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Occupational safety and health knowledge users’ perspectives about research use 职业安全与健康知识使用者对研究用途的看法
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/14773996.2017.1356544
D. Van Eerd, S. Cardoso, E. Irvin, R. Saunders, Trevor King, S. Macdonald
Abstract Using research evidence in decision-making requires skill, time and resources. Our objective was to examine experiences and perspectives related to research use among occupational safety and health (OSH) knowledge users (KU). This was a qualitative study investigating how research was acquired, assessed, adapted and applied in decision-making. A purposive sample of OSH KU was invited to complete an online survey and/or participate in interviews or focus groups. Most OSH KU indicated using research evidence was important. KU reported having skills and motivation to find and evaluate research. KU also reported sharing evidence with a variety of audiences. Time and resources were consistently noted as barriers. Credibility was an overarching theme as KU wanted to use credible research and noted their own credibility relied on using research in their work. KU were creative in using research in their OSH roles. More research with a broader audience of OSH KU is needed.
在决策中使用研究证据需要技能、时间和资源。我们的目的是检查与职业安全与健康(OSH)知识使用者(KU)的研究使用相关的经验和观点。这是一项定性研究,调查研究如何获得、评估、适应和应用于决策。有目的的职业健康健康大学样本被邀请完成在线调查和/或参加访谈或焦点小组。大多数职业安全与健康委员会表示,使用研究证据很重要。据报道,堪萨斯大学拥有寻找和评估研究的技能和动力。堪萨斯大学还报告了与各种观众分享证据的情况。时间和资源一直被认为是障碍。可信度是一个重要的主题,因为堪萨斯大学希望使用可信的研究,并指出他们自己的可信度依赖于在他们的工作中使用研究。堪萨斯大学在职业安全与健康研究方面很有创意。需要对职业健康和大学的更广泛的受众进行更多的研究。
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引用次数: 8
A review of the impact of shift work on occupational cancer: Part 2 – mechanistic and health and safety evidence 轮班工作对职业性癌症的影响综述:第2部分:机制和健康与安全证据
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/14773996.2017.1405575
J. Crawford, J. Cherrie, Alice Davis, Ken Dixon, Carla Alexander, Hilary Cowie, Damien McElvenny
Abstract The aim of this study is to carry out a review of the putative mechanism and health and safety evidence between 2005 and 2015 to inform practice using a systematic review methodology. The International Agency for Research on Cancer highlighted two potentially important mechanisms that may be involved in causing breast cancer following (night) shift work; light at night suppressing melatonin production and epigenetic changes in genes controlling circadian rhythms. Other mechanisms that have been investigated include the effect of chronotype, vitamin D status, psychological stress, fatigue, physiological dysfunction and poor health behaviours including smoking, drinking alcohol, poor diet, the timing of eating food and obesity. Interventions that have been investigated include shift design, pharmacological, chronotype selection, strategic napping and adherence to national cancer screening programmes. Suppression of night time production of melatonin and/or obesity remains the most plausible biological mechanisms for an association between shift work and cancer. Employers should facilitate the overall reduction in cancer risk for shift workers by enabling better health behaviours and facilitate access to national cancer screening programmes.
