ABSTRACT:This article examines the responses of Luyia communities to economic challenges and opportunities produced by restrictive British forestry policies in North Kavirondo District, western Kenya. Those colonial policies impeded access by peasant households to agricultural land in protected forests amid agricultural commercialization. The Local Native Council (LNC) aided this cause and launched sustained efforts to gain control of local forests and their revenue from government. Whereas historians have addressed the role of LNCs in Kenya, their role in resource management, particularly in forestry, remains unexplored. Consequently, the article makes three key scholarly contributions to colonial and economic history regarding forestry. First, it reveals the LNC's communal pursuits, beyond the individual self-seeking material accumulation tendencies that its African members have been associated with in Kenya's colonial historiography. Secondly, it places land at the center of local contestation over restrictive forestry programs, away from tangible forest products that inform colonial responses to those programs. Third, the article shows the inclination of dispossessed communities to negotiate or petition imperial capture of local resources on a collective, "pan-ethnic" basis, without recourse to active and subtle resistances evident in other colonial contexts.
{"title":"The Local Native Council, Economic Imperatives, and Colonial Forest Preservation in Western Kenya, c. 1900–1950","authors":"Martin S. Shanguhyia","doi":"10.1353/aeh.2021.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/aeh.2021.0013","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:This article examines the responses of Luyia communities to economic challenges and opportunities produced by restrictive British forestry policies in North Kavirondo District, western Kenya. Those colonial policies impeded access by peasant households to agricultural land in protected forests amid agricultural commercialization. The Local Native Council (LNC) aided this cause and launched sustained efforts to gain control of local forests and their revenue from government. Whereas historians have addressed the role of LNCs in Kenya, their role in resource management, particularly in forestry, remains unexplored. Consequently, the article makes three key scholarly contributions to colonial and economic history regarding forestry. First, it reveals the LNC's communal pursuits, beyond the individual self-seeking material accumulation tendencies that its African members have been associated with in Kenya's colonial historiography. Secondly, it places land at the center of local contestation over restrictive forestry programs, away from tangible forest products that inform colonial responses to those programs. Third, the article shows the inclination of dispossessed communities to negotiate or petition imperial capture of local resources on a collective, \"pan-ethnic\" basis, without recourse to active and subtle resistances evident in other colonial contexts.","PeriodicalId":43935,"journal":{"name":"AFRICAN ECONOMIC HISTORY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43475099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:When the British colonial government took over Tanzania, colonial officials championed and encouraged the inhabitants in Kilimanjaro to grow coffee along with settlers. The authorities gave priority to the local smallholders, relegating settlers to a minor role within colonial agriculture and the coffee economy in particular. This generated a vigorous protest among the settlers against the government policy. The tension would bring a number of remarkable developments, including the establishment of the Kilimanjaro Native Planters Association (KNPA) and, later, the promulgation of legislation regulating coffee farming and marketing via cooperatives, such as the Co-operative Societies Ordinance No. 7 of 1932 and the Native Coffee Control Ordinance No 26 of 1937. This paper examines the interlocked dimensions and intricacies related to the coffee industry policies, and their impact on agricultural policies in Kilimanjaro region as well as across the country. In particular, the paper discusses how the settlers' opposition influenced the promulgation of segregative, monopolistic and protectionist legislations, and the role of control Boards in this process. To do so, this paper relies on existing literature as well as underutilized primary sources obtained from the Tanzania National Archives (TNA) in Dar Es Salaam.
