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Inventions in the area of nanomaterials and nanotechnologies. Part I 纳米材料和纳米技术领域的发明。第一部分
IF 1.2 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2022-02-28 DOI: 10.15828/2075-8545-2022-14-1-18-26
L. Ivanov, L.D. Xu, E. S. Bokova, A. D. Ishkov, O. Borisova
: Introduction. Advanced technologies impress people’s imagination demonstrating the latest achievements (materials, methods, systems, technologies, devices etc.) that dramatically change the world. This, first of all, concerns nanotechnological inventions designed by scientists, engineers and specialists from different countries. Main part. The article provides an abstract overview of inventions of scientists, engineers and specialists from different countries: Germany, Russia, USA, et al. The results of the creative activity of scientists, engineers and specialists, including inventions in the field of nanotechnology and nanomaterials allow, when introduced to industry, achieving a significant effect in construction, housing and communal services, and related sectors of the economy. For example, the task resolved by the invention «A composition on the basis of oxide nanostructures to provide surface with superhydrophobic properties», means to design a new method of obtaining materials with superhydrophobic properties which possess improved performance and functional characteristics which can be applied in various areas: power engineering, electronics, machine-building, construction, ship-building, aviation, aerospace and food industries. The feature of the invention is that the surfaces demonstrate superhydrophobic properties and, as a result of that, their applying allows protecting metal structures, such as power lines, frame structures, roofs, from ice formation and dirtying. The technical result is possible due to the use of composition on the basis of oxide nanostructures to provide surface with superhydrophobic properties. The composition contains tetraethoxysilane and tetraisopropyl titanate as structure-forming agents, hexamethyldisilazane as hydrophobic element, isopropyl alcohol as dissolvent, non-spheric nanocrystal titanium dioxide with particle size from 10 to 50 nm as a grow accelerator of anisotropic structures to provide specified roughness of the surface. The specialist can be also interested in the following inventions in the area of nanotechnologies: a composite heat-conducting material on the basis of nanoliquid, a nanocomposite material on the basis of potassium titanate, a method of obtaining of nanodispersed powders, hybrid supercondenser on the basis of nanosized nickel hydroxide, etc. Conclusion. One of the most challenging tasks the economy of every country faces is to increase industrial competitiveness through technological upgrade. From the side of the state and companies the principal object to control in this process are the people and enterprises dealing with introduction of inventions and new technologies.
:介绍。先进的技术给人们留下深刻的印象,展示了最新的成就(材料、方法、系统、技术、设备等),极大地改变了世界。首先,这涉及到来自不同国家的科学家、工程师和专家设计的纳米技术发明。主要部分。本文对来自德国、俄罗斯、美国等不同国家的科学家、工程师和专家的发明进行了概述。科学家、工程师和专家的创造性活动的成果,包括纳米技术和纳米材料领域的发明,一旦引入工业,就可以在建筑、住房和公共服务以及相关的经济部门中产生重大影响。例如,本发明解决的任务“基于氧化物纳米结构的组合物,以提供具有超疏水性能的表面”,意味着设计一种获得具有超疏水性能的材料的新方法,该材料具有改进的性能和功能特征,可应用于各种领域:电力工程,电子,机械制造,建筑,造船,航空,航天和食品工业。本发明的特点是,表面表现出超疏水性,因此,它们的应用可以保护金属结构,如电力线,框架结构,屋顶,免于结冰和污垢。由于使用基于氧化物纳米结构的组合物来为表面提供超疏水性,技术结果成为可能。该组合物以四乙氧基硅烷和钛酸四异丙基为结构形成剂,六甲基二硅烷为疏水元素,异丙醇为溶剂,粒径为10 ~ 50 nm的非球形纳米晶二氧化钛作为各向异性结构的生长促进剂,以提供指定的表面粗糙度。对纳米技术领域的以下发明感兴趣:基于纳米液体的复合导热材料、基于钛酸钾的纳米复合材料、纳米分散粉末的制备方法、基于纳米氢氧化镍的混合超级冷凝器等。结论。通过技术升级提高产业竞争力,是各国经济面临的最具挑战性的任务之一。从国家和公司的角度来看,在这一过程中控制的主要对象是从事发明和新技术引进的人和企业。
