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Visual ethics: a past case and a present one 视觉伦理学:一个过去的案例和一个现在的案例
P. Dombrowski
Visual representations are powerful aids to communication, making points with clarity and force but they can offer opportunities for ethical and rhetorical lapses. Two cases are examined: Ernst Haeckel's illustrations of supposed embryonic states in support of his biogenetic law in the late-1800s and Jan Schon's graphs of ground-breaking research findings in solid state physics very recently. Both sets of illustration have been shown to be fraudulent. In visual ethics the key questions remain the same: how did the visual come about, what do they mean, and do they show what they claim to represent?.
视觉表现是沟通的有力辅助,清晰有力地表达观点,但也可能出现道德和修辞上的失误。本文考察了两个案例:Ernst Haeckel在19世纪末为支持他的生物遗传学定律而绘制的胚胎假想状态的插图,以及Jan Schon最近在固态物理学领域开创性研究成果的图表。这两组插图都被证明是欺骗性的。在视觉伦理学中,关键问题仍然是相同的:视觉是如何产生的,它们意味着什么,它们是否显示了它们声称要代表的东西?
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引用次数: 0
Application of Goffman's social interaction theories to the technical communicator/engineer relationship 戈夫曼的社会互动理论在技术沟通者/工程师关系中的应用
N. Amare, S. St Pierre
Technical communicators spend much of their time creating, editing, and revising text and images to guide the audience/reader/user/consumer to use a technical product more effectively. In order to help the user, however, the technical communicator must understand exactly what the engineering team intended in designing the product. This process involves developing and maintaining a healthy relationship between the technical communicator and the engineer, one which includes open and active lines of communication. This paper discusses Erving Goffman's social interaction theories from the discipline of sociology and what contribution these theories can make to the technical communicator/engineer relationship. Specifically, Goffman's presentation of self theory and impression management theory are applied as potential relationship-building practices for technical communicators. Implications for face-to-face, phone, and e-mail communication methods of successful interaction and relationship-building are also discussed.
技术传播者花费大量时间创建、编辑和修改文本和图像,以指导观众/读者/用户/消费者更有效地使用技术产品。然而,为了帮助用户,技术沟通者必须准确地理解工程团队在设计产品时的意图。这个过程包括在技术沟通人员和工程师之间发展和维持一种健康的关系,其中包括开放和积极的沟通渠道。本文从社会学的角度探讨了欧文·戈夫曼的社会互动理论,以及这些理论对技术传播者/工程师关系的贡献。具体而言,戈夫曼的自我理论和印象管理理论被应用于技术传播者潜在的关系建立实践。本文还讨论了面对面、电话和电子邮件沟通方式对成功互动和建立关系的影响。
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引用次数: 1
Readability of model consent forms provided by IRBs 审查委员会提供的同意书范本的可读性
K. Riley, J. Mackiewicz
Institutional review boards (IRBs) often provide model consent forms for researchers to use or adapt when conducting human subjects research. However, the models themselves often far exceed the 8th-grade reading level recommended for consent forms, with many models measuring grade 12 or higher. In this paper, we look specifically at how muck and how, model consent forms deviate from the desired 8th-grade reading level, as measured by the Flesch Reading Ease formula and the Flesch-Kincaid grade level formula. We discuss quantifiable features measurable by these formulas and by text analysis features available in Microsoft Word (e.g., sentence length, paragraph length, and percentage of passive voice sentences). We outline plans to examine additional features such as nominalization, patterns in the flow of given and new information, and document design. Our findings are designed to help IRBs and researchers prepare consent forms that are more readable and, therefore, more in keeping with legal and ethical guidelines for human subjects research.