本研究的目的是对2005年至2015年间的推定机制和健康与安全证据进行回顾,以采用系统回顾方法为实践提供信息。国际癌症研究机构强调了夜班工作后可能导致乳腺癌的两个潜在重要机制;夜间光线抑制褪黑激素的产生和控制昼夜节律的基因的表观遗传变化。其他已被研究的机制包括睡眠类型、维生素D状态、心理压力、疲劳、生理功能障碍和不良健康行为(包括吸烟、饮酒、不良饮食、进食时间和肥胖)的影响。已研究的干预措施包括轮班设计、药理学、时间类型选择、战略性午睡和遵守国家癌症筛查规划。夜间褪黑激素分泌的抑制和/或肥胖仍然是倒班工作与癌症之间联系的最可信的生物学机制。雇主应促进更好的健康行为,并促进参与国家癌症筛查规划,从而全面降低轮班工人的癌症风险。
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引用次数: 5
A review of the impact of shift-work on occupational cancer: part 1 – epidemiological research 轮班工作对职业癌症影响的回顾:第一部分——流行病学研究
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/14773996.2017.1404263
D. McElvenny, J. Crawford, Alice Davis, Ken Dixon, Carla Alexander, H. Cowie, J. Cherrie
Abstract There are a growing number of studies suggesting a link between night shift work and increased risk of certain types of cancer, including breast cancer. In 2007, the International Agency for Research on Cancer described shift work involving circadian disruption as probably carcinogenic to humans. A systematic review of the epidemiology on shift work and cancer from 2005 to 2015 was carried out. We used standard systematic review methodology to identify, critically appraise and summarize the relevant epidemiological literature. We looked at reviews and meta-analyses from 2005 to 2015 and recent studies published from 2013 to 2015. For breast cancer, the relative risks of working night shifts have been reducing from 1.5 to around 1.2 over the past decade. A recent meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies has suggested that the overall relative risk of breast cancer may not be raised at all. The evidence for a raised risk of cancers other than breast cancer remains somewhat limited. The epidemiological evidence suggests that if a cancer risk exists from occupational exposure to night shift work, then the relative risk will be no more than around 1.1 or 1.2 and indeed may not exist at all.
越来越多的研究表明,夜班工作与某些类型癌症(包括乳腺癌)的风险增加有关。2007年,国际癌症研究机构(International Agency for Research on Cancer)称,昼夜节律紊乱的倒班工作可能对人类有致癌作用。对2005 - 2015年轮班工作与癌症的流行病学进行系统回顾。我们使用标准的系统综述方法来识别、批判性地评估和总结相关的流行病学文献。我们查看了2005年至2015年的综述和荟萃分析,以及2013年至2015年发表的最新研究。就乳腺癌而言,夜班工作的相对风险在过去十年中已经从1.5降低到1.2左右。最近一项前瞻性队列研究的荟萃分析表明,乳腺癌的总体相对风险可能根本没有提高。乳腺癌以外的癌症风险增加的证据仍然有限。流行病学证据表明,如果夜班工作存在癌症风险,那么相对风险将不超过1.1或1.2左右,甚至可能根本不存在。
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引用次数: 5
The development and evaluation of a Learning from Incidents toolkit 从事件中学习工具包的开发和评估
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/14773996.2018.1465263
A. Margaryan, A. Littlejohn, Dane Lukic
Abstract This paper describes the development and evaluation of a toolkit to support organizations in improving their learning from incidents (LFI) activities. Grounded in adult learning theory, extensive literature review and empirical research within the energy sector, the LFI Toolkit has five key components: a Process Model; a Framework; a Questionnaire; a set of Guidelines and a series of Engagement Exercises. The LFI Toolkit fosters participatory learning enabling broader employee engagement, sensemaking and contextualization. The Toolkit was developed and evaluated through participatory co-design methodology including two large energy companies. The data were drawn from four participatory co-design workshops and a stakeholder engagement review meeting including practitioners from a variety of organizations and roles – shop floor workers, frontline and middle managers, senior leaders, health and safety specialists and representatives of professional bodies. The findings provide insight into the clarity, usability and relevance of the Toolkit and the feasibility of its application across other companies.
