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Lime-diatomic mortar for finishing the walls of buildings 石灰-双原子砂浆,用于粉刷建筑物的墙壁
IF 1.2 Q4 NANOSCIENCE & NANOTECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-04-30 DOI: 10.15828/2075-8545-2022-14-2-96-104
V. Loganina
: Introduction. At present, when performing finishing and restoration work, more and more preference is given to dry lime mixes (DBM). Wide opportunities for the production of dry lime-cement mixes are opened up by the use of diatomite, which is both a dry mix filler and an active mineral additive. Previous studies have confirmed the effectiveness of heat treatment of diatomite. After firing at 600–800 о C, activity increases when interacting with calcium oxide hydrate. This is explained by the fact that at 600–800 о C clay substances are dehydrated to metakaolinite, which is characterized by increased reactivity. The properties of dry mixtures and compositions based on them are affected by the particle size of the components of the dry mixture. In this regard, it is of great importance to study the influence of the dispersion of the components of the dry mixture on the formation of the structure of the finishing compositions. Materials and methods. To study the active centers of the diatomite surface, we used the indicator method for determining the distribution of adsorption centers. Determination of the compressive strength was carried out on a DOSM-3-1 dynamometer on samples 3x3x3 cm in size at the age of 28 days of air-dry hardening of the compositions. The determination of the granulometric composition of the components of the dry mixture was carried out by the method of sedimentation analysis. Adsorption was estimated from the optical density measured with a PEC photoelectrocalorimeter. To study adsorption at the “liquid-solid” interface, the initial components of the dry mixture, lime and diatomite, were used. Results and discussions. Accordingto the data obtained, it was found that a particle size reduction of the dry mixture filler leads to an increase in the strength characteristics of lime-diatomite compositions.It was found that the introduction of C-3 additive into the water favorsincreasing dispersion of hydrated lime, improving plasticity finishing mixture and improving the physical and mechanical characteristics lime-diatomaceous compositions.It is proposed to introduce sulfate additiveinto the formulation of the aluminum-dry mixture. Increase in the compressive strength of the finishing composition with addition of aluminum sulfate 1.5–2 times was observed. Conclusion. It has been determined that the developed dry mixture is highly competitive, in terms of technological and operational properties,withprototype. Moreover, the production of the proposed DBM is more economical due to the use of local raw materials and domestic additives.
:介绍。目前,在进行装修和修复工程时,越来越多地采用干石灰混合料(DBM)。硅藻土既是一种干混合填料,又是一种活性矿物添加剂,为生产干石灰水泥混合物开辟了广阔的机会。以往的研究证实了硅藻土热处理的有效性。在600-800°C烧制后,与氧化钙水合物相互作用时活性增加。这可以解释为,在600-800°C时,粘土物质脱水成偏高岭石,其特征是反应性增强。干混合物和基于它们的组合物的性质受到干混合物组分粒度的影响。在这方面,研究干燥混合物组分的分散对整理组合物结构形成的影响是非常重要的。材料和方法。为了研究硅藻土表面的活性中心,我们用指示剂法确定了吸附中心的分布。采用DOSM-3-1测力仪对尺寸为3x3x3 cm的组合物进行风干硬化28天后的抗压强度测定。采用沉降分析法对干燥混合物组分的粒度组成进行测定。用PEC光电量热计测量光密度,估计吸附量。为了研究在“液-固”界面的吸附,使用了干混合物的初始组分石灰和硅藻土。结果和讨论。根据所获得的数据,发现干燥混合填料的粒径减小导致石灰-硅藻土组合物的强度特性增加。研究发现,在水中引入C-3添加剂有利于水合石灰的分散,改善改性混合物的塑性,改善石灰-硅藻组成物的物理力学特性。建议在铝-干混合料配方中引入硫酸盐添加剂。结果表明,添加1.5 ~ 2倍硫酸铝可提高整理组合物的抗压强度。结论。已确定开发的干混合物在技术和操作性能方面与原型具有很强的竞争力。此外,由于使用当地原料和国内添加剂,所提出的DBM的生产更加经济。
