Pub Date : 2021-08-01DOI: 10.1177/09731741211028096
Felix Padel
Debojyoti Das. 2018. The Politics of Swidden Farming: Environment and Development in Eastern India. Anthem Press, 252 pages, Price £70 (£18.36 kindle).
{"title":"Book review: Debojyoti Das. 2018. The Politics of Swidden Farming: Environment and Development in Eastern India","authors":"Felix Padel","doi":"10.1177/09731741211028096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09731741211028096","url":null,"abstract":"Debojyoti Das. 2018. The Politics of Swidden Farming: Environment and Development in Eastern India. Anthem Press, 252 pages, Price £70 (£18.36 kindle).","PeriodicalId":44040,"journal":{"name":"Journal of South Asian Development","volume":"16 1","pages":"315 - 318"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49407702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-01DOI: 10.1177/09731741211025356
Sanaullah Khan
Maria Rashid. 2020. Dying to Serve: Militarism, Affect and the Politics of Sacrifice in the Pakistan Army. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 267 pp., Price $28.00, ISBN: 9781503610415 (Hardback).
{"title":"Book review: Maria Rashid. 2020. Dying to Serve: Militarism, Affect and the Politics of Sacrifice in the Pakistan Army","authors":"Sanaullah Khan","doi":"10.1177/09731741211025356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09731741211025356","url":null,"abstract":"Maria Rashid. 2020. Dying to Serve: Militarism, Affect and the Politics of Sacrifice in the Pakistan Army. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 267 pp., Price $28.00, ISBN: 9781503610415 (Hardback).","PeriodicalId":44040,"journal":{"name":"Journal of South Asian Development","volume":"16 1","pages":"310 - 313"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48185998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-01DOI: 10.1177/09731741211032472
I. Kumar, I. Chowdhury
Although shadow education in India has been in practice for a long time, the scale has grown dramatically in recent years, with the size of the industry ranging between $40 and $70 billion. Drawing from the five rounds of National Sample Survey data sets on education, the study examines the trends and socioeconomic determinants of shadow education participation in India. It also addresses the time burden of shadow education and students’ learning outcomes by using the Indian Human Development Survey database. The findings state that households’ socioeconomic status, educational level of households’ head, urban residence, current schooling levels and type of educational institutions by management are highly significant determinants of participation in shadow education. The analysis further indicates that shadow education is positively associated with learning outcomes at the elementary level and that its contribution is larger in mathematics. However, shadow education costs a couple of hours per day of recreational time of the children (time cost), 40–50% share of household’s total educational expenditure, and around 20% share of household’s per capita annual consumption expenditure (economic cost).
{"title":"Shadow Education in India: Participation and Socioeconomic Determinants","authors":"I. Kumar, I. Chowdhury","doi":"10.1177/09731741211032472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09731741211032472","url":null,"abstract":"Although shadow education in India has been in practice for a long time, the scale has grown dramatically in recent years, with the size of the industry ranging between $40 and $70 billion. Drawing from the five rounds of National Sample Survey data sets on education, the study examines the trends and socioeconomic determinants of shadow education participation in India. It also addresses the time burden of shadow education and students’ learning outcomes by using the Indian Human Development Survey database. The findings state that households’ socioeconomic status, educational level of households’ head, urban residence, current schooling levels and type of educational institutions by management are highly significant determinants of participation in shadow education. The analysis further indicates that shadow education is positively associated with learning outcomes at the elementary level and that its contribution is larger in mathematics. However, shadow education costs a couple of hours per day of recreational time of the children (time cost), 40–50% share of household’s total educational expenditure, and around 20% share of household’s per capita annual consumption expenditure (economic cost).","PeriodicalId":44040,"journal":{"name":"Journal of South Asian Development","volume":"16 1","pages":"244 - 272"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42581849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-01DOI: 10.1177/09731741211024874
Prasenjit Sarkhel, A. Mukherjee
In recent times, land acquisitions in India for both public and private projects are facing stiff political resistance. Existing studies on land acquisition mostly focus on optimal compensation that would secure the consent of land owners. In this article, we argue that besides compensation, membership in different types of networks such as political parties and self-help groups might influence landowner consent. This could occur either because of pro-social concerns or access to better investment opportunities for the compensation amount. Using survey data from flood prone Indian Sundarbans, where the government sought to acquire land to construct embankments, we find evidence supportive of our hypothesis. The survey elicited reservation price response from land owners for a hypothetical land acquisition program. Our estimates show that land owners with self-help group members are more likely to have a higher ask price for agreeing to land sales. In contrast, controlling for length of party association, members of political networks are more likely to sell their land and have a lower reservation price than their non-political counterparts. Our results suggest that, rather than only increasing the compensation package, which is a stock of wealth, it is equally important to enhance the flow of income to ensure consensual land sales.