摘要本文描述了一个工具包的开发和评估,以支持组织改进从事件中学习(LFI)活动。基于成人学习理论、广泛的文献综述和能源部门的实证研究,LFI工具包有五个关键组成部分:过程模型;a框架;a调查表;一套指导方针和一系列参与练习。LFI工具包促进参与式学习,实现更广泛的员工参与、感知和情境化。该工具包是通过包括两家大型能源公司在内的参与式共同设计方法开发和评估的。数据来自四个参与式联合设计研讨会和一次利益相关者参与审查会议,其中包括来自各种组织和角色的从业者——车间工人、一线和中层管理人员、高级领导、健康和安全专家以及专业机构代表。这些发现深入了解了工具包的清晰度、可用性和相关性,以及它在其他公司应用的可行性。
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引用次数: 5
A review of the impact of shift-work on cancer: summary of the evidence for practitioners 轮班工作对癌症影响的回顾:对从业者的证据总结
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/14773996.2017.1404737
J. Cherrie, J. Crawford, Alice Davis, Ken Dixon, Carla Alexander, H. Cowie, D. McElvenny
Abstract Shift work that involves disruption to the body’s circadian rhythm is classified as probably carcinogenic to humans based on limited evidence in humans and sufficient evidence in experimental animals. This article draws together the available information from the epidemiological, mechanistic and health and safety practice research to provide advice for practitioners. There is evidence that the increase in breast cancer risk amongst women who have worked night shifts is relatively modest and we cannot exclude the possibility that there is no cancer risk. If a causal association exists, the most likely mechanism is night time suppression of the production of the hormone melatonin. However, the observed increased risk of breast cancer amongst night shift workers may be due to higher prevalence of obesity and other lifestyle risks in this group of women. Current health and safety policies for shift work generally do not address cancer risks. Employers should develop a workplace policy for night work that informs workers about the potential cancer risks and possible strategies to minimize risks. Employers should also help reduce the cancer risk for shift workers through health promotion initiatives and encouraging access to cancer screening programmes. We summarize the evidence and recommendations in an infographic.
摘要基于人类的有限证据和实验动物的充分证据,涉及破坏身体昼夜节律的轮班工作被归类为可能对人类致癌。本文汇集了流行病学、机械学和健康与安全实践研究的可用信息,为从业者提供建议。有证据表明,上夜班的女性患癌症的风险增加相对较小,我们不能排除没有癌症风险的可能性。如果存在因果关系,最有可能的机制是夜间抑制褪黑激素的产生。然而,观察到夜班工人患癌症的风险增加,这可能是由于这组女性肥胖和其他生活方式风险的患病率较高。目前轮班工作的健康和安全政策通常没有解决癌症风险。雇主应制定一项夜间工作的工作场所政策,告知工人潜在的癌症风险和可能的风险最小化策略。雇主还应通过健康促进举措和鼓励参加癌症筛查计划,帮助轮班工人降低癌症风险。我们在一张信息图中总结了证据和建议。
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引用次数: 6
Close calls: managing risk and resilience in airline flight safety 千钧一发:航空公司飞行安全的风险管理和恢复能力
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/14773996.2018.1477554
Timothy J. Vogus
Organizations across a variety of industries are increasingly facing pressures for highly reliable, nearly error-free performance. Industries from education to health care to manufacturing often lo...
各行各业的组织都面临着越来越大的压力,要求获得高度可靠、几乎无错误的性能。从教育到医疗保健再到制造业的各个行业往往都是低成本的。。。
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引用次数: 0
The risk matrix: uncertain results? 风险矩阵:不确定的结果?
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/14773996.2017.1348571
Christopher Peace
Abstract The consequence/likelihood risk matrix is a widely used risk analysis and reporting technique, often incorporated into risk and safety management software, and often relied on to help make decisions about the tolerability of risk. However, decision makers may not be aware of matrix design features that give rise to uncertainty, or of errors in its use causing further uncertainty. This paper builds on prior evidence to argue that poorly designed or inappropriately used risk matrices result in an increase in uncertainty and, potentially, adverse effects on people and organizational objectives. It is further argued that risk matrices should be designed for reporting as part of an overall risk assessment, and not used on their own. The evidence is reframed as a goal tree to show where design and use of the matrix might reduce, but not eliminate, uncertainty in risk assessments. Suggestions are given for reducing uncertainty in the design and use of risk matrices that may enable more effective risk assessments. The article concludes that (1) risk assessors need better training in risk matrix design and use, and (2) decision makers need training to better understand the inherent unreliability of any risk matrix as a decision support technique.
