June Vana, D. Vargas, C. Vallejo, Pablo Rafael, P. Hail, Jocelyn Dollente
In general, the study aimed to determine the difference in the economic status of farm families before and after the implementation of infrastructure development projects in the second district of Nueva Ecija, Philippines. This study used a descriptive-quantitative correlation design. A total of 3 key informants and 90 farm families head composed of the respondents. A survey questionnaire was prepared as an instrument in gathering the required information. The mean of 51.69 years old signifies that most of the respondents' ages were at the prime working age. A majority (95.70%) of the households were headed by male farmers and have no other source of income other than farming. Job created, support services, and access to financial and market institutions by the respondents are significantly different before and after the implementation of the infrastructure projects. The level of adoption of rice production technologies registered a significant difference. However, vegetable production technologies registered no significant difference in the level of adoption before and after the implementation of the infrastructure projects. Farm inputs investment and profitability for rice and vegetable production before and after the implementation of the infrastructure projects in the first and second cropping seasons do not have a significant difference. While the net income registered a significant difference in two cropping seasons before and after the implementation of the infrastructure projects. The development of the infrastructure brings no significant difference with their livestock and vegetable production. On the other hand, rice production increases after the development of the infrastructure.
{"title":"Difference on the Economic Status of Farm Families before and after Implementation of Infrastructure Development Projects in the Second District of Nueva Ecija, Philippines","authors":"June Vana, D. Vargas, C. Vallejo, Pablo Rafael, P. Hail, Jocelyn Dollente","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3828891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3828891","url":null,"abstract":"In general, the study aimed to determine the difference in the economic status of farm families before and after the implementation of infrastructure development projects in the second district of Nueva Ecija, Philippines. This study used a descriptive-quantitative correlation design. A total of 3 key informants and 90 farm families head composed of the respondents. A survey questionnaire was prepared as an instrument in gathering the required information. The mean of 51.69 years old signifies that most of the respondents' ages were at the prime working age. A majority (95.70%) of the households were headed by male farmers and have no other source of income other than farming. Job created, support services, and access to financial and market institutions by the respondents are significantly different before and after the implementation of the infrastructure projects. The level of adoption of rice production technologies registered a significant difference. However, vegetable production technologies registered no significant difference in the level of adoption before and after the implementation of the infrastructure projects. Farm inputs investment and profitability for rice and vegetable production before and after the implementation of the infrastructure projects in the first and second cropping seasons do not have a significant difference. While the net income registered a significant difference in two cropping seasons before and after the implementation of the infrastructure projects. The development of the infrastructure brings no significant difference with their livestock and vegetable production. On the other hand, rice production increases after the development of the infrastructure.<br><br>","PeriodicalId":442192,"journal":{"name":"GeographyRN: Political Ecology (Topic)","volume":"217 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123230608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Transjakarta is the main support for the mobility of the people of Jakarta, especially for the compulsory group. During the pandemic, Corridor 1 was the most densely populated corridor with a percentage of 18.8%, so a service that is able to maintain the health of its users is needed. When compared to other public transportation in Jakarta, Transjakarta is still faced with the problem of accumulating passengers and the implementation of service quality that is not yet optimal, so that efforts are needed to improve its services. For this reason, it is necessary to review existing services first in order to determine which services need to be improved in the future. Therefore, this study is aimed at analyzing Transjakarta bus services during the COVID-Pandemic 19. Using an interest-performance analysis, this analysis assesses the gap between importance and performance of the 18 attributes of Transjakarta bus service quality. It is known that the overall service attributes of Transjakarta during the pandemic had good performance in accordance with user expectations. However, there are four attributes that need to be prioritized for improvement, namely passenger crowd management, controlling physical distancing by officers and boundary markers, and setting waiting times. The results of the review regarding the quality of Transjakarta bus service during the pandemic are expected to be a consideration for PT Transjakarta in improving its services in the future.
