needs of their members and consumers. They do this by slightly modifying (tinkering) or completely altering (reinventing) their organizational design. This issue has not been studied in the context of agricultural cooperatives in former Soviet countries. Given the rising importance of agricultural cooperatives in such countries, however, understanding how cooperative adapt to the evolving preferences of their members and customers becomes of utter importance for both cooperative practitioners and policy makers. The current paper addresses the abovementioned knowledge gap. In particular, it identifies the ownership and governance models adopted by Estonian agricultural cooperatives, and provide key insights into how these organizations adapt to the changing needs of their members, consumers, and their external environment. Estonian agricultural cooperatives exhibit little experimentation with non-traditional ownership and governance models. This is due to the lack of technical expertise in the country, the relatively small size of the country’s agricultural cooperatives, and their predominantly defensive strategies. Similarly to other European countries, tinkering is of outmost importance for Estonian agricultural cooperatives.

农业合作社在为世界各地数十亿消费者生产和提供粮食方面取得了极大的成功。可以说,这样的成功是由于他们不断适应其成员和消费者不断变化的需求的卓越能力。他们通过稍微修改(修补)或完全改变(重新发明)他们的组织设计来做到这一点。这个问题还没有在前苏联国家农业合作社的背景下进行研究。然而,鉴于农业合作社在这些国家的重要性日益上升,了解合作社如何适应其成员和客户不断变化的偏好对合作社从业人员和政策制定者来说都至关重要。本文解决了上述知识差距问题。特别是,它确定了爱沙尼亚农业合作社采用的所有权和治理模式,并为这些组织如何适应其成员、消费者及其外部环境不断变化的需求提供了关键见解。爱沙尼亚农业合作社对非传统所有权和治理模式的试验很少。这是由于该国缺乏技术专门知识,该国农业合作社的规模相对较小,其主要是防御性战略。和其他欧洲国家一样,对爱沙尼亚农业合作社来说,修修补补是最重要的。
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引用次数: 17
Croatian co-operatives’ story of revival: Overcoming external obstacles 克罗地亚合作社的复兴故事:克服外部障碍
IF 2.1 Q3 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcom.2019.100090
Jasmina Božić , Ivan Šprajc , Armano Srbljinović

While in many European countries co-operative entrepreneurship manages to fulfill its economic and social functions successfully, in Croatia a large majority of almost 1200 registered co-operatives struggle hard to accomplish in demanding market conditions while sustaining their social dimension and few succeed. Only 19% of co-operatives accounted for 96% of overall income earned by Croatian co-operatives in 2015. We critically examine obstacles related to external legal, policy, infrastructural and other conditions that are either insufficient, completely missing or, if existent, adversely affect co-operatives. The obstacles were indicated by co-operatives themselves in a qualitative research project conducted between September 2017 and March 2018. We offer two possible explanations for the existence of the obstacles: one concerning immaturity of the Croatian institutional system, the other related to cronyism pervading the system. We see bottom-up integration of the co-operative sector, based on the principle of co-operation among co-operatives, as the best way of moving forward.

虽然在许多欧洲国家,合作社企业家精神成功地履行了其经济和社会职能,但在克罗地亚,近1200家注册合作社中的绝大多数都在艰难地完成苛刻的市场条件,同时保持其社会层面,很少成功。2015年,只有19%的合作社收入占克罗地亚合作社总收入的96%。我们严格审查与外部法律、政策、基础设施和其他条件有关的障碍,这些障碍要么不足,要么完全缺失,要么即使存在,也会对合作社产生不利影响。在2017年9月至2018年3月进行的一项定性研究项目中,合作社自己指出了这些障碍。我们对这些障碍的存在提出两种可能的解释:一种是关于克罗地亚体制系统的不成熟,另一种是关于该系统普遍存在的任人唯亲。我们认为,在合作社合作原则的基础上,合作社部门自下而上的整合是向前发展的最佳途径。
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引用次数: 6
The significance of social relations in rural development: A case study of a beef-cattle farmer group in Indonesia 社会关系在农村发展中的意义:以印度尼西亚一个肉牛农民群体为例
IF 2.1 Q3 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcom.2019.100088
Rustinsyah Rustinsyah

The annual demand for beef has been increasing in Indonesia. One of the government strategies to develop cattle production and empower cattle farmers is by developing farmer groups to support farmers and promote entrepreneurship. This article explores the work of a farmer group called BPWU which employs internal and external social networking to empower farmers in the villages. The research questions are the following: (1) What are the strategies used by BPWU to develop its business? and (2) What are the impacts of BPWU existence in providing social changes to its surrounding population? The data were collected from July 2015 to December 2016 using interviews, observations, and focus group discussion. Based on the findings, the farmers’ livelihoods have improved because of the building of social relations internally and externally. The internal social relations were developed among cattle farmer groups related to BPWU, whereas the external social relations were built with local residents, educational institutions, officials of the Animal Husbandry of Tuban Regency, officials of the Ministry of Agriculture, financial institutions, and cattle traders from various areas. BPWU has managed to open work opportunities, impart a technological change in beef-cattle cultivation, increase the beef availability, and contribute to rural development.