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引用次数: 3
Aspects of determining the aggregative stability of water suspensions of mineral powders for building composites 建筑复合材料用矿物粉末水悬浮液聚集稳定性的测定方法
IF 1.2 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2022-02-28 DOI: 10.15828/2075-8545-2022-14-1-5-10
M. Frolova
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引用次数: 1
Improving the performance characteristics of gas concrete impregnated with calcium polysulfide 改善聚硫化钙浸渍气体混凝土的性能特性
IF 1.2 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-12-22 DOI: 10.15828/2075-8545-2021-13-6-343-349
I. Massalimov, B. Massalimov, A. Mustafin
Introduction. Impregnation with a solution based on calcium polysulfide showed excellent results in the hydrophobization of concrete, brick and shell rock due to the formation of a water-repellent coating of sulfur nanoparticles on the surface of their pores. This paper presents the data of studying the properties of aerated concrete, widespread in construction practice, which has a widely developed pore system. Materials and methods. The data on the penetration of water into the studied samples of aerated concrete using the methods of visual examination, including electron microscopy, as well as methods for measuring the water absorption and strength of the samples impregnated with a solution based on calcium polysulfide are presented. Results. It is shown that aerated concrete impregnated with calcium polysulfide, despite the developed pore system, acquires pronounced water-repellent properties. It was found that the optimal processing time is 20 minutes, and the increase in the water-repellent properties of aerated concrete depends on the density of the impregnating solution. As a result of impregnation of aerated concrete by immersion in a solution with a density of 1.16 g/cm3, a decrease in 3.7 times occurs, and when treated with a solution with a density of 1.25 g/cm3, it decreases 6.8 times and becomes equal to 6%. For samples processed with the use of vacuum, in the case of processing a solution with a density of 1.16 g/cm3, water absorption decreases by 7.9 times, and when processing with a solution using vacuum, it decreases 19.8 times, while the compressive strength increases by 1.7 once. Samples of aerated concrete, treated with a polysulfide-based solution with a brush, showed that in this case, water absorption in the sprinkling mode decreases to values of 1.5–2.0%. Discussion. It is noted that during the surface treatment of aerated concrete, a chemically resistant, water-repellent layer 3–3.5 cm thick is formed, which reliably protects the material from the penetration of water and chemicals. The results of the performed experiments give reason to believe that on the surface of the pores of aerated concrete treated with a solution based on calcium polysulfide, as well as on the surface of the pores of previously investigated materials, a nanosized coating is formed of sulfur particles that hydrophobic aerated concrete. Conclusions. Comparison of the results for aerated concrete with excellent data for concrete, brick, shell rock shows that the efficiency for aerated concrete is no less and allows us to recommend the specified solution for long-term protection of the surface of aerated concrete walls.