{"title":"Analysis of Transjakarta Services in the Pandemic Period COVID-19","authors":"R. Anwar.","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3827513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3827513","url":null,"abstract":"Transjakarta is the main support for the mobility of the people of Jakarta, especially for the compulsory group. During the pandemic, Corridor 1 was the most densely populated corridor with a percentage of 18.8%, so a service that is able to maintain the health of its users is needed. When compared to other public transportation in Jakarta, Transjakarta is still faced with the problem of accumulating passengers and the implementation of service quality that is not yet optimal, so that efforts are needed to improve its services. For this reason, it is necessary to review existing services first in order to determine which services need to be improved in the future. Therefore, this study is aimed at analyzing Transjakarta bus services during the COVID-Pandemic 19. Using an interest-performance analysis, this analysis assesses the gap between importance and performance of the 18 attributes of Transjakarta bus service quality. It is known that the overall service attributes of Transjakarta during the pandemic had good performance in accordance with user expectations. However, there are four attributes that need to be prioritized for improvement, namely passenger crowd management, controlling physical distancing by officers and boundary markers, and setting waiting times. The results of the review regarding the quality of Transjakarta bus service during the pandemic are expected to be a consideration for PT Transjakarta in improving its services in the future.","PeriodicalId":442192,"journal":{"name":"GeographyRN: Political Ecology (Topic)","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133350288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mali is a Sub-Saharan African country with 19.1 million people. Almost half of this population lives in poverty, due to the dysfunction of activity sectors (agriculture, energy, education, employment, services, etc.). Natural resource management especially land and water together with corollaries remain one of the greatest challenges for this dryland region to sustainably face climate change, meet food demand and improve its economy. The social crisis (especially in the northern region) is significantly affecting development and human security as well. This study had been carried out to review the current state of affairs, key trends, problems, solutions and their implications for sustainable development of Mali under changing climate and the impacts of land degradation. Likewise, investment opportunities in the priority areas are highlighted in this report.
{"title":"Mali - Land, Climate, Energy, Agriculture and Development: A Study in the Sudano-Sahel Initiative for Regional Development, Jobs, and Food Security","authors":"O. Coulibaly","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.308805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.308805","url":null,"abstract":"Mali is a Sub-Saharan African country with 19.1 million people. Almost half of this population lives in poverty, due to the dysfunction of activity sectors (agriculture, energy, education, employment, services, etc.). Natural resource management especially land and water together with corollaries remain one of the greatest challenges for this dryland region to sustainably face climate change, meet food demand and improve its economy. The social crisis (especially in the northern region) is significantly affecting development and human security as well. This study had been carried out to review the current state of affairs, key trends, problems, solutions and their implications for sustainable development of Mali under changing climate and the impacts of land degradation. Likewise, investment opportunities in the priority areas are highlighted in this report.","PeriodicalId":442192,"journal":{"name":"GeographyRN: Political Ecology (Topic)","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132992321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-22DOI: 10.1108/IJTC-05-2020-0111
W. Samarathunga
Wars destroy the tourism cities by causing damages to its cultural and natural attractions. However, the postwar cities have great upward potentials to develop through careful and integrated tourism planning. Thus, the aim of this paper is to identify the perspectives of local stakeholders' on tourism development in a postwar city. The study employed qualitative methods in collecting and analyzing the data while closely referring to pertinent literature. Interviews, observations, and focus-group discussions have been the main data collection tools and content analysis was performed with NVivo (v.12) to analyze the data. Analysis of interviews, focus group discussion findings, and observations highlighted the availability of a plethora of tourism potentials within postwar Jaffna that include, both cultural and natural attractions: Hindu Kovils and Buddhist temples, colonial heritage, traditional cuisines, and way of life, beaches, flora and fauna, and sceneries. The study further identified lack of professionals, absence of a master plan, remoteness, poor infrastructure, and absence of tourist activities as main obstacles for tourism development in Jaffna. Finally, implications are forwarded based on stakeholders' perspectives to promote postwar city tourism in Jaffna. Wars are not common and postwar tourism cities are rare. The present study is focused on a destination where the war has ended, causing many damages to the destination. The study evaluates the tourism potentials and challenges based on stakeholders' perspectives and forwards implications for city tourism development despite postwar empirical glitches, which has rarely addressed in the tourism literature.