印尼每年对牛肉的需求一直在增加。政府发展养牛业和赋予养牛户权力的战略之一是发展农民团体,以支持农民和促进企业家精神。本文探讨了一个名为BPWU的农民组织的工作,该组织利用内部和外部社会网络来赋予农村农民权力。研究问题如下:(1)BPWU的业务发展策略是什么?(2) BPWU的存在对其周围人口的社会变化有何影响?数据收集于2015年7月至2016年12月,采用访谈、观察和焦点小组讨论等方法。研究结果表明,农民生计状况的改善是由于内部和外部社会关系的建立。内部社会关系主要建立在与BPWU相关的养牛户群体之间,外部社会关系主要建立在与当地居民、教育机构、吐蕃牧政官员、农业部官员、金融机构和各地牛商之间。BPWU设法创造了工作机会,在肉牛养殖方面进行了技术变革,增加了牛肉供应,并为农村发展作出了贡献。
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引用次数: 39
Examining commitment, heterogeneity and social capital within the membership base of agricultural co-operatives—A conceptual framework 考察农业合作社成员基础内的承诺、异质性和社会资本——概念框架
IF 2.1 Q3 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcom.2019.03.003
Dhananjay Apparao, Elena Garnevska, Nicola Shadbolt

Although purely economic (conventional) reasons play a significant role in the development and performance of (agricultural) cooperatives; so do other (non-conventional) factors. A comprehensive assessment of co-operatives therefore requires an examination of non-conventional factors, in addition to the conventional factors. Three such non-conventional factors identified in the literature are 1) commitment, 2) heterogeneity and 3) social capital. Commitment is important for agricultural co-operatives because one pre-requisite for successful agricultural co-operatives is that farmer-members are willing to supply the co-operative with raw products, capital and managerial inputs. In this research affective, continuance, normative and other aspects of member commitment are examined. Heterogeneity is an important source of concern for co-operatives due to its impact on cohesiveness and collective decision making. This study used characteristics associated with the farmer-member and the farm-business to examine heterogeneity. It has been suggested that the social capital paradigm is the common denominator for all explanations and theories on co-operative formation and development. A modified version of the six dimensions’ framework used by the World Bank to assess social capital was used in this study. Based on this theoretical underpinning, a Three Dimensional Conceptual Framework, that encapsulates commitment, heterogeneity and social capital is developed and described.

尽管纯粹的经济(传统)原因在(农业)合作社的发展和绩效中发挥了重要作用;其他(非常规)因素也是如此。因此,要全面地评价合作社,除了考察传统因素外,还要考察非传统因素。在文献中确定的三个这样的非传统因素是1)承诺,2)异质性和3)社会资本。承诺对农业合作社很重要,因为农业合作社成功的一个先决条件是农民成员愿意为合作社提供原料产品、资本和管理投入。本研究考察了成员承诺的情感性、持续性、规范性等方面。异质性是合作社关注的一个重要来源,因为它影响凝聚力和集体决策。本研究使用与农民成员和农场企业相关的特征来检验异质性。有人认为,社会资本范式是所有关于合作形成和发展的解释和理论的共同点。本研究使用了世界银行用于评估社会资本的六个维度框架的修改版本。基于这一理论基础,开发并描述了一个包含承诺、异质性和社会资本的三维概念框架。
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引用次数: 24
Mining co-operatives: A model to establish a network for sustainability 矿业合作社:建立可持续发展网络的模式
IF 2.1 Q3 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcom.2019.03.004
Wellington Alves, Paula Ferreira, Madalena Araújo

Mining Co-operatives wield significant influence over the mining sector. These organizations have been getting increasing importance to support diggers through initiatives and policies to improve small-scale mining activities. In spite of the importance of cooperatives to the local communities, studies on their role and contribution towards sustainable business practices in the sector are still scarce. This paper investigates the scenario of mining Co-operatives in Brazil through a set of interviews to the managers of these Co-operatives, which allowed to conclude on the relevance of the sector to establish a sustainable network into the mining sector in the country. The results indicated some key concerns related to lack of awareness towards cooperative principles and environmental impacts and the reduced engagement with local community. The need to improve knowledge and academic background of both diggers and managers emerged as a major challenge to be overcome to ensure that cooperative principles are effectively put in place and guide the cooperatives towards sustainable development