{"title":"Land Acquisition, Markets and Political Networks: Evidence from the Indian Sundarbans","authors":"Prasenjit Sarkhel, A. Mukherjee","doi":"10.1177/09731741211024874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09731741211024874","url":null,"abstract":"In recent times, land acquisitions in India for both public and private projects are facing stiff political resistance. Existing studies on land acquisition mostly focus on optimal compensation that would secure the consent of land owners. In this article, we argue that besides compensation, membership in different types of networks such as political parties and self-help groups might influence landowner consent. This could occur either because of pro-social concerns or access to better investment opportunities for the compensation amount. Using survey data from flood prone Indian Sundarbans, where the government sought to acquire land to construct embankments, we find evidence supportive of our hypothesis. The survey elicited reservation price response from land owners for a hypothetical land acquisition program. Our estimates show that land owners with self-help group members are more likely to have a higher ask price for agreeing to land sales. In contrast, controlling for length of party association, members of political networks are more likely to sell their land and have a lower reservation price than their non-political counterparts. Our results suggest that, rather than only increasing the compensation package, which is a stock of wealth, it is equally important to enhance the flow of income to ensure consensual land sales.","PeriodicalId":44040,"journal":{"name":"Journal of South Asian Development","volume":"16 1","pages":"194 - 219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43183105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Book review: Alf Gunvald Nilsen. 2018. Adivasis and the State: Subalternity and Citizenship in India’s Bhil Heartland","authors":"Jeffrey Witsoe","doi":"10.1177/09731741211006269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09731741211006269","url":null,"abstract":"Alf Gunvald Nilsen. 2018. Adivasis and the State: Subalternity and Citizenship in India’s Bhil Heartland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.","PeriodicalId":44040,"journal":{"name":"Journal of South Asian Development","volume":"16 1","pages":"152 - 155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/09731741211006269","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45768574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.1177/09731741211013676
K. Rajangam, Aparna Sundar
In this article we argue for greater attention to the practice of (nature-culture) conservation as a specific form of intervention with implications for development. Outlining the dominant frameworks through which the often vexed relationship between conservation and development has been understood, the article offers an alternative analytical framework that is grounded in ethnographic attention to everyday practice. Applying this framework, the three papers in this special section examine conservation-development dilemmas at diverse conservation sites in India—Rushikulya, Orissa, a globally significant site for the conservation of marine turtles; Nagarahole, in southern Karnataka, one of India’s most successful tiger reserves; and the Hampi region, northern Karnataka, where the archaeological remains of the medieval Vijayanagara Empire have been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site (WHS). The papers reveal a relationship between conservation and development that is paradoxically both more structurally imbricated and more contingent and variable than a focus on official frameworks, discourses and plans would suggest. They lead us to argue that, rather than focusing on the stated objectives of the formal conservation plan alone, attention to its ambivalent adoptions and unintended outcomes, as well as to negotiations between diverse actors and forms of knowledge, can contribute to both a more balanced theorization of conservation’s relation to development as well as to more effective conservation practices.
