Technology is an important strategic asset for many firms, and there is an increasing need to include technological considerations in strategy and planning processes. However, establishing and communicating the linkages between technology resources and company objectives presents a continuing challenge for many organizations. In addition, there is currently a lack of coherent and holistic frameworks for supporting understanding of technology management issues, with research efforts being somewhat fragmented. A key challenge associated with developing a technology management framework is that the subject is both multidisciplinary (from an academic perspective), and multifunctional (from an industrial perspective). This paper describes a set of frameworks that have been developed, seeking to address these difficulties, bringing together theoretical and practical perspectives. The frameworks incorporate a number of elements, including commercial, product and resource "levels", knowledge flows, business system elements (processes and context), and time. The theoretical foundations of the frameworks are described, together with an example of how it can be applied in practice, based on application of the technology roadmapping approach, supporting product and technology planning in the firm.
{"title":"Practical frameworks for technology management and planning","authors":"R. Phaal, C. Farrukh, D. Probert","doi":"10.1109/EMS.2000.872476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EMS.2000.872476","url":null,"abstract":"Technology is an important strategic asset for many firms, and there is an increasing need to include technological considerations in strategy and planning processes. However, establishing and communicating the linkages between technology resources and company objectives presents a continuing challenge for many organizations. In addition, there is currently a lack of coherent and holistic frameworks for supporting understanding of technology management issues, with research efforts being somewhat fragmented. A key challenge associated with developing a technology management framework is that the subject is both multidisciplinary (from an academic perspective), and multifunctional (from an industrial perspective). This paper describes a set of frameworks that have been developed, seeking to address these difficulties, bringing together theoretical and practical perspectives. The frameworks incorporate a number of elements, including commercial, product and resource \"levels\", knowledge flows, business system elements (processes and context), and time. The theoretical foundations of the frameworks are described, together with an example of how it can be applied in practice, based on application of the technology roadmapping approach, supporting product and technology planning in the firm.","PeriodicalId":440516,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE Engineering Management Society. EMS - 2000 (Cat. No.00CH37139)","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124977460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As Muslim nations mature since their independence from colonial regimes, they are attempting to restructure conventional systems into Islamic systems covering all parts of private and government sectors. One vital area spanning all aspects of these sectors is the economic and financial reshaping of the existing system based on interest-free Islamic principles. Islamic banking is at the heart of this reshaping process. Moreover, the emergence of new Muslim nations from the breakup of the Soviet Union, the information technology's global impact of collaborative effort, and the oil-rich Middle Eastern nations' desire to build their own infrastructure of products and services, are some of the other factors that are guiding Muslim countries to become proactive in the restructuring of the economical and financial systems. This paper will address how the Islamic banking system functions, how it would interact with traditional Western banking practices, and how multi-national corporations must adapt their financing practices to compete globally for major projects.
{"title":"Globalization, technology, and interest-free Islamic banking","authors":"M.A. Shaikh, G. Cahill, A.H. Al-Elaiwi","doi":"10.1109/EMS.2000.872509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EMS.2000.872509","url":null,"abstract":"As Muslim nations mature since their independence from colonial regimes, they are attempting to restructure conventional systems into Islamic systems covering all parts of private and government sectors. One vital area spanning all aspects of these sectors is the economic and financial reshaping of the existing system based on interest-free Islamic principles. Islamic banking is at the heart of this reshaping process. Moreover, the emergence of new Muslim nations from the breakup of the Soviet Union, the information technology's global impact of collaborative effort, and the oil-rich Middle Eastern nations' desire to build their own infrastructure of products and services, are some of the other factors that are guiding Muslim countries to become proactive in the restructuring of the economical and financial systems. This paper will address how the Islamic banking system functions, how it would interact with traditional Western banking practices, and how multi-national corporations must adapt their financing practices to compete globally for major projects.","PeriodicalId":440516,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE Engineering Management Society. EMS - 2000 (Cat. No.00CH37139)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131541322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes an approach to the analysis of publicly available financial data for individual industries. These methods enable the analyst to assess past practices and the historical rate of technological diffusion during the transition period of discontinuous technological change. This assessment can provide a basis of comparison for current changes in their industry. These methods are applied to small rural telephone companies during the period of 1960 to 1996. Annual data is presented detailing the change from aerial distribution cable to buried cable by the roughly 600 rural telephone companies financed through loans from the Rural Utilities Services, a branch of the US Department of Agriculture. This change took place at a time when these companies were regulated public utilities. As such they were guaranteed profit and were not subject to competition. With the passage of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, and the expectation of nationwide competition in telecommunications services, these firms will be faced with a much more volatile environment, in which firms can fail. Measuring past events through this approach can accentuate critical business practices. This analysis of longitudinal data can provide the rural telephone companies assessment of the change in technology diffusion based on the new competitive forces, and provide direction to management as it attempts to sail in this new uncharted territory.
