‘The Qur'an was sent down in seven readings. Each letter of the Qur'an has an exterior and an interior. Each letter has a limit and each limit has an observation point’. This statement, attributed ...
{"title":"The ‘Four Aspects of the Qur'an’ ḥadīth and the Evolution of Ṣūfī Exegesis until Shams al-Dīn al-Fanārī (d. 834/1431)","authors":"Halim Calis","doi":"10.3366/jqs.2020.0438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/jqs.2020.0438","url":null,"abstract":"‘The Qur'an was sent down in seven readings. Each letter of the Qur'an has an exterior and an interior. Each letter has a limit and each limit has an observation point’. This statement, attributed ...","PeriodicalId":43884,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quranic Studies","volume":"22 1","pages":"1-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47385213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper centres on the Latin translations of the Qur'an by Robert of Ketton (d. 1142–1143) and Mark of Toledo (d. 1209), as viewed within the context of their earlier translations of scientific works. In previous scholarship, the Latin Qur'ans of Robert of Ketton and Mark of Toledo have been studied with respect to linguistic features and considered separately from their translations of astrological and medical texts. This paper proposes to reunite these strands of translation activity by examining the ways in which scientific discourse influenced these Latin translations of the Qur'an. The paper demonstrates that the translators incorporated their scientific expertise into their translations of the Qur'an by employing terminology specific to their respective fields of astrology and medicine. On the basis of this new evidence, it is argued that Robert of Ketton sought to promote the study of astrology and astronomy, while Mark of Toledo's use of medical jargon formed part of a calculated polemical strategy in which he portrayed the spread of Islam as a disease to be treated by a physician.
{"title":"Scientific Language in the Latin Qur'ans of Robert of Ketton and Mark of Toledo","authors":"Julian Yolles","doi":"10.3366/jqs.2020.0442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/jqs.2020.0442","url":null,"abstract":"This paper centres on the Latin translations of the Qur'an by Robert of Ketton (d. 1142–1143) and Mark of Toledo (d. 1209), as viewed within the context of their earlier translations of scientific works. In previous scholarship, the Latin Qur'ans of Robert of Ketton and Mark of Toledo have been studied with respect to linguistic features and considered separately from their translations of astrological and medical texts. This paper proposes to reunite these strands of translation activity by examining the ways in which scientific discourse influenced these Latin translations of the Qur'an. The paper demonstrates that the translators incorporated their scientific expertise into their translations of the Qur'an by employing terminology specific to their respective fields of astrology and medicine. On the basis of this new evidence, it is argued that Robert of Ketton sought to promote the study of astrology and astronomy, while Mark of Toledo's use of medical jargon formed part of a calculated polemical strategy in which he portrayed the spread of Islam as a disease to be treated by a physician.","PeriodicalId":43884,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quranic Studies","volume":"22 1","pages":"121-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48867875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For the first time, strong links between three copies of the ‘Morisco Qur'an’ (in Arabic [Aix 1367], Aljamía [BRAH T5], and a bilingual Arabo-Aljamía version [BRAH T19]) have been described. They involve codicological, linguistic, and aesthetic features common to these manuscripts and lead to the identification of a single Aljamiado translation transmitted by the same copyist in two different codices (BRAH T5 and BRAH T19). This result allows us to demonstrate the coherent and systematic nature of the work of the Morisco copyists and provides the possibility of establishing a stemma codicum of some of the Aljamiado translations of the Qur'an. The relationship of these manuscripts with an Arabic copy of the ‘Morisco Qur'an’ makes it possible to conclude that these three copies were produced around 1609 ce, the year in which the Moriscos’ final expulsion from Spain began. These links illuminate our understanding of the production and uses of these Morisco copies of the Qur'an at a very late date, enriching the field of Qur'anic studies in medieval and early modern Spain.