介绍。以聚硫化钙为基础的溶液浸渍在混凝土、砖和壳岩的疏水性方面表现出优异的效果,这是由于在它们的孔隙表面形成了硫纳米颗粒的防水涂层。本文介绍了在施工实践中广泛应用的加气混凝土的性能研究数据,它具有广泛发展的孔隙系统。材料和方法。本文介绍了用电子显微镜等目测方法测定加气混凝土试样中水的渗透情况,以及用聚硫化钙溶液浸渍试样的吸水率和强度的测定方法。结果。结果表明,经聚硫钙浸渍的加气混凝土,尽管孔隙系统发达,但仍具有明显的拒水性。结果表明,掺气混凝土的最佳处理时间为20分钟,其防水性的提高取决于浸渍液的密度。加气混凝土浸渍在密度为1.16 g/cm3的溶液中,降低了3.7倍,在密度为1.25 g/cm3的溶液中,降低了6.8倍,达到6%。对于使用真空处理的样品,在处理密度为1.16 g/cm3的溶液时,吸水率降低了7.9倍,使用真空处理的溶液时,吸水率降低了19.8倍,而抗压强度提高了1.7倍。加气混凝土的样品,用刷子处理多硫化物基溶液,表明在这种情况下,在洒水模式下的吸水率下降到1.5-2.0%的值。讨论。值得注意的是,在加气混凝土的表面处理过程中,形成了一层3-3.5厘米厚的耐化学性防水层,可靠地保护材料免受水和化学物质的渗透。所进行的实验结果使我们有理由相信,在以聚硫化钙溶液处理的加气混凝土的孔隙表面,以及在先前研究的材料的孔隙表面,硫颗粒形成了纳米级涂层,疏水加气混凝土。结论。将加气混凝土的结果与混凝土、砖、壳岩的优秀数据进行比较,表明加气混凝土的效率并不低,并使我们能够推荐长期保护加气混凝土墙表面的指定解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of the efficiency of using new environmentally friendly PVC additives based on adipic acid 基于己二酸的新型环保PVC助剂的使用效率评价
IF 1.2 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-12-22 DOI: 10.15828/2075-8545-2021-13-6-358-364
A. Mazitova, Z.F. Bulatasov, I. Zaripov, Yu. E. Sapozhnikov, I. Vikhareva
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引用次数: 0
Obtaining new phthalate plasticizers 获得新的邻苯二甲酸酯增塑剂
IF 1.2 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-12-22 DOI: 10.15828/2075-8545-2021-13-6-379-385
G. Aminova, A. Mašková, G. Yarmukhametova, N. Gareeva, A. Mazitova
Introduction. The increase in production volumes and the expansion of the scope of application of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) compounds contributes to the development of new additives and the attraction of new sources of raw materials for their production. The most important additives necessary for processing PVC are plasticizers. Plasticizers market is one of the largest segments of the global additives market. Since plasticizers are the most simple, cheap and affordable way to modify various properties of the polymeric compositions, their role in processing polymeric materials has recently increased significantly. In application the ester plasticizers, capable to plasticize almost all polymers, especially polyvinylchloride are considered as the most practical. Currently, the industry has mastered production of more than three hundred brands of plasticizers, most of which are esters of phthalic acid. Traditional phthalate plasticizers are the most widely used all over the world. Materials and methods. The paper describes the esterification reactions of phthalic anhydride with oxyethylated (degree of oxyethylation 1.2) and oxypropylated (degree of oxypropelation 1.1) cresols. New symmetric and asymmetric phthalate plasticizers were obtained – dikresoxycresylphthalate, butoxyethylcreoxyethylphthalate, cresylcresoxyethylphthalate and cresylcresoxypropylphthalate, optimum conditions for their preparationare picked up, studied their physical and chemical properties. The obtained experimental data were used to identify promising new phthalate-type plasticizers by the method of cluster analysis. Cluster analysis is the most effective method for solving this problem, because it is intended for combining some samples into classes (clusters) in such a way that the most similar in properties fall into one cluster, but at the same time the samples of different clusters differ as much as possible from each other. Clustering was carried out using the Statistica 10 program. Since at present the reference plasticizer is dioctylphthalate (DOP), the test results of the samples were compared with those of PVC compositions containing DOP. Results and discussions. According to the data obtained, it was found that butoxyethylcreoxyethyl phthalate has the best characteristics in terms of plasticizing ability. The influence of the selected plasticizer on the technological characteristics of PVC-compounds has been studied. The efficiency of the synthesized butoxyethylcreoxyethylphthalate in the PVC composition was evaluated by the indicator (index) of melt flow rate (MFR) and by the indicators of “thermal stability” and “color stability”. Conclusion. Use of the developed additive contributes to the production of PVC compounds with improved rheological characteristics, increased heat resistance and color stability.
