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Decentralization and Its Impact on Growth in India 权力下放及其对印度经济增长的影响
IF 0.7 4区 经济学 Q4 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-04-01 DOI: 10.1177/09731741211013210
Fernanda Andrade de Xavier, A. Lolayekar, P. Mukhopadhyay
We study the effect of revenue decentralization (RD) and expenditure decentralization (ED) on sub-national growth in India from 1981–1982 to 2015–2016 for 14 large (non-special-category) states. Our study provides evidence that both RD and ED play a defining role in India’s sub-national growth in this three-and-a-half-decade period. We use a panel data model with fixed effects (FE) and Driscoll and Kraay standard errors that control for heteroscedasticity, autocorrelation and cross-sectional dependence. To test for causality between growth and decentralization, we use the Granger non-causality test. The regression analysis is supplemented with the distribution dynamics approach. We find that: (a) While decentralization Granger-caused economic growth, the reverse causality effect of growth on decentralization was not significant; (b) Economic growth increased significantly after liberalization; (c) Decentralization, capital expenditure and social expenditure had significant positive impacts on economic growth; and (d) States that had high levels of decentralization also had high levels of per capita income, while states that had low decentralization also exhibited low per capita income.
我们研究了1981-1982年至2015-2016年印度14个大(非特殊类别)邦的收入分散化(RD)和支出分散化(ED)对国民经济增长的影响。我们的研究提供了证据,证明在这三年半的时间里,研发和教育在印度的次国家增长中都发挥着决定性作用。我们使用具有固定效应(FE)和Driscoll和Kraay标准误差的面板数据模型来控制异方差、自相关和截面依赖性。为了检验增长和去中心化之间的因果关系,我们使用了Granger非因果关系检验。回归分析辅以分布动力学方法。我们发现:(a)虽然权力下放Granger导致了经济增长,但增长对权力下放的反向因果效应并不显著;(b) 自由化后经济增长显著增加;(c) 权力下放、资本支出和社会支出对经济增长产生了重大的积极影响;(d)权力下放程度高的国家的人均收入也很高,而权力下放程度低的国家的平均收入也很低。
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引用次数: 2
Frenemies: Marine Turtle Conservation and Economic Development in the Rushikulya Coast, Eastern India 法国人:印度东部鲁希库里亚海岸的海龟保护和经济发展
IF 0.7 4区 经济学 Q4 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-03-17 DOI: 10.1177/0973174121993947
M. Ramesh
The discourse on biodiversity conservation often presents this domain as an antithesis to economic development. However, in practice, the relation between conservation and development is far more complex because conservationists possess limited powers and must give serious consideration to the economic aspirations of others in any given region, such as local communities and industries. Moreover, conservationists are themselves a heterogeneous group with diverse ways of working. Therefore, although the relation between conservation and development is often described in binary terms such as conflict—co-operation, this does not adequately capture the nuances and dilemmas of actual conservation practice. In this article, I present an ethnographic study of marine turtle conservation in Rushikulya (eastern India), to argue that the relation between the two domains is essentially ambivalent and uncertain and hence, best understood as one of being ‘frenemies’ i.e. friendly enemies, rather than as allies or antagonists. From fieldwork conducted over three years (2012–2015), I describe how actors in both domains opportunistically borrow tools and concepts from each other, which blurs the boundaries between them and results in both connections and contestations. To conclude, I suggest we need more ethnographic studies to understand the realities of practice and provoke reflection on current approaches to both conservation and development.
关于生物多样性保护的论述经常将这一领域与经济发展对立起来。然而,在实践中,保护和发展之间的关系要复杂得多,因为自然资源保护主义者拥有有限的权力,必须认真考虑任何特定地区其他人的经济愿望,例如当地社区和工业。此外,自然资源保护主义者本身就是一个具有不同工作方式的异质群体。因此,尽管保护和发展之间的关系通常用冲突-合作等二元术语来描述,但这并不能充分反映实际保护实践的细微差别和困境。在这篇文章中,我介绍了一项关于Rushikulya(印度东部)海龟保护的人种学研究,认为这两个领域之间的关系本质上是矛盾和不确定的,因此,最好理解为“朋友”,即友好的敌人,而不是盟友或对手。在三年多(2012-2015)的实地调查中,我描述了这两个领域的参与者如何机会主义地相互借用工具和概念,这模糊了他们之间的界限,并导致了联系和争论。最后,我建议我们需要更多的民族志研究来了解实践的现实,并引发对当前保护和发展方法的反思。
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引用次数: 0
Book review: Ashwini Tambe. 2019. Defining Girlhood in India: A Transnational History of Sexual Maturity Laws 书评:Ashwini Tambe, 2019。界定印度少女时代:性成熟法的跨国历史
IF 0.7 4区 经济学 Q4 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/0973174120964682
S. Krishnan
Ashwini Tambe. 2019. Defining Girlhood in India: A Transnational History of Sexual Maturity Laws. University of Illinois Press. 218 pp., paperback, £19.99. ISBN: 978-0252084560.