机构审查委员会(irb)经常提供同意书模型供研究人员在进行人体受试者研究时使用或调整。然而,这些模特本身的阅读水平往往远远超过了知情同意书中建议的8年级阅读水平,许多模特的阅读水平达到了12年级或更高。在本文中,我们通过Flesch reading Ease公式和Flesch- kincaid年级水平公式来考察模型同意书与八年级学生期望的阅读水平偏差的程度和方式。我们讨论了通过这些公式和Microsoft Word中可用的文本分析功能(例如句子长度、段落长度和被动语态句子的百分比)来测量的可量化特征。我们概述了研究其他特性的计划,如名词化、给定和新信息流中的模式以及文档设计。我们的研究结果旨在帮助审查委员会和研究人员准备更易读的同意书,因此,更符合人类受试者研究的法律和道德准则。
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引用次数: 3
Knowledge portals support widely distributed oilfield projects 知识门户支持分布广泛的油田项目
J. Etkind, K. Bennaceur, M. Drnec, C. Luppens
This paper documents how project knowledge portals facilitate knowledge capture, validation, preservation, and sharing across widely distributed oilfield projects. These portals serve as the project focal point for the capturing of key project objectives, plans, processes, and activities. In addition, the portal connects the project to all other distributed projects, experts, and corporate knowledge repositories. Projects can be held to the highest quality, health, safety and environmental (QHSE) standards y means of a transparent and easily auditable,Web-accessible management system. By storing project data on a secure Web server, employees worldwide can have access to the content anytime and anywhere. Currently over 300 projects with project knowledge portals have been developed. Benefits of the implementation of the project knowledge portal include the reduction of lost project data, enhanced collaboration between projects and technical experts, minimization of travel, and reduced intranet bandwidth consumption. Project files are classified according to stringent confidentiality standards. Selected files may be made available to specified clients and subcontractors allowing cross-organizational teams to effectively share data, hence significantly reducing administrative engineering.
本文记录了项目知识门户如何促进跨广泛分布的油田项目的知识获取、验证、保存和共享。这些门户充当捕获关键项目目标、计划、过程和活动的项目焦点。此外,门户还将项目连接到所有其他分布式项目、专家和企业知识库。通过透明、易于审核、可通过网络访问的管理系统,项目可以保持最高的质量、健康、安全和环境(QHSE)标准。通过将项目数据存储在安全的Web服务器上,世界各地的员工可以随时随地访问这些内容。目前已经开发了300多个具有项目知识门户的项目。实施项目知识门户的好处包括减少项目数据丢失、增强项目和技术专家之间的协作、最小化差旅以及减少内部网带宽消耗。项目文件按照严格的保密标准进行分类。选定的文件可以提供给指定的客户和分包商,从而允许跨组织团队有效地共享数据,从而显著减少管理工程。
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引用次数: 6
Audiences involved, imagined, and invoked: trends in user-centered interactive information design 参与、想象和调用的受众:以用户为中心的交互式信息设计的趋势
D. Dayton
Practitioners in information architecture and interaction design have begun to use elaborate procedures for creating and communicating "personas," realistically detailed psychographic profiles of archetypal users. Design teams collaboratively invent these vivid fictional characters based on market segmentation data and user research. Teams strive to capture the product-related needs and goals of personas in condensed narratives called "scenarios" that depict the personas interacting with the product to achieve a particular goal. Personas and scenarios have only recently entered the conceptual vocabulary of professional communication. At present, they remain on the margins of our knowledge domain, in the contact zone with the discourse of information architects and interaction designers. This paper illustrates and explains the use of personas and scenarios for user and task analysis, glosses the origin and evolution of these methods, reviews the most recent communications about them by prominent interaction design and usability professionals, and links them to theorizing about the writer-reader relationship in the scholarship of rhetoric, composition, and professional communication. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of how the new storytelling approaches to user and task analysis affect theory, teaching, research, and practice in professional communication.