{"title":"Reading the Entanglements of Nature-culture Conservation and Development in Contemporary India","authors":"K. Rajangam, Aparna Sundar","doi":"10.1177/09731741211013676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09731741211013676","url":null,"abstract":"In this article we argue for greater attention to the practice of (nature-culture) conservation as a specific form of intervention with implications for development. Outlining the dominant frameworks through which the often vexed relationship between conservation and development has been understood, the article offers an alternative analytical framework that is grounded in ethnographic attention to everyday practice. Applying this framework, the three papers in this special section examine conservation-development dilemmas at diverse conservation sites in India—Rushikulya, Orissa, a globally significant site for the conservation of marine turtles; Nagarahole, in southern Karnataka, one of India’s most successful tiger reserves; and the Hampi region, northern Karnataka, where the archaeological remains of the medieval Vijayanagara Empire have been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site (WHS). The papers reveal a relationship between conservation and development that is paradoxically both more structurally imbricated and more contingent and variable than a focus on official frameworks, discourses and plans would suggest. They lead us to argue that, rather than focusing on the stated objectives of the formal conservation plan alone, attention to its ambivalent adoptions and unintended outcomes, as well as to negotiations between diverse actors and forms of knowledge, can contribute to both a more balanced theorization of conservation’s relation to development as well as to more effective conservation practices.","PeriodicalId":44040,"journal":{"name":"Journal of South Asian Development","volume":"16 1","pages":"7 - 32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/09731741211013676","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42266174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.1177/09731741211007291
K. Rajangam
In this article, I explore the complex trajectory of two bridges that were proposed for construction across the River Tungabhadra in the early 1990s at locations that now fall within the boundary of Hampi, a UNESCO Cultural World Heritage Site (WHS) in India. The proposed bridges were considered improper forms of infrastructure development in the visual context of a WHS, and the site was placed on the World Heritage in Danger List in the late 1990s. Popular media framed the controversy as a ‘classic clash’ between heritage and development where conservation goals and developmental needs opposed one another. Heritage experts, agencies, and activists read the crisis as one of ‘heritage or development’, normatively typecasting residents north of the river as ‘uneducated, ignorant locals’ wanting development at the cost of heritage. However, drawing on ethnographic fieldwork and archival material covering nearly three decades, I demonstrate that residents wanted the bridges not as physical infrastructure towards some obscure development goals, but as the means to link their overlooked contributions to the founding of the Vijayanagara Empire, the capital region and its contemporary remaking as a WHS. In this instance, the binary opposition lay in the ‘expert gaze’, not in local discourses. It was experts, rather than ‘local people’, who saw conservation and development as inherently opposed to each other. I explicate how various views on what constitutes heritage and development intersect with each other and suggest that dissonance need not be the inevitable result but may be built into the gaze of expertise.
{"title":"Bridging Development and Heritage: Expert Gaze, Local Discourses, and Visual Aesthetic Crisis at Hampi World Heritage Site","authors":"K. Rajangam","doi":"10.1177/09731741211007291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09731741211007291","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, I explore the complex trajectory of two bridges that were proposed for construction across the River Tungabhadra in the early 1990s at locations that now fall within the boundary of Hampi, a UNESCO Cultural World Heritage Site (WHS) in India. The proposed bridges were considered improper forms of infrastructure development in the visual context of a WHS, and the site was placed on the World Heritage in Danger List in the late 1990s. Popular media framed the controversy as a ‘classic clash’ between heritage and development where conservation goals and developmental needs opposed one another. Heritage experts, agencies, and activists read the crisis as one of ‘heritage or development’, normatively typecasting residents north of the river as ‘uneducated, ignorant locals’ wanting development at the cost of heritage. However, drawing on ethnographic fieldwork and archival material covering nearly three decades, I demonstrate that residents wanted the bridges not as physical infrastructure towards some obscure development goals, but as the means to link their overlooked contributions to the founding of the Vijayanagara Empire, the capital region and its contemporary remaking as a WHS. In this instance, the binary opposition lay in the ‘expert gaze’, not in local discourses. It was experts, rather than ‘local people’, who saw conservation and development as inherently opposed to each other. I explicate how various views on what constitutes heritage and development intersect with each other and suggest that dissonance need not be the inevitable result but may be built into the gaze of expertise.","PeriodicalId":44040,"journal":{"name":"Journal of South Asian Development","volume":"16 1","pages":"75 - 99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/09731741211007291","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47541796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.1177/0973174121991737
F. Kabadurmus
In literature, the implications of resource constraints for innovation outcomes are conflicting. A broad body of empirical research focuses on the negative impacts of such constraints, most of which use data from advanced economies. However, recently some scholars argue that in emerging economies, innovation occurs in spite of and even because of the poor investment environment. Using firm-level data from South Asia, which provides a good natural example for such poor investment environment, and where innovation tigers like India continue to thrive, we investigate whether internal barriers such as lack of human capital and financial capital are indeed barriers for firms in the region. Our findings for India provide empirical support for the literature on resource-constrained innovation, while results for Pakistan support earlier contributions within the conventional innovation literature. For Bangladesh, however, neither human nor financial resources but firm-characteristics such as size and foreign ownership promote innovation more. Findings are validated across sub-samples of small and medium-sized enterprises and non-exporters, which are more likely to face such constraints.