Ashwini Tambe 2019。界定印度少女时代:性成熟法的跨国历史。伊利诺伊大学出版社,218页,平装本,19.99英镑。ISBN: 978 - 0252084560。
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引用次数: 0
Book review: Carol Upadhya, Mario Rutten and Leah Koskimaki, Eds. 2018. Provincial Globalization in India: Transregional Mobilities and Development Politics 书评:Carol Upadhya,Mario Rutten和Leah Koskimaki,2018年版。印度的省级全球化:跨区域动员与发展政治
IF 0.7 4区 经济学 Q4 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/0973174120964610
Prelisha Singh
Carol Upadhya, Mario Rutten and Leah Koskimaki, Eds. 2018. Provincial Globalization in India: Transregional Mobilities and Development Politics. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-06962-6 (hardcover), pp. 194, $155.00
Carol Upadhya, Mario Rutten和Leah Koskimaki主编,2018。印度省级全球化:跨区域流动与发展政治。伦敦和纽约:劳特利奇出版社。ISBN 978-1-138-06962-6(精装),第194页,$155.00
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引用次数: 0
Book review: Kanta Murali. 2017. Caste, Class and Capital: The Social and Political Origins of Economic Policy in India 书评:坎塔·穆拉利,2017。种姓、阶级与资本:印度经济政策的社会与政治根源
IF 0.7 4区 经济学 Q4 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/0973174120965117
Zaad Mahmood
Kanta Murali. 2017. Caste, Class and Capital: The Social and Political Origins of Economic Policy in India. Cambridge University Press, 317pp., Paperback, £24.99. ISBN: 978-1316608173.
坎塔·穆拉利,2017。种姓、阶级与资本:印度经济政策的社会与政治根源。剑桥大学出版社,317页。,平装本,24.99英镑。ISBN: 978 - 1316608173。
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引用次数: 0
Subnational Enterprise: Militarized Mothering, Women’s Entrepreneurial Labour and Generational Dynamics in the Gorkhaland Struggle 次国家企业:军事化的母性,妇女的创业劳动和戈尔哈兰斗争中的代际动态
IF 0.7 4区 经济学 Q4 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/0973174120987094
D. Sen
This article posits that gendered militarized labour, women’s everyday entrepreneurialism and political mobilizations around subnational autonomy are intricately linked. To understand the relationship between these entities, one needs to zero in on the generational dynamics of women’s collective engagement in upholding the martial identity of Gorkhas, and the consequences of such preoccupation on the legibility of Gorkha subjects vis-à-vis the Indian state. To locate the specificity of women’s collective engagements with Gorkhaland, I propose a de-essentialized intersectional perspective in drawing up my framework of ‘subnational enterprise’. I draw from Black Feminist scholarship on the nuances of mothering and community work, strains of Feminist International Relations perspectives that attend to the invisibility of gendered labour in situations of conflict, and the emerging feminist work on entrepreneurialism which emphasize its socio-psychological aspects. My framework of subnational enterprise draws on 16 years of longitudinal ethnographic work in urban and rural areas of Darjeeling, and in this piece, I draw on life history interviews as well as unstructured interviews with men and women in Darjeeling. I advocate for grounded explorations of the relationship between militarization, discourses of belonging and gender identity to explain how right and left agendas jostle within a regional autonomy movement.