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引用次数: 0
Additives to reduce the flammability of polymers 降低聚合物易燃性的添加剂
IF 1.2 Q4 NANOSCIENCE & NANOTECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-04-30 DOI: 10.15828/2075-8545-2022-14-2-156-161
I. Zaripov, I. Vikhareva, E. A. Buylova, T. V. Berestova, A. Mazitova
: Introduction. This review article provides data on additives used to reduce the flammability of polymer compositions. It is shown that not individual substances are used for this purpose, but their mixtures, including flame retardants, synergists, and stabilizers. The principle of operation of flame retardants is that when the appropriate degree of concentration of flame retardants in the material is reached, they do not allow it to burn without the presence of an ignition source. Under the influence of fire on the processed material, various chemical and physical processes occur in it, preventing the flame from flaring up. Main part. The advantages and disadvantages of the main flame retardants currently used, which include antimony compounds, halogen-containing compounds, phosphorus-containing substances, as well as aluminum and magnesium hydroxides, are analyzed. Various mechanisms for slowing down combustion processes when flame retardants are used are considered. It has been shown that bromine-containing flame retardants are much more effective than chlorine-containing ones. They decompose in a narrow temperature range. In addi-tion, plastics containing bromine compounds as flame retardants are easily recycled due to the high thermal stability of such flame retardants. Phosphorus-containing compounds have a plasticizing ability and increase the fire resistance of plastic compounds. The action in the condensed phase is that during the decomposition of the flame retardant, phosphoric acid residues are formed, which act as dehydrating agents, contributing to the formation of carbonized structures. In this case, an aerosol can also be formed, which contributes to the deactivation of radicals due to the wall effect. Of particular interest are compounds containing halogen and phosphorus. The advantages of these compounds are as follows: by splitting off halogen radicals during decomposition, they deactivate active radicals; contribute to the formation of carbonized structures. Metal hydroxides decompose under the influence of high temperatures with the release of water. The decomposition reaction is endothermic, resulting in cooling of the substrate to temperatures below the flash point. The formation of water contributes to the dilution of combustible gases released during decomposition, weakens the effect of oxygen and reduces the rate of combustion. The effectiveness of hydroxides is directly proportional to their content in the polymer. The greatest efficiency is observed when aluminum hydroxide is introduced into oxygen-containing polymers (polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyamide). Magnesium hydroxide is more expensive than aluminum hydroxide, but has a higher heat resistance (up to 300 о C). Conclusion. Thus, among the listed flame retardants, aluminum and magnesium hydroxides occupy the first place in terms of the volume of use (more than 40% of the total volume of flame retardants). This is due to their low cost