{"title":"The Influence of Settlers' Community in Shaping the Colonial Agricultural Marketing Policies in Tanzania","authors":"S. M. Seimu, M. Zoppi","doi":"10.1353/aeh.2021.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/aeh.2021.0012","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:When the British colonial government took over Tanzania, colonial officials championed and encouraged the inhabitants in Kilimanjaro to grow coffee along with settlers. The authorities gave priority to the local smallholders, relegating settlers to a minor role within colonial agriculture and the coffee economy in particular. This generated a vigorous protest among the settlers against the government policy. The tension would bring a number of remarkable developments, including the establishment of the Kilimanjaro Native Planters Association (KNPA) and, later, the promulgation of legislation regulating coffee farming and marketing via cooperatives, such as the Co-operative Societies Ordinance No. 7 of 1932 and the Native Coffee Control Ordinance No 26 of 1937. This paper examines the interlocked dimensions and intricacies related to the coffee industry policies, and their impact on agricultural policies in Kilimanjaro region as well as across the country. In particular, the paper discusses how the settlers' opposition influenced the promulgation of segregative, monopolistic and protectionist legislations, and the role of control Boards in this process. To do so, this paper relies on existing literature as well as underutilized primary sources obtained from the Tanzania National Archives (TNA) in Dar Es Salaam.","PeriodicalId":43935,"journal":{"name":"AFRICAN ECONOMIC HISTORY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66758198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:Two types of unfree labor were widely used in Yorubaland during the nineteenth century namely slavery and pawnship. Church Missionary Society members used both types of unfree labor. From the 1850s, the CMS pushed unsuccessfully for its agents to shun the practice of owning enslaved people and pawns. In the 1870s, under a new crop of leaders, the CMS restarted the anti-slavery campaign with an 1879 ruling, an ultimatum, ordering its agents to free their enslaved workers and pawns and a conference in Lagos in 1880 to review compliance with the ruling and formulate best practices for the manu-mission of unfree laborers. This paper addresses the 1879 ruling and the 1880 conference as they relate directly to issues of forced labor, financial reform, and church-state relations in nineteenth-century Yorubaland. The paper argues that the commitment of many Christians to anti-slavery was only half-hearted before 1880, but the conference produced far-reaching decisions that contributed to ending the practice of Christians owning enslaved people and pawns.
{"title":"The Yoruba Church Missionary Society Slavery Conference 1880","authors":"O. Ojo","doi":"10.1353/aeh.2021.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/aeh.2021.0003","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:Two types of unfree labor were widely used in Yorubaland during the nineteenth century namely slavery and pawnship. Church Missionary Society members used both types of unfree labor. From the 1850s, the CMS pushed unsuccessfully for its agents to shun the practice of owning enslaved people and pawns. In the 1870s, under a new crop of leaders, the CMS restarted the anti-slavery campaign with an 1879 ruling, an ultimatum, ordering its agents to free their enslaved workers and pawns and a conference in Lagos in 1880 to review compliance with the ruling and formulate best practices for the manu-mission of unfree laborers. This paper addresses the 1879 ruling and the 1880 conference as they relate directly to issues of forced labor, financial reform, and church-state relations in nineteenth-century Yorubaland. The paper argues that the commitment of many Christians to anti-slavery was only half-hearted before 1880, but the conference produced far-reaching decisions that contributed to ending the practice of Christians owning enslaved people and pawns.","PeriodicalId":43935,"journal":{"name":"AFRICAN ECONOMIC HISTORY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/aeh.2021.0003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43786528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:This article analyses how the Koya Temne on the Sierra Leone peninsula resisted attempts by British abolitionists to assume control over their land in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Following attacks on Freetown by neighboring leaders in 1801 and 1802, officials of the Sierra Leone Company (a chartered trading company formed in 1791) claimed that the Temne recourse to war was totally unjustified, as well as unexpected. This assessment was disingenuous, as Temne leaders had clearly asserted their rights to land around Freetown in a series of palavers held over the course of more than a decade. During these negotiations with British officials, the Temne attempted to protect areas of land they regarded as sacred by requesting modifications to boundary lines. Such requests were dismissed. Evidence drawn from reports of successive palavers indicates that the behavior of Company officials towards their Temne hosts created the conditions for conflict. As a result of the ongoing disagreements over land rights, the Temne were displaced from large areas of territory on the peninsula by the first decade of the nineteenth century.