信息架构和交互设计的从业者已经开始使用复杂的过程来创建和交流“人物角色”,即原型用户的真实详细的心理特征。设计团队根据市场细分数据和用户研究共同创造这些生动的虚构人物。团队努力在被称为“场景”的浓缩叙述中捕捉与产品相关的需求和人物角色的目标,这些描述人物角色与产品交互以实现特定目标。人物角色和场景只是最近才进入专业沟通的概念词汇。目前,它们仍然处于我们知识领域的边缘,与信息架构师和交互设计师的话语处于接触区。本文阐述并解释了人物角色和场景在用户和任务分析中的应用,阐述了这些方法的起源和演变,回顾了著名交互设计和可用性专业人士关于这些方法的最新交流,并将它们与修辞学、写作和专业交流中关于作者-读者关系的理论联系起来。本文最后简要讨论了用户和任务分析的新叙事方法如何影响专业沟通的理论、教学、研究和实践。
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引用次数: 11
The fixation of knowledge: the general shape of information and its practical consequences for information design 知识的固定:信息的一般形态及其对信息设计的实际影响
A. Manning
Though professional communication theorists typically borrow from other disciplines (linguistics, rhetoric, cognitive or social psychology, etc.) we might develop a freestanding theory of information design, related perhaps to other disciplines, but still independent, in the way that organic chemistry is a freestanding discipline separate in many ways from general chemistry. I propose a base for such a theory in C.S. Peirce's general model of inquiry (1877). Useful information is shaped by a definitive question (topic) which moves an audience to search information for answers. Professional communication theory can be independently driven by the kinds of questions it seeks answers to.
虽然专业的传播理论家通常会借鉴其他学科(语言学、修辞学、认知或社会心理学等),但我们可能会发展出一种独立的信息设计理论,可能与其他学科相关,但仍然是独立的,就像有机化学是一门独立的学科,在许多方面与普通化学分开一样。我在皮尔斯(C.S. Peirce)的一般探究模型(1877)中提出了这种理论的基础。有用的信息是由一个明确的问题(主题)形成的,这个问题(主题)促使观众去搜索信息以寻求答案。专业沟通理论可以由它寻求答案的问题类型独立驱动。
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引用次数: 1
Shaping the profession: leading academic programs in technical communication 塑造专业:领先的技术交流学术课程
M.T. Davis, J. Ramey, J. Williams, L. Gurak, R. Krull, M. Steehouder
The panel of academic program administrators who participate in this discussion share challenges and successes in developing and leading programs in technical communication. The purpose is to provide a forum to share ideas and information. Informal conversations allow for audience participation.
参加本次讨论的学术项目管理者小组分享了在开发和领导技术交流项目方面的挑战和成功经验。目的是提供一个论坛来分享想法和信息。非正式的谈话允许听众参与。
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引用次数: 1
Graduate engineering professional development 研究生工程专业发展
Gail Palmer, Devorah Slavin
Effective focus on professional development in graduate engineering programs benefits students, academia, and industry. Formal communication skills, such as writing and presentation skills, are integral to professional development and are an asset for engineers in both academia and industry. However, graduates destined for careers in industry also benefit from informal professional development skills, sometimes called "soft skills" or "people skills" that help them effectively promote ideas and negotiate engineering project concepts with peers inside and outside of the field of engineering. Although industry leaders have noted the lack of soft skills in engineers, even those graduate engineering programs that include instruction in formal communication skills often neglect to include the professional development skills that are so crucial for success in industry. A n engineering program that includes both professional development and communication skills at the graduate level truly prepares students to succeed as engineering professionals in the 21st century.