:介绍。本文综述了用于降低聚合物组合物易燃性的添加剂的数据。结果表明,用于此目的的不是单独的物质,而是它们的混合物,包括阻燃剂、增效剂和稳定剂。阻燃剂的工作原理是,当材料中的阻燃剂达到适当的浓度时,在没有点火源的情况下,它们不允许它燃烧。被加工材料在火的作用下,在其内部发生各种化学和物理过程,防止火焰燃烧起来。主要部分。分析了目前使用的主要阻燃剂的优缺点,包括锑化合物、含卤化合物、含磷物质以及氢氧铝和氢氧镁。当使用阻燃剂时,考虑了减缓燃烧过程的各种机制。研究表明,含溴阻燃剂比含氯阻燃剂的阻燃效果要好得多。它们在很窄的温度范围内分解。此外,含有溴化合物作为阻燃剂的塑料,由于这种阻燃剂的高热稳定性,很容易回收。含磷化合物具有塑化能力,提高塑料化合物的耐火性。缩合相的作用是阻燃剂在分解过程中形成磷酸残渣,磷酸残渣起到脱水剂的作用,促成炭化结构的形成。在这种情况下,还可以形成气溶胶,由于壁效应,它有助于自由基的失活。特别令人感兴趣的是含有卤素和磷的化合物。这些化合物的优点是:通过在分解过程中分裂卤素自由基,使活性自由基失活;有助于碳化结构的形成。金属氢氧化物在高温的影响下随着水的释放而分解。分解反应是吸热的,导致基材冷却到闪点以下的温度。水的形成有助于稀释分解过程中释放的可燃气体,削弱氧气的作用,降低燃烧速度。氢氧化物的有效性与它们在聚合物中的含量成正比。当氢氧化铝被引入含氧聚合物(聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯、聚酰胺)时,效率最高。氢氧化镁比氢氧化铝更昂贵,但具有更高的耐热性(高达300℃)。由此可见,在所列阻燃剂中,氢氧化铝和氢氧化镁的使用体积居首位(占阻燃剂总体积的40%以上)。这是由于它们的低成本、可制造性和环境安全性。一个精心选择的金属氢氧化物系统产生低成本的不燃材料,分解产生的烟雾很少。因此,金属氢氧化物作为阻燃剂的使用量不断增加。
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引用次数: 2
Collagen Based Bio-Additives in Polymer Composites 高分子复合材料中基于胶原蛋白的生物添加剂
IF 1.2 Q4 NANOSCIENCE & NANOTECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-04-30 DOI: 10.15828/2075-8545-2022-14-2-137-144
A. Baldanov, L. Bokhoeva, D. Shalbuev, T. Tumurova
: Introduction. Polymer composite materials (PCM) based on epoxy resins are widely used in the construction industry. They are applied in construction of bridge spans, roadway slabs, footwalk planks, in low-loaded structures, as well as for reinforcement of concrete structures, sheating, strengthening of metal and concrete structures. Various fillers of micro- and nanosizes are used to improve the performance properties of PCM. Interfacial interaction between the filler and the polymer matrix plays an important role in determining the strength of the created composite materials. Methods and materials. The article studies the properties of polymer matrix composites reinforced with collagen based bio-additives obtained from solid organic waste of the leather industry. We have developed a fundamentally new method for obtaining a bioactive collagen product at a relatively low price, described in patent RU No. 2272808. Tensile studies of the PCM samples were carried out by adding dry collagen powder to an epoxy binder. We analyzed the sections of samples made on a JSM-6510LVJEOL scanning electron microscope, and studied the changes in the structure of PCM with fillers. Results and discussion. When 1% collagen is added to the PCM matrix, the amount of chemical elements is increasing: carbon (C) by 2.93%, oxygen (O) by 1.61%, magnesium (Mg) by 0.11%. And the number of micropores on the surface of the matrix, which serve as a stress concentrator, is decreasing by 4.9%, and they are also diminishing in size. The tensile tests have shown that when 1% collagen is added to the PCM matrix, the bearing capacity of the samples is increasing by 15.57%. The results obtained can contribute to the expansion of collagen application, waste reduction in the leather industry due to recycling. Conclusion. A fundamentally new method has been developed for obtaining a bioactive collagen product from solid organic waste of the leather industry at a relatively low price. It has been established that a bioactive collagen product in a powder form has a low cost and can be used as a bio-additive for PCM.