{"title":"Strategy planning for technological discontinuities in a changing regulatory environment","authors":"W. Kehr, H. Nystrom","doi":"10.1109/EMS.2000.872567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EMS.2000.872567","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes an approach to the analysis of publicly available financial data for individual industries. These methods enable the analyst to assess past practices and the historical rate of technological diffusion during the transition period of discontinuous technological change. This assessment can provide a basis of comparison for current changes in their industry. These methods are applied to small rural telephone companies during the period of 1960 to 1996. Annual data is presented detailing the change from aerial distribution cable to buried cable by the roughly 600 rural telephone companies financed through loans from the Rural Utilities Services, a branch of the US Department of Agriculture. This change took place at a time when these companies were regulated public utilities. As such they were guaranteed profit and were not subject to competition. With the passage of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, and the expectation of nationwide competition in telecommunications services, these firms will be faced with a much more volatile environment, in which firms can fail. Measuring past events through this approach can accentuate critical business practices. This analysis of longitudinal data can provide the rural telephone companies assessment of the change in technology diffusion based on the new competitive forces, and provide direction to management as it attempts to sail in this new uncharted territory.","PeriodicalId":440516,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE Engineering Management Society. EMS - 2000 (Cat. No.00CH37139)","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134008765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper concentrates on the problem of how to develop multimedia enabling technology for future wireless terminals under the prevailing trends and continuously increasing challenges faced by the telecommunications industry. The main emphasis is laid on the strategy of continuous technology development in the context of wireless multimedia. A novel strategy for the technology development of wireless terminals is presented. The definition of technology strategy is closely related to technology management and the organisation responsible for the technology development. Therefore, organisational and technology management-related aspects are also discussed in more detail in the paper. The platform approach has been selected as the basis for the continuous development of multimedia-capable technology for wireless terminals. The platform development consists of concept- and engine-related technology development which are seen the main processes in creating and making use of technical knowledge, developing and implementing core building blocks for future wireless terminals.
{"title":"Technology development strategy for wireless media terminals: a platform approach","authors":"J. Knuutila, A. Nummela","doi":"10.1109/EMS.2000.872550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EMS.2000.872550","url":null,"abstract":"This paper concentrates on the problem of how to develop multimedia enabling technology for future wireless terminals under the prevailing trends and continuously increasing challenges faced by the telecommunications industry. The main emphasis is laid on the strategy of continuous technology development in the context of wireless multimedia. A novel strategy for the technology development of wireless terminals is presented. The definition of technology strategy is closely related to technology management and the organisation responsible for the technology development. Therefore, organisational and technology management-related aspects are also discussed in more detail in the paper. The platform approach has been selected as the basis for the continuous development of multimedia-capable technology for wireless terminals. The platform development consists of concept- and engine-related technology development which are seen the main processes in creating and making use of technical knowledge, developing and implementing core building blocks for future wireless terminals.","PeriodicalId":440516,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE Engineering Management Society. EMS - 2000 (Cat. No.00CH37139)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131913156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Often, when technical organizations (e.g., R&D, Engineering, IT/IS) select a new manager from their professional staff the choice is largely based on technical skills and accomplishments. Criteria reflecting candidates' ability to perform "managerial" work, if used at all, frequently are highly subjective and do not reflect the complex and diverse requirements (i.e., organizational, business, supervisory and technical) facing new managers. This paper highlights the outcomes of a series of consulting engagements conducted over five years for a variety of organizations concerned with defining the performance requirements of technical management and building highly integrated, capable management teams. These projects have produced important insights, tools, and systematic methods for addressing organization and management development issues that are particularly challenging for highly technical organizations. The work began with development of a comprehensive, job-relevant model of the capabilities required for managing research and development organizations. The model was then tested and refined in two world-renowned R&D labs and, later used as the basis for defining and prioritizing managerial developmental needs in a multi-disciplinary organization that designed and manufactured complex communication systems. The model has been used as a benchmark for defining managerial roles in a dynamic IT organization of a leading transportation operation.