{"title":"Land and Settlement: Temne Responses to British Abolitionist Intervention in Sierra Leone in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries","authors":"Suzanne Schwarz","doi":"10.1353/aeh.2021.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/aeh.2021.0009","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:This article analyses how the Koya Temne on the Sierra Leone peninsula resisted attempts by British abolitionists to assume control over their land in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Following attacks on Freetown by neighboring leaders in 1801 and 1802, officials of the Sierra Leone Company (a chartered trading company formed in 1791) claimed that the Temne recourse to war was totally unjustified, as well as unexpected. This assessment was disingenuous, as Temne leaders had clearly asserted their rights to land around Freetown in a series of palavers held over the course of more than a decade. During these negotiations with British officials, the Temne attempted to protect areas of land they regarded as sacred by requesting modifications to boundary lines. Such requests were dismissed. Evidence drawn from reports of successive palavers indicates that the behavior of Company officials towards their Temne hosts created the conditions for conflict. As a result of the ongoing disagreements over land rights, the Temne were displaced from large areas of territory on the peninsula by the first decade of the nineteenth century.","PeriodicalId":43935,"journal":{"name":"AFRICAN ECONOMIC HISTORY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/aeh.2021.0009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45030135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:The autobiographies of Dorugu Kwage Adamu and Nicholas Said contain material of interest to the student of social and economic history in various parts of Africa. Yet scholars who have contributed to the literature on Dorugu, the literature on Said, the literature on slavery in Africa, the literature on trans- Saharan commerce, the literature on African representations of “others,” and the literature on the history of race in North Africa have not comprehensively mined the autobiographies in question for details on the Sahara and North Africa. This paper addresses this gap and ensures that the subjects stay in focus by sketching the biographical background of Dorugu Kwage Adamu and Nicholas Said, by describing their travel across the Sahara to North Africa, and by presenting their opinions about migration, slavery, race, and gender in nineteenth-century North Africa. The paper suggests several things, including that life experiences shape the way that people perceive “others” and that comments on enslaved and freeborn West Africans outside their homeland in the accounts of the subjects under study confirm the view that enslaved West Africans were not integrated into North Africa.
{"title":"The Sahara and North Africa in the Nineteenth Century: The Views of Dorugu Kwage Adamu and Nicholas Said","authors":"Mohammed Bashir Salau","doi":"10.1353/aeh.2021.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/aeh.2021.0006","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:The autobiographies of Dorugu Kwage Adamu and Nicholas Said contain material of interest to the student of social and economic history in various parts of Africa. Yet scholars who have contributed to the literature on Dorugu, the literature on Said, the literature on slavery in Africa, the literature on trans- Saharan commerce, the literature on African representations of “others,” and the literature on the history of race in North Africa have not comprehensively mined the autobiographies in question for details on the Sahara and North Africa. This paper addresses this gap and ensures that the subjects stay in focus by sketching the biographical background of Dorugu Kwage Adamu and Nicholas Said, by describing their travel across the Sahara to North Africa, and by presenting their opinions about migration, slavery, race, and gender in nineteenth-century North Africa. The paper suggests several things, including that life experiences shape the way that people perceive “others” and that comments on enslaved and freeborn West Africans outside their homeland in the accounts of the subjects under study confirm the view that enslaved West Africans were not integrated into North Africa.","PeriodicalId":43935,"journal":{"name":"AFRICAN ECONOMIC HISTORY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/aeh.2021.0006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49460858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:This paper is about labor, salt, and the Saharan oasis of Tishit. Literature to date has explored the Mauritanian trade in Ijil rock salt, the large slabs transported by camel caravans into the former French Soudan, today’s Mali, through a flourishing desert-edge economy. Much of that literature emphasizes the role of slave labor. This paper focuses on the roles of the village at the center of this network, Tishit, its local earth-salt (amersal) industry and its freed slaves (haratine). It argues that amersal provided opportunities for haratine to invest in and profit from both the Ijil trade and the larger regional commerce, and it situates their initial involvement in the late nineteenth-century “Tishit diaspora” into the sahel-Soudan. It concludes that like colonial sources themselves, historians have too long subsumed these freed slaves to categories of slave or almost-free, thereby missing the ways in which their actual status as haratine allowed them access to important socially-governed resources and rights.