:介绍。以环氧树脂为基础的高分子复合材料(PCM)在建筑工业中得到了广泛的应用。它们适用于桥梁跨径、道路板、人行道板、低荷载结构的施工,以及混凝土结构的加固、护层、金属和混凝土结构的加固。采用各种微、纳米级填料来改善PCM的性能。填料与聚合物基体之间的界面相互作用是决定复合材料强度的重要因素。方法和材料。研究了从皮革工业固体有机废弃物中提取的胶原基生物添加剂增强聚合物基复合材料的性能。我们开发了一种全新的方法,以相对较低的价格获得生物活性胶原蛋白产品,专利RU No. 2272808描述。通过将干燥的胶原蛋白粉末加入到环氧粘合剂中,对PCM样品进行了拉伸研究。用JSM-6510LVJEOL扫描电镜对样品切片进行了分析,研究了填料对PCM结构的影响。结果和讨论。当PCM基质中加入1%的胶原蛋白时,化学元素的数量增加:碳(C)增加2.93%,氧(O)增加1.61%,镁(Mg)增加0.11%。基体表面起应力集中作用的微孔数量减少了4.9%,微孔尺寸也在减小。拉伸试验表明,当PCM基质中加入1%的胶原蛋白时,样品的承载力提高了15.57%。所得结果有助于扩大胶原蛋白的应用,减少皮革工业中因回收而产生的废物。结论。一种从皮革工业的固体有机废物中以相对较低的价格获得生物活性胶原蛋白产品的新方法已经被开发出来。研究表明,粉末形式的生物活性胶原蛋白产品成本低,可作为PCM的生物添加剂。
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引用次数: 0
Phase-structural heterogeneity and activity of the surface of polymineral sand powders 多矿物砂粉表面相结构非均质性及活性
IF 1.2 Q4 NANOSCIENCE & NANOTECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-04-30 DOI: 10.15828/2075-8545-2022-14-2-89-95
M. Morozova, A. Ayzenshtadt, M. Akulova, M. Frolova
: Introduction. The value of the specific surface ( S sp ), the degree of crystallinity (С, %) and surface activity ( k s ) plays an important role in creating various compositions. The increase in the size of S sp is associated with a change in the “С” of rock powders, the value of which characterizes the properties of fillers. The reactivity of the finely dispersed material can be determined by the value of k s , which allows quantifying transition of the potential energy into free surface energy by activating the surface of the raw material. Therefore, determining the functional relationship between the parameters characterizing the reactivity of rock powders is an urgent task. Methods and Materials. Four deposits of polymineral construction sands are selected as raw materials. To obtain fine powders, the samples were ground by dry dispersion. The specific surface area of rock systems was determined by gas sorption. Crystallinity was calculated from the X-ray diffractogram of the samples. Results and Discussion. The certain sizes of specific surfaces for highly dispersed rocks have shown, that deposits “Kenica” and “Nekhtskoye” possess the greatest values S sp . The study of the phase-structural heterogeneity of the samples, showed a significant increase of the content of the amorphous phase. At the same time, the degree of crystallinity for the sands “Kenica” and “Nekhtskoye” deposits decreases 25%. The functional relationship between the surface activity and the shares of the amorphous component ( c ) for highly dispersed sands was characterized by mathematical expression k s = 21 • 10 –6 • c +0,58 • 10 –6 . The identified dependence demonstrates the relationship between the parameters of the phase-structural heterogeneity and k s of fine-dispersed samples. Conclusion. The results obtained showed that mechanical dispersion contributes to the activation of raw materials. This is due to the breakability of the crystal structure of minerals and the texture of the raw materials. These characteristics are reflected in the value of the activity of the surface of fine-dispersed systems of the rocky rocks.