{"title":"Aspiring managers do managerial work: new approaches for identifying and developing new technical managers","authors":"K. Rifkin","doi":"10.1109/EMS.2000.872575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EMS.2000.872575","url":null,"abstract":"Often, when technical organizations (e.g., R&D, Engineering, IT/IS) select a new manager from their professional staff the choice is largely based on technical skills and accomplishments. Criteria reflecting candidates' ability to perform \"managerial\" work, if used at all, frequently are highly subjective and do not reflect the complex and diverse requirements (i.e., organizational, business, supervisory and technical) facing new managers. This paper highlights the outcomes of a series of consulting engagements conducted over five years for a variety of organizations concerned with defining the performance requirements of technical management and building highly integrated, capable management teams. These projects have produced important insights, tools, and systematic methods for addressing organization and management development issues that are particularly challenging for highly technical organizations. The work began with development of a comprehensive, job-relevant model of the capabilities required for managing research and development organizations. The model was then tested and refined in two world-renowned R&D labs and, later used as the basis for defining and prioritizing managerial developmental needs in a multi-disciplinary organization that designed and manufactured complex communication systems. The model has been used as a benchmark for defining managerial roles in a dynamic IT organization of a leading transportation operation.","PeriodicalId":440516,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE Engineering Management Society. EMS - 2000 (Cat. No.00CH37139)","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134104133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Today's technical leadership faces an interesting paradox. On the one hand is the increasing pressure for speed. Technology supports, clients demand, a faster response. This has become a basis for global competitiveness. On the other hand, there is a need to develop problem ownership through involvement, sustained commitment, and the opportunity for continuous personal growth. Individuals wish to be heard, to participate in decisions, and to have an impact. This provides meaning to their jobs. A comprehensive dialog that can bring group attitudes into alignment, requires time. Facilitation of that dialog becomes an essential skill for today's leaders so that both involvement, and urgency, can be accommodated.
{"title":"Leading a collaborative action coalition","authors":"R. Parden","doi":"10.1109/EMS.2000.872470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EMS.2000.872470","url":null,"abstract":"Today's technical leadership faces an interesting paradox. On the one hand is the increasing pressure for speed. Technology supports, clients demand, a faster response. This has become a basis for global competitiveness. On the other hand, there is a need to develop problem ownership through involvement, sustained commitment, and the opportunity for continuous personal growth. Individuals wish to be heard, to participate in decisions, and to have an impact. This provides meaning to their jobs. A comprehensive dialog that can bring group attitudes into alignment, requires time. Facilitation of that dialog becomes an essential skill for today's leaders so that both involvement, and urgency, can be accommodated.","PeriodicalId":440516,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE Engineering Management Society. EMS - 2000 (Cat. No.00CH37139)","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124983002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While franchising is very common in service industries, it is relatively unknown in manufacture. As manufacturing becomes truly global and companies source materials from around the world, business format franchising offers a viable alternative to more common methods of expansion. This paper presents some of the results of a three-year project assessing the potential of franchising in manufacturing. The main sections describe franchising and contrast it with other forms of global expansion, the types of manufacturing business which would be suitable for franchising and the steps in establishing a franchise operation.
{"title":"Is franchising the future of global manufacture?","authors":"A. Carrie, L. Hayfron, U. Bititci","doi":"10.1109/EMS.2000.872512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EMS.2000.872512","url":null,"abstract":"While franchising is very common in service industries, it is relatively unknown in manufacture. As manufacturing becomes truly global and companies source materials from around the world, business format franchising offers a viable alternative to more common methods of expansion. This paper presents some of the results of a three-year project assessing the potential of franchising in manufacturing. The main sections describe franchising and contrast it with other forms of global expansion, the types of manufacturing business which would be suitable for franchising and the steps in establishing a franchise operation.","PeriodicalId":440516,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE Engineering Management Society. EMS - 2000 (Cat. No.00CH37139)","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117294077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The School of Engineering of the University of New Mexico has conducted the Entrepreneurial Engineering Class since 1983 when the author originated it. The prime objective is to give undergraduate and graduate engineers, as well as working engineers and scientists the opportunity to learn entrepreneurial skills necessary to start and grow successful companies and to provide greater value to existing companies for which they might be employed. Using his nearly two decades of engineering management experience innovating new products, the author designed the course for students to learn skills by doing. Students work together in small groups. Each group develops a business plan for a startup that a member in that group has proposed. The paper identifies reasons for conducting such a class for engineers and the way the class has been taught. This paper also reports findings of the author's survey of a cross-section of those who took the class in the last 17 years about how they applied what they learned in the class and their recommendations for future classes.