{"title":"Innovation Challenges in South Asia: Evidence from Bangladesh, Pakistan and India","authors":"F. Kabadurmus","doi":"10.1177/0973174121991737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0973174121991737","url":null,"abstract":"In literature, the implications of resource constraints for innovation outcomes are conflicting. A broad body of empirical research focuses on the negative impacts of such constraints, most of which use data from advanced economies. However, recently some scholars argue that in emerging economies, innovation occurs in spite of and even because of the poor investment environment. Using firm-level data from South Asia, which provides a good natural example for such poor investment environment, and where innovation tigers like India continue to thrive, we investigate whether internal barriers such as lack of human capital and financial capital are indeed barriers for firms in the region. Our findings for India provide empirical support for the literature on resource-constrained innovation, while results for Pakistan support earlier contributions within the conventional innovation literature. For Bangladesh, however, neither human nor financial resources but firm-characteristics such as size and foreign ownership promote innovation more. Findings are validated across sub-samples of small and medium-sized enterprises and non-exporters, which are more likely to face such constraints.","PeriodicalId":44040,"journal":{"name":"Journal of South Asian Development","volume":"16 1","pages":"100 - 129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0973174121991737","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45739174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.1177/09731741211005630
Priya Gupta
The relationship between conservation and development has undergone extensive scrutiny, primarily because of they appear to be antagonistic. Recent work points instead to their complex intermingling, such as the potential economic benefits of conservation. In this article, I argue that conservation is an inherent part of the development regime. I argue this by describing conservation practices in Nagarahole Tiger Reserve that reliy on scientific governance, an essential mechanism of the development regime. I trace this regime from its inception in the colonial period through forestry operations to its continuance in the conservation regime instituted post-independence. However, despite their co-evolution, this relationship is neither simple nor straightforward. I show how everyday governance draws on customary practices and experiential knowledge of local communities inhabiting Nagarahole. This aspect is devalourized in the official governance regime to the extent that these communities are disenfranchized from their lands. By establishing conservation as development, I suggest that conservation projects should be subjected to the same level of scrutiny and examination usually allocated to development projects, which are associated with exploitation, control and drastic modification of the landscapes we inhabit.
{"title":"Bridges and Borders: Entanglements of Conservation—Conservation is Development in the Forests of Nagarahole Tiger Reserve, India","authors":"Priya Gupta","doi":"10.1177/09731741211005630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09731741211005630","url":null,"abstract":"The relationship between conservation and development has undergone extensive scrutiny, primarily because of they appear to be antagonistic. Recent work points instead to their complex intermingling, such as the potential economic benefits of conservation. In this article, I argue that conservation is an inherent part of the development regime. I argue this by describing conservation practices in Nagarahole Tiger Reserve that reliy on scientific governance, an essential mechanism of the development regime. I trace this regime from its inception in the colonial period through forestry operations to its continuance in the conservation regime instituted post-independence. However, despite their co-evolution, this relationship is neither simple nor straightforward. I show how everyday governance draws on customary practices and experiential knowledge of local communities inhabiting Nagarahole. This aspect is devalourized in the official governance regime to the extent that these communities are disenfranchized from their lands. By establishing conservation as development, I suggest that conservation projects should be subjected to the same level of scrutiny and examination usually allocated to development projects, which are associated with exploitation, control and drastic modification of the landscapes we inhabit.","PeriodicalId":44040,"journal":{"name":"Journal of South Asian Development","volume":"16 1","pages":"54 - 74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/09731741211005630","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46958258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.1177/09731741211006273
J. Harriss, Ashwin Subramanian
Jonathan Parry (in collaboration with Ajay T. G.). 2019. Classes of Labour: Work and Life in a Central Indian Steel Town. Delhi: Social Science Press. ISBN 978-93-83166-34-3 (paperback), pp. +702, ₹1850.
{"title":"Book review: Jonathan Parry (in collaboration with Ajay T. G.). 2019. Classes of Labour: Work and Life in a Central Indian Steel Town","authors":"J. Harriss, Ashwin Subramanian","doi":"10.1177/09731741211006273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09731741211006273","url":null,"abstract":"Jonathan Parry (in collaboration with Ajay T. G.). 2019. Classes of Labour: Work and Life in a Central Indian Steel Town. Delhi: Social Science Press. ISBN 978-93-83166-34-3 (paperback), pp. +702, ₹1850.","PeriodicalId":44040,"journal":{"name":"Journal of South Asian Development","volume":"16 1","pages":"155 - 161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/09731741211006273","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42173940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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