:介绍。比表面(S sp)的值、结晶度(С, %)和表面活性(k S)在创造各种组合物中起着重要作用。粒径的增加与岩石粉末“С”的变化有关,其值表征填料的性质。精细分散的材料的反应性可以通过k s的值来确定,k s可以通过激活原料的表面来量化势能向自由表面能的转变。因此,确定表征岩石粉末反应性的参数之间的函数关系是一项紧迫的任务。方法与材料。选取了四种多矿物建筑砂矿床作为原料。为获得细粉,样品采用干分散法研磨。岩石体系的比表面积由气体吸附量决定。根据样品的x射线衍射图计算结晶度。结果和讨论。高度分散岩石的特定表面尺寸表明,“Kenica”和“Nekhtskoye”矿床具有最大的S sp值。对样品相结构非均质性的研究表明,非晶相的含量显著增加。同时,“Kenica”和“Nekhtskoye”砂的结晶度降低了25%。用数学表达式k s = 21•10 -6•c +0,58•10 -6表征了高分散砂的表面活性与非晶态组分(c)份额之间的函数关系。确定的依赖关系说明了细分散样品的相结构非均质性参数与k s之间的关系。结论。结果表明,机械分散有助于原料的活化。这是由于矿物晶体结构的易碎性和原料的质地。这些特征反映在岩石细分散体系表面活动性的数值上。
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引用次数: 0
Socio-economic assessment of the use of nature-like nanotechnologies for the reengineering of the technosphere 利用类自然纳米技术进行技术圈再造的社会经济评估
IF 1.2 Q4 NANOSCIENCE & NANOTECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-04-30 DOI: 10.15828/2075-8545-2022-14-2-119-136
V. Belozerov, M. Nikulin, V. Belozerov
: Introduction. Recently, the term “nature-like technologies” has appeared in the everyday life of scientists and politicians, which quite deservedly include the so-called alternative energy sources (sun, wind, heat). At the same time, despite the fact that installations using these sources are “seasonal” and low concentrated, their use is rapidly and haphazardly developing, and many economists and politicians mistakenly consider them as basics, misleading business. Based on the analysis of the epistemology of the origin of the term "nature-like technologies", this article shows the groundlessness, and even the harm of the rapid and unsystematic use of wind turbines. Evidence is given of the inconsistency of the "myths" that Nature cannot cope with the compensation of the economic activity of mankind, therefore, according to Academician Sergeyev S.M., President of the Russian Academy of Sciences, "reengineering of the technosphere" is required. At the same time, modern economic science is far from taking into account in his models of the assimilation potentials of the biosphere of regions and the functions of entropy production in them, preferring to model various “cycles and modes”, as well as calculate different “coefficients” in order to predict “crises and equilibria”, without taking into account the interaction nature and society. In this connection, a scientific and technical task about determinating the “place of reengineering of the technosphere” in the structure of the life support systems of society, and, consequently, to evaluate its effectiveness. Methods, models and tools. To solve the tasks set, it is proposed to use the “retro-forecast method” of socio-economic losses from the introduction of “natural nanotechnologies”, using as “tools” the method of “spatio-temporal analysis”, model of the Leontief-Ford and adaptive taxation systems of “harm production”, the use of which in solving the problems of fire and environmental safety in the "technospheres of the regions" of the South of Russia (in road transport infrastructures, in cities and towns, in buildings and structures), proved their adequacy to the processes under study and usefulness. Results and discussion. The results of modeling the costs of efficiency of "reengineering of the technosphere" in Russia, in particular individual residential buildings, and a retro-forecast of changes in socio-economic and environmental losses during the autonomy of their resource supply (electric-ity, water and heat) are presented. It is shown that the production of domestic innovations in this area (“Shukhov’s” wind turbines, atmospheric water condensation devices and electric heating) will allow stopping the “total gasification” of rural settlements, as well as more economically than abroad, to implement decentralized supply of resources in Russia more than 10 million individual houses and about 40 million country houses, thus determining the “true place of alternative energy” in the structure