{"title":"An approach to teaching entrepreneurship to engineers","authors":"W. Groß","doi":"10.1109/EMS.2000.872582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EMS.2000.872582","url":null,"abstract":"The School of Engineering of the University of New Mexico has conducted the Entrepreneurial Engineering Class since 1983 when the author originated it. The prime objective is to give undergraduate and graduate engineers, as well as working engineers and scientists the opportunity to learn entrepreneurial skills necessary to start and grow successful companies and to provide greater value to existing companies for which they might be employed. Using his nearly two decades of engineering management experience innovating new products, the author designed the course for students to learn skills by doing. Students work together in small groups. Each group develops a business plan for a startup that a member in that group has proposed. The paper identifies reasons for conducting such a class for engineers and the way the class has been taught. This paper also reports findings of the author's survey of a cross-section of those who took the class in the last 17 years about how they applied what they learned in the class and their recommendations for future classes.","PeriodicalId":440516,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE Engineering Management Society. EMS - 2000 (Cat. No.00CH37139)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115973879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The decision tool that was developed via a framework of philosophy of causation, cognitive engineering, cognitive psychology and human factors, shows promise in being able to reduce the complexity of systems in general. While the findings are not as high as they hoped, the authors learned many lessons about how the tool should be presented and where changes should be made. From the pilot study based that is based on a case study, the next move will be towards the field of medical error. The field of medicine is struggling with how to lower its error rates. The error rates and complexity of the field are system properties. Without changing how the system functions, little can be done to reduce the overall error rates of hospitals and the profession in general. It is hoped that through the use of a tool similar to the one presented here, each actor will be able to see how they fit into the larger system. Through a reduction of system representational complexity and through a reduction in the complexity of individual tasks, such as surgery or medication distribution, real progress towards lowering error rates can occur.
{"title":"Framework for a decision support to aid in the allocation of resources in the event of an ambiguous failure","authors":"M. Hertz, M. Hertz","doi":"10.1109/EMS.2000.872516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EMS.2000.872516","url":null,"abstract":"The decision tool that was developed via a framework of philosophy of causation, cognitive engineering, cognitive psychology and human factors, shows promise in being able to reduce the complexity of systems in general. While the findings are not as high as they hoped, the authors learned many lessons about how the tool should be presented and where changes should be made. From the pilot study based that is based on a case study, the next move will be towards the field of medical error. The field of medicine is struggling with how to lower its error rates. The error rates and complexity of the field are system properties. Without changing how the system functions, little can be done to reduce the overall error rates of hospitals and the profession in general. It is hoped that through the use of a tool similar to the one presented here, each actor will be able to see how they fit into the larger system. Through a reduction of system representational complexity and through a reduction in the complexity of individual tasks, such as surgery or medication distribution, real progress towards lowering error rates can occur.","PeriodicalId":440516,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE Engineering Management Society. EMS - 2000 (Cat. No.00CH37139)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116755805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Nobre, J. Nakasone, A. Palhares, M.K. Madrid, R. Roy
This work proposes a fuzzy logic based computational approach as an alternative way to determine the management control quality of projects' development processes from measures of customer satisfaction and process performance. Its focal point takes advantage of the fuzzy logic capabilities to the analysis and design of systems whose behavior is based on experts' skills and knowledge in project management. Its main goals are centralized to: provide quantitative management with visibility into the projects' process performance; supply feedback information to stakeholders about the projects' management control quality; and minimize the human task in evaluating the overall quality of the organizations' management control. To enforce the proposed approach we provide a set of criteria used in its design, as well as its qualitative and quantitative analysis. To conclude, we applied the overall approach to a set of data originated from projects of telecommunication management networks.
{"title":"Fuzzy logic in management control: a case study","authors":"F. Nobre, J. Nakasone, A. Palhares, M.K. Madrid, R. Roy","doi":"10.1109/EMS.2000.872538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EMS.2000.872538","url":null,"abstract":"This work proposes a fuzzy logic based computational approach as an alternative way to determine the management control quality of projects' development processes from measures of customer satisfaction and process performance. Its focal point takes advantage of the fuzzy logic capabilities to the analysis and design of systems whose behavior is based on experts' skills and knowledge in project management. Its main goals are centralized to: provide quantitative management with visibility into the projects' process performance; supply feedback information to stakeholders about the projects' management control quality; and minimize the human task in evaluating the overall quality of the organizations' management control. To enforce the proposed approach we provide a set of criteria used in its design, as well as its qualitative and quantitative analysis. To conclude, we applied the overall approach to a set of data originated from projects of telecommunication management networks.","PeriodicalId":440516,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE Engineering Management Society. EMS - 2000 (Cat. No.00CH37139)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117067744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：