{"title":"An Aljamiado Translation of the ‘Morisco Qur'an’ and its Arabic Text (c. 1609)","authors":"Nuria Martínez de Castilla","doi":"10.3366/jqs.2020.0439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/jqs.2020.0439","url":null,"abstract":"For the first time, strong links between three copies of the ‘Morisco Qur'an’ (in Arabic [Aix 1367], Aljamía [BRAH T5], and a bilingual Arabo-Aljamía version [BRAH T19]) have been described. They involve codicological, linguistic, and aesthetic features common to these manuscripts and lead to the identification of a single Aljamiado translation transmitted by the same copyist in two different codices (BRAH T5 and BRAH T19). This result allows us to demonstrate the coherent and systematic nature of the work of the Morisco copyists and provides the possibility of establishing a stemma codicum of some of the Aljamiado translations of the Qur'an. The relationship of these manuscripts with an Arabic copy of the ‘Morisco Qur'an’ makes it possible to conclude that these three copies were produced around 1609 ce, the year in which the Moriscos’ final expulsion from Spain began. These links illuminate our understanding of the production and uses of these Morisco copies of the Qur'an at a very late date, enriching the field of Qur'anic studies in medieval and early modern Spain.","PeriodicalId":43884,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quranic Studies","volume":"22 1","pages":"35-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45805910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite its important social implications, the subject of conciliation in the Qur'an remains an under-researched field of study. This article focuses on the relationship between conciliation and conflict in Suras 6 to 9, a section of the muṣḥaf in which two Meccan suras are followed by two Medinan suras. In assessing the importance of conciliation in the Qur'an, this article considers its pervasiveness, manifestations, emphasis, and coherent thematic development. The analysis utilises two influential commentaries, the premodern Arabic exegesis by al-Rāzī (d. 606/1209) and the contemporary Urdu exegesis by Iṣlāḥī (d. 1997) which, taken together, provide complementary linguistic and structural insight. I will argue that conciliation is emphasised firstly in the Meccan component through the exemplars of prophetic restraint and divine mercy, and the central notion of iṣlāḥ. Iṣlāḥ forms the central axis around which equilibrium is maintained in the divine world order, a process of divine education in the form of revelation and prophetic instruction, which prevents and contains disputes. Secondly, Medinan injunctions highlight the importance of unity and the sanctity of maintaining peace treaties, thereby supporting the Qur'anic principle of non-compulsion in faith. In the course of analysis it becomes clear that, even during conflict (which is subject to extensive restrictions), conciliation remains of paramount importance.
尽管具有重要的社会意义，《古兰经》中的和解主题仍然是一个研究不足的研究领域。这篇文章关注的是第6到9章中和解和冲突之间的关系，这是muṣḥaf的一部分，其中两个麦加章节后面跟着两个麦地那章节。在评估《古兰经》中和解的重要性时，本文考虑了它的普遍性、表现形式、重点和连贯的主题发展。分析利用两个有影响力的评论，前现代阿拉伯语训诂al-Rāzī (d. 606/1209)和当代乌尔都语训诂Iṣlāḥī (d. 1997)，它们一起，提供补充的语言和结构的见解。我认为，和解首先在麦加部分被强调，通过先知的克制和神圣的怜悯的典范，以及iṣlāḥ的中心概念。Iṣlāḥ形成了在神圣世界秩序中保持平衡的中轴线，这是一个以启示和预言指导形式的神圣教育过程，它防止并包含了争议。其次，麦地那的禁令强调了团结的重要性和维护和平条约的神圣性，从而支持了《古兰经》关于信仰的非强制性原则。在分析过程中可以清楚地看到，即使在冲突期间(受到广泛限制)，和解仍然是最重要的。
{"title":"Conciliation and Conflict in the Meccan and Medinan Qur'an: A Thematic Study of Suras 6 to 9","authors":"Shafi Fazaluddin","doi":"10.3366/jqs.2020.0440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/jqs.2020.0440","url":null,"abstract":"Despite its important social implications, the subject of conciliation in the Qur'an remains an under-researched field of study. This article focuses on the relationship between conciliation and conflict in Suras 6 to 9, a section of the muṣḥaf in which two Meccan suras are followed by two Medinan suras. In assessing the importance of conciliation in the Qur'an, this article considers its pervasiveness, manifestations, emphasis, and coherent thematic development. The analysis utilises two influential commentaries, the premodern Arabic exegesis by al-Rāzī (d. 606/1209) and the contemporary Urdu exegesis by Iṣlāḥī (d. 1997) which, taken together, provide complementary linguistic and structural insight. I will argue that conciliation is emphasised firstly in the Meccan component through the exemplars of prophetic restraint and divine mercy, and the central notion of iṣlāḥ. Iṣlāḥ forms the central axis around which equilibrium is maintained in the divine world order, a process of divine education in the form of revelation and prophetic instruction, which prevents and contains disputes. Secondly, Medinan injunctions highlight the importance of unity and the sanctity of maintaining peace treaties, thereby supporting the Qur'anic principle of non-compulsion in faith. In the course of analysis it becomes clear that, even during conflict (which is subject to extensive restrictions), conciliation remains of paramount importance.","PeriodicalId":43884,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quranic Studies","volume":"22 1","pages":"63-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45402163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent Qur'anic scholarship emphasises a distinction between a Meccan and a Medinan Qur'an. In addition to the doctrinal and literary particularities that set Medinan suras apart, scholars underline the failure of Muḥammad to convert his people and the despair exhibited by his followers in Later Meccan suras. In contrast, the Medinan suras depict a successful, socially and politically engaged leader of a growing and strong religious community. This paper addresses literary and content-related developments in Later Meccan suras and demonstrates that our perceptions of a passive messenger in Mecca and an active leader in Medina, and of the emergence of a self-assured community only in Medina, have to be reconsidered. Later Meccan suras depict a contest over the interpretative dominance of the empirical world which ultimately strengthens the authority of Muḥammad and consolidates the emerging group of Followers. They exhibit intertwined developments of literary strategies such as argumentation patterns or parabolic speech, and intensive reflections on notions such as perception and knowledge. Whereas the first part of this paper examines these processes, the second part focusses on the growing importance of the figure of Abraham, a decisive turn to local heritage and the development of liturgical formulas and ethical norms. The exploration and understanding of these textual dynamics are indispensable for understanding the genesis of both Meccan and Medinan suras.