:介绍。最近,“类自然技术”一词出现在科学家和政治家的日常生活中,其中理所当然地包括所谓的替代能源(太阳能、风能、热能)。与此同时,尽管使用这些能源的装置是“季节性的”、低集中度的,但它们的使用正在迅速而随意地发展,许多经济学家和政治家错误地认为它们是基本的,误导了商业。本文在对“类自然技术”一词起源认识论分析的基础上,揭示了快速、不系统地使用风力发电机的无根据,甚至危害。有证据表明,认为大自然无法补偿人类经济活动的“神话”是不一致的,因此,根据俄罗斯科学院院长谢尔盖耶夫·s.m.院士的说法,“技术圈的再造”是必要的。与此同时,现代经济科学远远没有考虑到他的区域生物圈的同化潜力和其中的熵产函数的模型,而是倾向于模拟各种“循环和模式”,以及计算不同的“系数”,以预测“危机和平衡”,而没有考虑到自然和社会的相互作用。在这方面,一项关于确定“技术圈再造”在社会生命支持系统结构中的位置的科学和技术任务,并因此评估其有效性。方法、模型和工具。解决任务集,提出了使用“retro-forecast法”的社会经济损失的引入“自然纳米技术”,使用“工具”“时空分析”的方法,模型Leontief-Ford和自适应税收系统的“危害生产”,火的使用在解决问题和环境安全的“区域技术领域”俄罗斯南部(在道路运输基础设施,在城市和城镇,在建筑物和结构中),证明了它们在研究过程中的充分性和实用性。结果和讨论。本文介绍了俄罗斯“技术圈再造”效率成本建模的结果,特别是个别住宅建筑,以及在其资源供应(电、水和热)自治期间社会经济和环境损失变化的回顾性预测。该领域的国内创新产品(“舒霍夫”的风力涡轮机,大气冷凝水装置和电加热)将使农村定居点停止“总气化”,并比国外更经济地实现俄罗斯1000多万户个人住宅和约4000万户乡村住宅的资源分散供应。从而确定替代能源在俄罗斯电力、天然气、水和供热系统结构中的“真正地位”。结论。所提出的方法使我们能够确定所谓的可再生能源在城市和农村住区资源供应系统结构中的位置。与此同时,在风能和太阳能电池板领域提出的创新方案中,有可能出现更富有成效的设计解决方案,将“自治”扩展到区域中心和工人居住区的低层和多公寓建筑,而不是主要恢复具有锅炉房和小型热电联产的集中工程系统。
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引用次数: 1
Sustainable municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA) alkali-activated materials in construction: Fabrication and performance 可持续城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰(MSWIFA)碱活性材料在建筑中的制造和性能
IF 1.2 Q4 NANOSCIENCE & NANOTECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-02-28 DOI: 10.15828/2075-8545-2022-14-1-43-52
Pengwei Dong, Jingyi Liu, Huiru Wang, Hongyan Yuan, Quan Wang
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引用次数: 7
Prescription and technological efficiency of sedimentary rocks of various composition and genesis in cement systems 水泥体系中不同成分和成因沉积岩的配方及工艺效率
IF 1.2 Q4 NANOSCIENCE & NANOTECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-02-28 DOI: 10.15828/2075-8545-2022-14-1-53-61
A. Balykov, T. Nizina, V.M. Kyashkin, S. Volodin
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引用次数: 1
Synthesis of life support nanotechnologies into a replicated autonomous engineering system of an individual dwelling house 将生命维持纳米技术合成到一个独立住宅的复制自主工程系统中
IF 1.2 Q4 NANOSCIENCE & NANOTECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-02-28 DOI: 10.15828/2075-8545-2022-14-1-33-42
V. Belozerov, I. Voroshilov, S. Oleinikov, V. Belozerov
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引用次数: 1
Overview of the instrumental base for the control of greenhouse gases 温室气体控制仪器基础概述
IF 1.2 Q4 NANOSCIENCE & NANOTECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-02-28 DOI: 10.15828/2075-8545-2022-14-1-62-69
E. Muravyova, E. Kulakova
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引用次数: 0
High-strength wall ceramics based on phosphorus slag and bentonite clay 基于磷渣和膨润土的高强度壁陶瓷
IF 1.2 Q4 NANOSCIENCE & NANOTECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-02-28 DOI: 10.15828/2075-8545-2022-14-1-11-17
Zhazira Suleimenov, A. Sagyndykov, Zhangazy N. Moldamuratov, G. M. Bayaliyeva, Z. Alimbayeva
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引用次数: 2
期刊
Nanotechnologies in Construction-A Scientific Internet-Journal
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