有效地关注研究生工程项目的专业发展对学生、学术界和工业界都有好处。正式的沟通技巧,如写作和演讲技巧,是专业发展不可或缺的一部分,是学术界和工业界工程师的财富。然而,注定要在工业领域就业的毕业生也受益于非正式的专业发展技能,有时被称为“软技能”或“人际技能”,帮助他们有效地提出想法,并与工程领域内外的同行就工程项目概念进行谈判。尽管行业领导者已经注意到工程师缺乏软技能,但即使是那些包括正式沟通技巧指导的研究生工程项目,也往往忽视了对行业成功至关重要的专业发展技能。一个工程项目,包括研究生阶段的专业发展和沟通技巧,真正为学生在21世纪成为成功的工程专业人士做好准备。
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引用次数: 5
Assessing genre as rhetorical performance in software design 评估体裁在软件设计中的修辞表现
A. Williams
When organizations outsource, seeking expert help from external companies or consultants, often those in consulting roles will introduce new texts in order to help manage workflows and transform known work processes, all with the intention of improving work practices. Such scenarios challenge a key claim in rhetorical genre studies which perceives genres as actions that respond to situations that recur. As much as genre studies' notion of recurrence helps us understand texts' ability to facilitate communication in recurring workplace processes, it offers little insight into theoretical or methodological approaches for professional or technical communicators who may want to address, in theory, research, or practice, how workers use texts that have been imposed upon them with the purpose of creating situations entirely new to them and with the expectation that the new situation will stabilize and recur over time (as what often happens when companies merge or outsource). This kind of abrupt introduction of texts into the workplace marks phenomena called "genre dumping." In this paper, rhetorical genre theory and its application to genre dumping in technical communication has been examined, which have two aims: (a) to discuss how genre studies gives shape to what we know about how texts work in professional settings where technical work happens; and (b) to assess issues that genre dumping presents to rhetorical genre theory.
当组织外包时,从外部公司或顾问那里寻求专家帮助,通常那些担任咨询角色的人会引入新的文本,以帮助管理工作流和转换已知的工作过程,所有这些都是为了改进工作实践。这些场景挑战了修辞体裁研究中的一个关键主张,即体裁是对反复出现的情况做出反应的行为。尽管体裁研究的“重复”概念帮助我们理解文本在重复的工作场所过程中促进交流的能力,但它对专业或技术传播者在理论、研究或实践中可能想要解决的问题提供的理论或方法方法见解很少,员工如何使用强加给他们的文本,目的是创造对他们来说全新的情况,并期望新的情况会随着时间的推移而稳定和重复出现(就像公司合并或外包时经常发生的那样)。这种突然将文本引入工作场所的现象被称为“体裁倾倒”。本文研究了修辞类型理论及其在技术交际中的类型倾倒中的应用,其目的有两个:(a)讨论类型研究如何使我们所知道的文本在技术工作发生的专业环境中如何工作;(b)评估类型倾倒给修辞类型理论带来的问题。
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引用次数: 2
About face: comparing positive politeness in Dummies and conventional software documentation 关于面子:比较Dummies和传统软件文档中的积极礼貌
K. Riley
Previous researchers have noted rhetorical differences between primary manuals (i.e., those produced by the manufacturer) and secondary (i.e., after-market) manuals such as those in the Dummies series. Three manuals for Dreamweaver 4 software - the primary manual, the Dummies manual and another secondary manual - were compared for their use of positive politeness strategies identified by Brown & Levinson within the theory of linguistic pragmatics. The Dummies manual uses a large variety and number of positive politeness strategies. These strategies account in large part for the unique tone of the Dummies manual. In addition, because positive politeness strategies serve to build rapport, these strategies may account for the popularity of the Dummies series. The theory of positive politeness provides a well-developed, systematic method for describing and explaining the way that tone is achieved through the use of specific linguistic features.
以前的研究人员已经注意到初级手册(即制造商生产的手册)和次级手册(即售后市场)之间的修辞差异,例如傻瓜系列中的手册。对Dreamweaver 4软件的三个手册——初级手册、傻瓜手册和另一个次级手册——进行了比较,以确定Brown和Levinson在语言语用学理论中对积极礼貌策略的使用。《傻瓜手册》使用了种类繁多、数量众多的积极礼貌策略。这些策略在很大程度上解释了《傻瓜手册》的独特语气。此外,由于积极的礼貌策略有助于建立融洽的关系,这些策略可能是哑巴系列受欢迎的原因。积极礼貌理论提供了一个完善的、系统的方法来描述和解释通过使用特定的语言特征来实现语气的方式。
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引用次数: 4
期刊
IEEE International Professional Communication Conference, 2003. IPCC 2003. Proceedings.
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