介绍。聚氯乙烯(PVC)化合物产量的增加和应用范围的扩大有助于开发新的添加剂和吸引新的生产原料来源。加工PVC所需的最重要的添加剂是增塑剂。增塑剂市场是全球添加剂市场中最大的细分市场之一。由于增塑剂是最简单、廉价和负担得起的方式来改变聚合物组合物的各种性能,它们在加工聚合物材料中的作用最近显著增加。在应用方面,酯类增塑剂被认为是最实用的,它能增塑化几乎所有的聚合物,特别是聚氯乙烯。目前,该行业已掌握生产三百多个品牌的增塑剂,其中大部分是邻苯二甲酸酯。传统的邻苯二甲酸酯增塑剂是世界上使用最广泛的。材料和方法。介绍了邻苯二酸酐与氧乙基化(氧乙基化度1.2)和氧丙基化(氧推进度1.1)甲酚的酯化反应。得到了新的对称和不对称邻苯二甲酸酯增塑剂——邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、邻苯二甲酸丁氧乙酯、邻苯二甲酸甲酯、邻苯二甲酸甲酯、邻苯二甲酸甲酯、邻苯二甲酸甲酯。利用得到的实验数据,用聚类分析的方法鉴定出有前景的新型邻苯二甲酸酯型增塑剂。聚类分析是解决这个问题最有效的方法,因为它的目的是将一些样本组合成类(簇),以这样一种方式,在属性上最相似的归为一个簇,但同时不同簇的样本尽可能地彼此不同。使用Statistica 10程序进行聚类。由于目前的参考增塑剂是邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP),因此将样品的测试结果与含有DOP的PVC组合物的测试结果进行了比较。结果和讨论。根据所获得的数据,发现邻苯二甲酸丁氧乙酯在塑化能力方面具有最佳特性。研究了增塑剂的选择对pvc复合材料工艺特性的影响。以熔体流动速率(MFR)指标(指数)和“热稳定性”、“颜色稳定性”指标评价合成的邻苯二甲酸丁氧基环氧乙基酯在PVC组分中的效率。结论。使用开发的添加剂有助于生产具有改善流变特性,增加耐热性和颜色稳定性的PVC化合物。
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引用次数: 0
Integral quality indicators of waste concrete for reuse 废旧混凝土再利用综合质量指标
IF 1.2 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-10-30 DOI: 10.15828/2075-8545-2021-13-5-276-281
A. Ayzenshtadt, V. Danilov, T. Drozdyuk, M. Frolova, G. Garamov
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引用次数: 0
Arrangement of chemical elements in the three-dimensional matrix 化学元素在三维矩阵中的排列
IF 1.2 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-10-30 DOI: 10.15828/2075-8545-2021-13-5-282-292
B. Gusev, Samuel Y. L. Yin, A. Speransky
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引用次数: 0
Properties of Nano Engineered Concrete Subjected to Accelerated Corrosion 纳米工程混凝土加速腐蚀性能研究
IF 1.2 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-10-30 DOI: 10.15828/2075-8545-2021-13-5-293-305
A. Maher, M. El-Feky, Alaa Mohsen, M. Kohail
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引用次数: 20
Obtaining the retainer for waterproofing road bitumens 获取防水道路沥青用挡土器
IF 1.2 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-10-30 DOI: 10.15828/2075-8545-2021-13-5-319-327
E. Boev, A. Islamutdinova, E. Aminova
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引用次数: 0
Technology of three-dimensional laser scanning as a tool to provide safety for sport facilities 以三维激光扫描技术为工具,为体育设施提供安全保障
IF 1.2 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2021-08-31 DOI: 10.15828/2075-8545-2021-13-4-259-263
D. Gura, D. Bespyatchuk, S. Samarin, N. Kiryunikova, E. Lesovaya
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Nanotechnologies in Construction-A Scientific Internet-Journal
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