{"title":"Class and Credit in a Regional Salt Economy: \"The Story of My Father.\": Tishit and the Desert Salt Trade, Mauritania-Mali","authors":"E. Mcdougall","doi":"10.1353/aeh.2021.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/aeh.2021.0008","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:This paper is about labor, salt, and the Saharan oasis of Tishit. Literature to date has explored the Mauritanian trade in Ijil rock salt, the large slabs transported by camel caravans into the former French Soudan, today’s Mali, through a flourishing desert-edge economy. Much of that literature emphasizes the role of slave labor. This paper focuses on the roles of the village at the center of this network, Tishit, its local earth-salt (amersal) industry and its freed slaves (haratine). It argues that amersal provided opportunities for haratine to invest in and profit from both the Ijil trade and the larger regional commerce, and it situates their initial involvement in the late nineteenth-century “Tishit diaspora” into the sahel-Soudan. It concludes that like colonial sources themselves, historians have too long subsumed these freed slaves to categories of slave or almost-free, thereby missing the ways in which their actual status as haratine allowed them access to important socially-governed resources and rights.","PeriodicalId":43935,"journal":{"name":"AFRICAN ECONOMIC HISTORY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/aeh.2021.0008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41875875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:Badagry, a lagoonside city in Lagos State, Nigeria, is of tremendous historical significance due to its long history of slave trading, which dates from the early sixteenth century and reached a peak in the 1720s. The city attracted prominent local and Portuguese slave merchants such as Felix de Souza, Domingo Martinez, and Ferman Gomez as pioneer slave merchants in the city. This paper argues that the trade in enslaved persons was a significant factor in the rise of Badagry as a prominent lagoonside city on the coast of West Africa. Today, Badagry is an important historical city because of its trans-Atlantic connections and sites of historical memory that vividly capture, preserve, and tell the story and experiences of the enslaved as essential dimensions of African, African diaspora, and world history. The barracoons, the Vlekete slave market that was, and still is, beside the shrine of the chief priest (Aplogan) of Badagry, the heritage museum, and the “point of no return” at Gberefu beach, constitute some of the remarkable sites of historical memory that still dot the city of Badagry.
{"title":"Slavery, Remembrance, and Sites Of Historical Memory: The Case of Badagry","authors":"E. Abaka, George Xorse Kumasenu","doi":"10.1353/aeh.2021.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/aeh.2021.0004","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:Badagry, a lagoonside city in Lagos State, Nigeria, is of tremendous historical significance due to its long history of slave trading, which dates from the early sixteenth century and reached a peak in the 1720s. The city attracted prominent local and Portuguese slave merchants such as Felix de Souza, Domingo Martinez, and Ferman Gomez as pioneer slave merchants in the city. This paper argues that the trade in enslaved persons was a significant factor in the rise of Badagry as a prominent lagoonside city on the coast of West Africa. Today, Badagry is an important historical city because of its trans-Atlantic connections and sites of historical memory that vividly capture, preserve, and tell the story and experiences of the enslaved as essential dimensions of African, African diaspora, and world history. The barracoons, the Vlekete slave market that was, and still is, beside the shrine of the chief priest (Aplogan) of Badagry, the heritage museum, and the “point of no return” at Gberefu beach, constitute some of the remarkable sites of historical memory that still dot the city of Badagry.","PeriodicalId":43935,"journal":{"name":"AFRICAN ECONOMIC HISTORY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/aeh.2021.0004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48339705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:Women represented the majority of the enslaved in western Africa, where they were valued for their productive and reproductive capacities. Enslaved women performed agricultural and domestic work, retail sales, and contributed to extend kinship groups bearing children fathered by their masters. In his work on the Sokoto Caliphate, Paul E. Lovejoy emphasized the sexual dimension in the enslavement of women. Lovejoy has argued that although women provided important productive labor, free men also considered physical attraction when acquiring enslaved women. Sexual abuse was an important aspect regarding women’s experience in captivity. In dialogue with Lovejoy’s scholarship, this article examines the experiences of enslaved women in Luanda and Benguela, the two major ports of Portuguese Angola, particularly their exposure to sexual violence. Drawing upon unexplored baptism records produced between 1800 and 1830, this study stresses how slave owners abused enslaved women in Luanda and Benguela, which resulted in the birth of children. Some infants were freed by their fathers while the majority lived under slavery as did their enslaved mothers.