这篇文章认为,性别军事化劳动、妇女的日常创业精神和围绕国家以下自治的政治动员之间有着错综复杂的联系。为了理解这些实体之间的关系,人们需要关注女性集体参与维护廓尔喀人军事身份的代际动态,以及这种关注廓尔喀主体相对于印度国家的易读性的后果。为了确定妇女与廓尔喀兰集体参与的特殊性,我在制定我的“国家以下企业”框架时提出了一个去本质化的跨部门视角。我从黑人女权主义学者那里汲取了关于母亲和社区工作细微差别的知识,从女权主义国际关系视角中汲取了在冲突中忽视性别劳动的力量,以及新兴的女权主义创业工作,这些工作强调了其社会心理方面。我的国家以下企业框架借鉴了大吉岭城市和农村地区16年的纵向民族志工作,在这篇文章中,我借鉴了生活史采访以及对大吉岭男性和女性的非结构化采访。我主张对军事化、归属论和性别认同之间的关系进行有根据的探索,以解释在地区自治运动中左右议程是如何相互冲突的。
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引用次数: 0
The Gift of Solidarity: Women Navigating Jewellery Work and Patriarchal Norms in Rural West Bengal, India 团结的礼物:印度西孟加拉邦农村珠宝工作和父权制规范中的女性
IF 0.7 4区 经济学 Q4 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/0973174120984578
Sarasij Majumder
In the context of declining women’s participation in the formal economy in India, this article looks at how women’s work in the informal sector of jewellery-making emerges as a gift. Gendered discourses on work turn men, who worked as labourers, into supervisors who monitor and control work situations and sort and grade final products in jewellery workshops. Following Anna Tsing, I argue that jewellery products start their lives as gifts but as they move from women (who are seen as housewives and family members) to men (who are seen as professionals/experts within the workshop) and beyond, they become commodities. This journey from gift to commodity within the workshop is made possible by a gendered discourse on work and by the dynamics within small landholding middle-caste households. Further, I underscore that women’s informal networks often help them cope with the emotional and affective tensions of work and the demands imposed on them by the men and their own households. Women facilitate the transition from gift to commodity by colluding amongst themselves to work in these informal spaces to maintain household status within peri-urban villages of West Bengal.
在印度女性参与正规经济的比例下降的背景下,本文着眼于女性在珠宝制造这一非正式部门的工作是如何成为一种礼物的。关于工作的性别话语把作为劳动者的男性变成了监督和控制工作情况、对珠宝车间的最终产品进行分类和分级的主管。按照Anna qing的观点,我认为珠宝产品最初是作为礼物出现的,但随着它们从女性(被视为家庭主妇和家庭成员)转移到男性(被视为车间内的专业人士/专家),甚至更远,它们就变成了商品。车间内从礼物到商品的这段旅程是由关于工作的性别话语和拥有小土地的中等种姓家庭的动态所实现的。此外,我要强调指出,妇女的非正式网络常常帮助她们应付工作带来的情绪和情感紧张以及男子和她们自己的家庭强加给她们的要求。在西孟加拉邦的城郊村庄里,妇女们相互勾结,在这些非正式的空间里工作,以维持家庭地位,从而促进了从礼物到商品的转变。
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引用次数: 1
Women’s Collectives and Social Transformations in South Asia: Negotiations, Navigations and Self-making 南亚妇女集体与社会转型:谈判、导航与自我创造
IF 0.7 4区 经济学 Q4 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/0973174120987091
Lipika Kamra, D. Sen
This introduction to the special issue lays out the importance of studying women’s collectives in South Asia. We argue in this issue that it is particularly important to examine collectives in this moment because transformations in South Asian women’s lives are increasingly described in individual terms in state policy and international development discourses. The emphasis on individual empowerment alone, however, effaces the subtle negotiations that women carry out with state actors, development workers, families, the market and their communities through collectives. The articles in the special issue examine how women’s participation in collectives and collective spaces enables them to imagine transformations in their lives. We also discuss the limitations of collectives-led transformation.