矿业合作社对采矿业具有重大影响。这些组织越来越重视通过改善小型采矿活动的倡议和政策来支持挖掘者。尽管合作社对当地社区很重要,但关于合作社对该部门可持续商业做法的作用和贡献的研究仍然很少。本文通过对这些合作社经理的一系列访谈,调查了巴西矿业合作社的情况,从而得出结论,该部门与建立一个可持续的网络进入该国的矿业部门有关。结果表明,一些关键问题与缺乏对合作原则和环境影响的认识以及减少与当地社区的接触有关。需要提高挖掘者和管理人员的知识和学术背景,这已成为必须克服的一项重大挑战,以确保有效落实合作社原则,并指导合作社走向可持续发展
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引用次数: 17
Small asset credit union executive succession concerns 小资产信用社高管继任问题
IF 2.1 Q3 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcom.2019.03.001
Gregory McKee , Albert Kagan , Abhijit Ghosh

Managerial succession in small and medium size businesses is accompanied by strategic change. When succession planning is absent, firms encounter difficulties in selecting plans that facilitate commercial viability. This paper examines the effects of succession planning constraints in the context of small asset credit unions. Although these experience continuation of the business, executive succession causes significant changes in strategic direction, capital structure, and employee performance. Evidence of these changes reinforce how board policies and operating procedures ought to be developed in a collaborative manner to support executive change.

中小企业的管理继承伴随着战略变革。如果没有继任计划,公司在选择有利于商业可行性的计划时就会遇到困难。本文考察了小资产信用合作社背景下继任计划约束的影响。虽然这些经历了业务的延续,但高管继任会导致战略方向、资本结构和员工绩效的重大变化。这些变化的证据强化了应该如何以协作的方式制定董事会政策和操作程序,以支持高管的变化。
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引用次数: 3
Co-operatives in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A literature review 刚果民主共和国的合作社:文献综述
IF 2.1 Q3 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcom.2018.11.002
Ikiene Sentime

This paper consists of a review of the literature on co-operatives in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). It provides a synthesis of past knowledge on this topic and goes on to suggest, on the basis of this synthesis, that there is a critical knowledge gap in the current literature which consists of the fact that the importance of social movements doesn’t appear to have been considered by scholars involved in the study of co-operatives in the DRC. Given this finding, the paper calls for a re-thinking of the history of co-operatives in the DRC in order to determine whether the current DRC co-operative sector has its origins in social movements or not, and it also briefly discusses the implications of these scenarios. The importance of this paper derives from the need for solutions to the problems of widespread poverty and underdevelopment in the DRC, and from the fact that co-operatives are viewed as important vehicles for community development which can offer a solution to these problems.

本文包括对刚果民主共和国(DRC)合作社的文献综述。它提供了一个关于这个主题的过去知识的综合,并在这个综合的基础上继续提出,在当前的文献中存在一个关键的知识缺口,其中包括社会运动的重要性似乎没有被参与刚果民主共和国合作社研究的学者所考虑。鉴于这一发现,本文呼吁重新思考刚果民主共和国合作社的历史,以确定当前刚果民主共和国合作社部门是否起源于社会运动,并简要讨论了这些情景的含义。这篇论文的重要性在于需要解决刚果民主共和国普遍存在的贫困和欠发达问题,以及合作社被视为社区发展的重要工具,可以为这些问题提供解决方案。
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引用次数: 7
The politics of agricultural cooperativism in Brazil: A case study of the landless rural worker movement (MST) 巴西农业合作主义政治:以无地农民工运动为例
IF 2.1 Q3 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcom.2019.02.001
Wilder Robles

This paper examines peasant-led agricultural cooperative formation in Brazil from a political economy perspective. It takes as a point of reference the Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra, or Landless Rural Workers Movement (MST). The paper identifies the MST’s main periods of cooperative formation within their particular contexts. Each of these periods oriented and, eventually, reoriented the MST’s overall cooperative efforts. The MST linked agrarian reform and agricultural cooperativism in order to advance political and economic democracy. While the MST’s pursuit of political and economic democracy took place within unfavorable conditions, the MST was able to build a transformative cooperative project capable of reducing structural poverty, enhancing political citizenship, and promoting environmental stewardship. In spite of these achievements, the long-term sustainability of this cooperative project depends significantly on the MST’s capacity to overcome structural barriers and, most importantly, obtain long-term support from state and non-state actors.