{"title":"The Status of Enslaved Women in West Central Africa, 1800–1830","authors":"Mariana P. Candido, Vanessa S. Oliveira","doi":"10.1353/aeh.2021.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/aeh.2021.0005","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:Women represented the majority of the enslaved in western Africa, where they were valued for their productive and reproductive capacities. Enslaved women performed agricultural and domestic work, retail sales, and contributed to extend kinship groups bearing children fathered by their masters. In his work on the Sokoto Caliphate, Paul E. Lovejoy emphasized the sexual dimension in the enslavement of women. Lovejoy has argued that although women provided important productive labor, free men also considered physical attraction when acquiring enslaved women. Sexual abuse was an important aspect regarding women’s experience in captivity. In dialogue with Lovejoy’s scholarship, this article examines the experiences of enslaved women in Luanda and Benguela, the two major ports of Portuguese Angola, particularly their exposure to sexual violence. Drawing upon unexplored baptism records produced between 1800 and 1830, this study stresses how slave owners abused enslaved women in Luanda and Benguela, which resulted in the birth of children. Some infants were freed by their fathers while the majority lived under slavery as did their enslaved mothers.","PeriodicalId":43935,"journal":{"name":"AFRICAN ECONOMIC HISTORY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/aeh.2021.0005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43363032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:Taking cue from Paul Lovejoy’s criticism of the dichotomies of centralized and decentralized societies, and Slave Societies and Societies with Slaves, this article contextualizes Lovejoy’s arguments within broader debates on historical comparisons in global slavery studies. It examines a case of slave trade that involved negotiations between actors belonging to different political cultures in regions west of Lake Chad in the 1920s through 1940s. The article agrees with Lovejoy’s criticism of macro-historical dichotomies and argues in favor of comparative models that go from the specific to the general. It suggests that historians pay specific attention to vernacular ideas and embodied experience.
{"title":"Promises and Pitfalls of Global Comparisons: Slavery in West African Political Cultures","authors":"Benedetta Rossi","doi":"10.1353/aeh.2021.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/aeh.2021.0001","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:Taking cue from Paul Lovejoy’s criticism of the dichotomies of centralized and decentralized societies, and Slave Societies and Societies with Slaves, this article contextualizes Lovejoy’s arguments within broader debates on historical comparisons in global slavery studies. It examines a case of slave trade that involved negotiations between actors belonging to different political cultures in regions west of Lake Chad in the 1920s through 1940s. The article agrees with Lovejoy’s criticism of macro-historical dichotomies and argues in favor of comparative models that go from the specific to the general. It suggests that historians pay specific attention to vernacular ideas and embodied experience.","PeriodicalId":43935,"journal":{"name":"AFRICAN ECONOMIC HISTORY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/aeh.2021.0001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42303520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:This article posits a strong correlation between episodes of regionally specific economic growth and the intensification of work to meet increased demand. The arrival of the French conquest armies in Bamako in 1883 stimulated the market for grain to feed the soldiers and the crowd of those supporting them. The market for grain had long predated the arrival of the French to support the desert side trade with the pastoralists of the sahel and had stimulated a slave-based plantation sector among the Maraka. In the absence of new technologies and new cultigens to increase productivity of agriculture, only by increasing the size of the labor force and by intensifying work could the Maraka supply grain to meet the new demand. Intensifying work led to the slaves’ exodus of 1905. Responding to the exodus of slaves, the Maraka slave owners intensified the work required of their wives and children resulting in incidence of running away and requests for divorce. With the end of slavery, former Maraka slave masters trafficked in women and children to augment the pool of coercible labor under their control.
{"title":"Slavery, the End of Slavery, and the Intensification of Work in the French Soudan, 1883–1912","authors":"R. Roberts","doi":"10.1353/aeh.2021.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/aeh.2021.0002","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:This article posits a strong correlation between episodes of regionally specific economic growth and the intensification of work to meet increased demand. The arrival of the French conquest armies in Bamako in 1883 stimulated the market for grain to feed the soldiers and the crowd of those supporting them. The market for grain had long predated the arrival of the French to support the desert side trade with the pastoralists of the sahel and had stimulated a slave-based plantation sector among the Maraka. In the absence of new technologies and new cultigens to increase productivity of agriculture, only by increasing the size of the labor force and by intensifying work could the Maraka supply grain to meet the new demand. Intensifying work led to the slaves’ exodus of 1905. Responding to the exodus of slaves, the Maraka slave owners intensified the work required of their wives and children resulting in incidence of running away and requests for divorce. With the end of slavery, former Maraka slave masters trafficked in women and children to augment the pool of coercible labor under their control.","PeriodicalId":43935,"journal":{"name":"AFRICAN ECONOMIC HISTORY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/aeh.2021.0002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47365255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：