这期特刊的引言阐述了研究南亚妇女集体的重要性。在这个问题上,我们认为,在这个时刻审视集体尤为重要,因为在国家政策和国际发展话语中,南亚妇女生活的转变越来越多地以个人的方式描述。然而,仅仅强调个人赋权,就掩盖了妇女通过集体与国家行为者、发展工作者、家庭、市场及其社区进行的微妙谈判。特刊上的文章探讨了妇女如何参与集体和集体空间,使她们能够想象自己生活中的转变。我们还讨论了集体领导的转型的局限性。
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引用次数: 1
Logics of Sedition: Re-signifying Insurgent Labour in Bangladesh’s Garment Factories 煽动暴动的逻辑:重新定义孟加拉制衣厂的叛乱劳工
IF 0.7 4区 经济学 Q4 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/0973174120983955
D. Siddiqi
I draw on the Tuba hunger strike of 2014, which took place in the shadow of the collapse of the Rana Plaza building in Dhaka, Bangladesh, the preceding year, to think through questions of collective action in relation to shifting figurations of labour in moments of crisis. I ask how state, capital and (I)NGO priorities shape or re-signify dominant narratives of labour insurgency under supply chain capitalism (Tsing, 2009). I trace conditions that enable the invocation of (highly contextualized) non-work tropes as a strategy for controlling or reframing labour struggles; I am particularly interested in the emergence of the figure of the anti-nationalist or outside agitator and the work of sedition narratives in constructing borders between legitimate and illegal forms of labour mobilization. I show how the highly contingent global assemblages that emerge bear directly on the prospects for organizing (what remains of) the ‘formally’ employed industrial workforce in the global garment sector, holding lessons for other spaces and places.
2014年,在孟加拉国首都达卡(Dhaka)拉纳广场(Rana Plaza)大楼倒塌的阴影下,发生了图巴(Tuba)绝食抗议,我以此为例,思考在危机时刻,集体行动与不断变化的劳动力形象有关的问题。我的问题是,国家、资本和(I)非政府组织的优先事项如何塑造或重新表明供应链资本主义下劳工叛乱的主导叙事(Tsing, 2009)。我追踪能够调用(高度情境化的)非工作比喻作为控制或重构劳工斗争策略的条件;我特别感兴趣的是反民族主义或外部煽动者形象的出现,以及在合法和非法形式的劳工动员之间建立边界的煽动叙事的工作。我展示了出现的高度偶然的全球组合如何直接影响到在全球服装部门组织(剩下的)“正式”雇佣的工业劳动力的前景,为其他空间和地方提供了经验教训。
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引用次数: 6
Women-Led Businesses: An Ethnographic Study of Gendered Entrepreneurship in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan 女性主导的企业:巴基斯坦吉尔吉特-巴尔蒂斯坦性别创业的民族志研究
IF 0.7 4区 经济学 Q4 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/0973174120983129
Humera Dinar
As a result of the growing global economy and a development model with entrepreneurialism at its heart, women in remote and high-mountain societies in Gilgit-Baltistan, the northernmost part of Pakistan, have begun to venture outside the traditional and gendered economies by embarking on new forms of income-generating activities. This ethnographic study of women entrepreneurs in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, provides a critical analysis of the promotion of women’s entrepreneurship as a key strategy by development organizations to address gender inequities. The ethnographic accounts of women’s diverse experiences as entrepreneurs featured in this article demonstrate that the neoliberal development model and the global capitalist market serve as an opportunity for women in these high-mountain communities that allows them to push against socio-cultural pressures. Within these environments, women strive to become economic actors and make space for themselves in conventionally male-dominated economic trades such as business and entrepreneurship. In contrast to the NGOs’ narratives that glorify women as entrepreneurs in uncontentious ways, my ethnographic research views women as complex subjectivities whose lived experiences are embedded within socio-economic, religious and political dimensions of notions of legitimacy that dictate women’s participation in public spaces. The ethnographic accounts in this article illustrate how women navigate, negotiate, contest and reproduce the patriarchal sovereignties and development regimes.
由于全球经济的增长和以企业家精神为核心的发展模式,巴基斯坦最北端吉尔吉特-巴尔蒂斯坦偏远和高山社会的妇女开始在传统和性别经济之外冒险,开始从事新的创收活动。这项关于巴基斯坦吉尔吉特-巴尔蒂斯坦女企业家的民族志研究,对促进妇女创业作为发展组织解决性别不平等问题的一项关键战略进行了批判性分析。本文对女性作为企业家的不同经历的民族志描述表明,新自由主义发展模式和全球资本主义市场为这些高山社区的女性提供了一个机会,使她们能够对抗社会文化压力。在这些环境中,妇女努力成为经济行动者,并在商业和创业等传统上由男性主导的经济行业中为自己创造空间。与非政府组织以无可争议的方式将女性美化为企业家的叙述相反,我的民族志研究将女性视为复杂的主体性,她们的生活经历植根于社会经济、宗教和政治等方面的合法性概念,这些概念决定了女性参与公共空间。本文中的民族志描述说明了女性如何驾驭、谈判、竞争和再现父权制主权和发展制度。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
Journal of South Asian Development
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