摘要后果/可能性风险矩阵是一种广泛使用的风险分析和报告技术,经常被纳入风险和安全管理软件中,并经常被用来帮助做出关于风险可承受性的决策。然而,决策者可能没有意识到会产生不确定性的矩阵设计特征,或者使用中的错误会导致进一步的不确定性。本文以先前的证据为基础,认为设计不当或使用不当的风险矩阵会增加不确定性,并可能对人员和组织目标产生不利影响。有人进一步认为,风险矩阵应作为整体风险评估的一部分进行报告,而不是单独使用。证据被重新定义为目标树,以显示矩阵的设计和使用可以减少但不能消除风险评估中的不确定性。提出了减少风险矩阵设计和使用中的不确定性的建议,这可能会使风险评估更加有效。文章得出的结论是:(1)风险评估师需要在风险矩阵的设计和使用方面接受更好的培训,(2)决策者需要接受培训,以更好地理解任何风险矩阵作为决策支持技术的内在不可靠性。
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引用次数: 25
That strange number ‘zero’ 那个奇怪的数字“零”
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/14773996.2017.1376404
P. Waterson
The number zero often evokes a puzzled reaction amongst people. How, for example, can zero be something and nothing at the same time? The mathematician John Barrow describes how the concept of noth...
零这个数字经常引起人们的困惑。例如,零怎么可能同时是有而无呢?数学家约翰·巴罗描述了无。。。
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引用次数: 3
Zero commitment: commentary on Zwetsloot et al., and Sherratt and Dainty 零承诺:对Zwetsloot等人以及Sherratt和Dainty的评论
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/14773996.2017.1374027
S. Dekker
Abstract This paper discusses the literature that shows that declaring a zero vision for everything bad (including unsafe behaviours, incidents, injuries) does not prevent fatalities or major accidents. In fact, parts of the literature show that a reduction in minor badness increases the risk of major accidents and fatalities. This is true in several industries. Two families of explanations are discussed. The first is the concern that declaring a zero vision can reduce operational knowledge. The second is the unsubstantiated assumption that minor injuries and fatalities have the same causal pattern. In general, evidence for or against the utility of a zero vision is dogged by confounding factors (other variables responsible for changes in safety outcomes) and what Giddens called the double hermeneutic, where the results of such studies are only as stable as the attributions the original reporter (e.g. OHS official, case worker) and the subsequent analyst (e.g. researcher) made about a particular event. The paper concludes that in a complex, dynamic, resource-constrained and goal-conflicted world, zero is not an achievable target, but a zero commitment may be worth some encouragement.
摘要本文讨论了一些文献,这些文献表明,对所有不良行为(包括不安全行为、事件、伤害)宣布零愿景并不能防止死亡或重大事故。事实上,部分文献表明,轻微不良事件的减少会增加重大事故和死亡的风险。这在几个行业都是如此。讨论了两类解释。首先是担心宣布零愿景会减少操作知识。第二种是未经证实的假设,即轻伤和死亡具有相同的因果模式。一般来说,支持或反对零愿景效用的证据受到混杂因素(导致安全结果变化的其他变量)和吉登斯所说的双重解释学的困扰,此类研究的结果仅与原始报告人(如职业健康安全官员、个案工作者)和后续分析师(如研究人员)对特定事件的归因一样稳定。文章得出结论,在一个复杂、动态、资源受限和目标冲突的世界里,零不是一个可以实现的目标,但零承诺可能值得鼓励。
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引用次数: 6
Responses to the Vision Zero Articles 对“零愿景”文章的回应
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2017-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/14773996.2017.1361110
F. Sherratt, A. Dainty
This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Policy and Practice in Health and Safety on 14 August 2017, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/14773996.2017.1361110.
这是Taylor&Francis于2017年8月14日在《健康与安全政策与实践》杂志上发表的一篇文章的公认手稿,可在线获取:http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/14773996.2017.1361110.
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引用次数: 0
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Policy and Practice in Health and Safety
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