{"title":"Towards an Abrahamic Religion: Developments in Later Meccan Suras. Part II: Abraham, Local Heritage, and Developments in Liturgy and Ethics","authors":"Hannelies Koloska","doi":"10.3366/jqs.2020.0441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/jqs.2020.0441","url":null,"abstract":"Recent Qur'anic scholarship emphasises a distinction between a Meccan and a Medinan Qur'an. In addition to the doctrinal and literary particularities that set Medinan suras apart, scholars underline the failure of Muḥammad to convert his people and the despair exhibited by his followers in Later Meccan suras. In contrast, the Medinan suras depict a successful, socially and politically engaged leader of a growing and strong religious community. This paper addresses literary and content-related developments in Later Meccan suras and demonstrates that our perceptions of a passive messenger in Mecca and an active leader in Medina, and of the emergence of a self-assured community only in Medina, have to be reconsidered. Later Meccan suras depict a contest over the interpretative dominance of the empirical world which ultimately strengthens the authority of Muḥammad and consolidates the emerging group of Followers. They exhibit intertwined developments of literary strategies such as argumentation patterns or parabolic speech, and intensive reflections on notions such as perception and knowledge. Whereas the first part of this paper examines these processes, the second part focusses on the growing importance of the figure of Abraham, a decisive turn to local heritage and the development of liturgical formulas and ethical norms. The exploration and understanding of these textual dynamics are indispensable for understanding the genesis of both Meccan and Medinan suras.","PeriodicalId":43884,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quranic Studies","volume":"22 1","pages":"102-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44372075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"And Yet it Moves: Reflections on an Essay by Nicolai Sinai","authors":"Michel Cuypers","doi":"10.3366/jqs.2019.0406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/jqs.2019.0406","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43884,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quranic Studies","volume":"22 1","pages":"86-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3366/jqs.2019.0406","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43310787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent Qur'anic scholarship emphasises a distinction between a Meccan and a Medinan Qur'an. In addition to the doctrinal and literary particularities that set Medinan suras apart, scholars underlin...
{"title":"Towards an Abrahamic Religion: Developments in Later Meccan Suras. Part I: Strategies of Argumentation and Interpretation","authors":"Hannelies Koloska","doi":"10.3366/jqs.2020.0424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/jqs.2020.0424","url":null,"abstract":"Recent Qur'anic scholarship emphasises a distinction between a Meccan and a Medinan Qur'an. In addition to the doctrinal and literary particularities that set Medinan suras apart, scholars underlin...","PeriodicalId":43884,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quranic Studies","volume":"22 1","pages":"33-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45557863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qur'anic and post-Qur'anic accounts about Jonah and the Ninevites encode traces of ideological transformations in the early Muslim community. This article explores how the story of a prophet's angu...
{"title":"Transformations in Early Muslim Prophetology: From Typology to Teleology in Narratives of Jonah and the Ninevites","authors":"H. Zafer","doi":"10.3366/jqs.2020.0423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/jqs.2020.0423","url":null,"abstract":"Qur'anic and post-Qur'anic accounts about Jonah and the Ninevites encode traces of ideological transformations in the early Muslim community. This article explores how the story of a prophet's angu...","PeriodicalId":43884,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quranic Studies","volume":"22 1","pages":"1-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3366/jqs.2020.0423","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47249448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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