本文从政治经济学的角度考察了巴西农民主导的农业合作社的形成。它以无地农民工运动(MST)为参照点。本文在特定的背景下确定了MST合作形成的主要时期。这些时期中的每一个都是MST整体合作努力的导向,并最终重新导向。MST将土地改革和农业合作主义联系起来,以推进政治和经济民主。虽然MST对政治和经济民主的追求是在不利的条件下进行的,但MST能够建立一个能够减少结构性贫困、增强政治公民意识和促进环境管理的变革性合作项目。尽管取得了这些成就,但该合作项目的长期可持续性在很大程度上取决于MST克服结构性障碍的能力,最重要的是,能否获得国家和非国家行为体的长期支持。
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引用次数: 10
The presidency of the governing boards of cooperatives in Spain: a gendered approach 西班牙合作社理事会主席:性别方法
IF 2.1 Q3 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcom.2019.03.002
Luisa Esteban-Salvador , Ana Gargallo-Castel , Javier Pérez-Sanz

International cooperative values and principles are guidelines that could lead cooperatives towards greater gender equality in the decision-making process. Stimulated by the interest in cooperatives and by the growing demand for advocating a faster increase in the presence of chairwomen in boardrooms, this research aims to analyse the impact of the gender of the cooperative president in some variables related to financial and employment ratios, corporate governance and other characteristics of the organization in Spain. Information about the major Spanish cooperative entities has been collected and analyzed to carry out the empirical study. We find that cooperatives with higher liquidity ratio, higher number of employees, higher percentage of female employees, higher employee costs divided by operating revenue ratio, lower indebtedness, and fewer years since the appointment of the president have a higher probability of belonging to the group of cooperatives with a board chaired by a woman. Cooperatives headed by women exhibit a higher ratio of staffing costs to operating revenues, which could indicate an increased intensity of cooperative principles and values related with the primacy of the economic welfare of workers over the economic benefits.

国际合作社的价值观和原则是可以引导合作社在决策过程中实现更大的性别平等的准则。由于对合作社的兴趣和倡导董事会中女性主席人数更快增加的需求不断增长,本研究旨在分析西班牙合作社主席性别对与财务和就业比率、公司治理和组织其他特征相关的一些变量的影响。为了进行实证研究,收集和分析了西班牙主要合作实体的信息。我们发现,流动性比率较高、员工人数较多、女性员工比例较高、员工成本除以营业收入比率较高、负债较低、社长任期较短的合作社,更有可能属于女性担任董事会主席的合作社集团。由妇女领导的合作社的工作人员费用与营业收入的比率较高,这可能表明合作社的原则和价值观更加强烈,这些原则和价值观与工人的经济福利优先于经济利益有关。
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引用次数: 5
The role of capital capacity, spatial competition, and strategic orientation to mergers and acquisitions by U.S. farmer cooperatives 资本能力、空间竞争和战略导向对美国农民合作社并购的作用
IF 2.1 Q3 MANAGEMENT Pub Date : 2018-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcom.2018.06.004
Jasper Grashuis , Matthew Elliott

U.S. farmer cooperatives are increasing in size but decreasing in number because of merger and acquisition (M&A) activity. However, the empirical literature on cooperative M&A activity is scarce and has only considered capital structure characteristics as possible explanations. We contribute to the existing literature by exploring the relationship of capital capacity, spatial competition, and strategic orientation to M&A activity by the largest 1000 U.S. farmer cooperatives in the 2014–2016 period. Using probit and negative binomial regressions, we find equity constraints did not inform recent M&A activity in the U.S. farmer cooperative sector. Rather, we find M&A activity increased in size and decreased in leverage. In addition, we find farmer cooperatives with larger market shares are less likely to pursue M&A activity, but proximity to other farmer cooperatives in the same sector increases the probability of external growth behavior. Also, farmer cooperatives which pursue differentiation are less likely to grow externally, suggesting recent M&As have been motivated by tangible as opposed to intangible asset acquisitions.

美国农民合作社的规模在增加,但数量在减少,这是由于合并和收购(m&a)活动。然而,关于合作并购活动的实证文献很少,而且只考虑了资本结构特征作为可能的解释。我们通过对2014-2016年期间美国最大的1000家农民合作社的资本能力、空间竞争和战略导向与并购活动的关系进行研究,为现有文献做出贡献。使用概率和负二项回归,我们发现股权约束并没有影响美国农民合作部门最近的并购活动。相反,我们发现并购活动的规模增加了,杠杆率下降了。此外,我们发现市场份额较大的农民合作社不太可能进行并购活动,但与同一部门的其他农民合作社的接近性增加了外部增长行为的可能性。此外,追求差异化的农民合作社不太可能在外部增长,这表明最近的并购是由有形资产而不是无形资产收购驱动的。
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引用次数: 12
期刊
Journal of Co-operative Organization and Management
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