{"title":"Post-war City to a Tourism City: the Perspectives of Local Stakeholders on Post-war City Tourism Development in Jaffna, Sri Lanka","authors":"W. Samarathunga","doi":"10.1108/IJTC-05-2020-0111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-05-2020-0111","url":null,"abstract":"Wars destroy the tourism cities by causing damages to its cultural and natural attractions. However, the postwar cities have great upward potentials to develop through careful and integrated tourism planning. Thus, the aim of this paper is to identify the perspectives of local stakeholders' on tourism development in a postwar city. The study employed qualitative methods in collecting and analyzing the data while closely referring to pertinent literature. Interviews, observations, and focus-group discussions have been the main data collection tools and content analysis was performed with NVivo (v.12) to analyze the data. Analysis of interviews, focus group discussion findings, and observations highlighted the availability of a plethora of tourism potentials within postwar Jaffna that include, both cultural and natural attractions: Hindu Kovils and Buddhist temples, colonial heritage, traditional cuisines, and way of life, beaches, flora and fauna, and sceneries. The study further identified lack of professionals, absence of a master plan, remoteness, poor infrastructure, and absence of tourist activities as main obstacles for tourism development in Jaffna. Finally, implications are forwarded based on stakeholders' perspectives to promote postwar city tourism in Jaffna. Wars are not common and postwar tourism cities are rare. The present study is focused on a destination where the war has ended, causing many damages to the destination. The study evaluates the tourism potentials and challenges based on stakeholders' perspectives and forwards implications for city tourism development despite postwar empirical glitches, which has rarely addressed in the tourism literature.","PeriodicalId":442192,"journal":{"name":"GeographyRN: Political Ecology (Topic)","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126449008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The emergence of India as an urbanized nation is one of the most significant socioeconomic and political processes of the 21st century. An essential feature of India’s urbanization has been the growth and persistence of informal settlements (slums) in its fast-developing cities. Whether living conditions in Indian urban slums constitute a path to human development or a poverty trap is therefore an issue of vital importance. Here, we characterize census data using the framework of urban scaling to systematically characterize the relative properties of Indian urban slums, focusing on attributes of neighbourhoods such as access to basic services like water, sanitation, and electrical power. We find that slums in larger cities offer systematically higher levels of service access than those in smaller cities. Perhaps as expected, we also find consistent underperformance in service access in slums in comparison with non-slum neighbourhoods in the same cities. However, urban slums, on average, offer greater access to services than neighbourhoods in rural areas. This situation, which we quantify systematically, may help explain why Indian larger cities have remained attractive to rural populations in terms of living standards, beyond the need for an economic income premium.
{"title":"Life Between the City and the Village: Comparative Analysis of Service Access in Indian Urban Slums","authors":"L. Bettencourt, A. Sahasranaman","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3448171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3448171","url":null,"abstract":"The emergence of India as an urbanized nation is one of the most significant socioeconomic and political processes of the 21st century. An essential feature of India’s urbanization has been the growth and persistence of informal settlements (slums) in its fast-developing cities. Whether living conditions in Indian urban slums constitute a path to human development or a poverty trap is therefore an issue of vital importance. Here, we characterize census data using the framework of urban scaling to systematically characterize the relative properties of Indian urban slums, focusing on attributes of neighbourhoods such as access to basic services like water, sanitation, and electrical power. We find that slums in larger cities offer systematically higher levels of service access than those in smaller cities. Perhaps as expected, we also find consistent underperformance in service access in slums in comparison with non-slum neighbourhoods in the same cities. However, urban slums, on average, offer greater access to services than neighbourhoods in rural areas. This situation, which we quantify systematically, may help explain why Indian larger cities have remained attractive to rural populations in terms of living standards, beyond the need for an economic income premium.","PeriodicalId":442192,"journal":{"name":"GeographyRN: Political Ecology (Topic)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133013178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose Agency is inherently an institution and involves dynamic socio-cultural processes that facilitate development. This paper is written in three parts. The purpose in Part 1 was to represent agency theory as an institutional theory, and consideration was made of the relationship between development, growth and globalisation. In Part 2, the purpose was to explore development with respect to the political context, explaining in terms of culture under what conditions political groups may come to power. Using political frames intended to define their nature and realities, they seek to attract agents in their political sphere to gain administrative power. In this Part 3, the purpose of this paper is to model, using cybernetic agency theory, the nature of development and reduction to instrumentality. Design/methodology/approach Development theory is a multidisciplinary field in which research and theories are clustered together and set within an adaptive institutional activity system framework. An adaptive activity system has a plural membership of agents represented by agency. In Parts 1 and 2 of this paper, agency was shown to have an institutional basis. Activity system development was also explained as a process of institutional evolution, and its potential was shown to provide power acquisition in a political landscape by competitive political frames which vie for support in a place of potentially susceptible agents. Here in Part 3, agency theory will be used to model the dynamic relationships between political frames and the agents that they wish to attract by projecting both cognitive and emotional structures, this enabling the anticipation of behaviour. Findings These relate to the three parts of the paper taken together. Agency is an evolutionary institutional system that can represent socio-political development. A model for political development has been created that identifies the conditions under which formal political groups are able to promote frames of policy to attract support from autonomous agents that constitute the membership of the activity system, and hence gain agency status. On the way to this, it connects Bauman’s theory of liquid modernity to Sorokin’s theory of socio-cultural dynamics and cultural stability. One result is the notion of liquid development, an unstable condition of development in adaptive activity systems. Agency theory can usefully explain detailed changes in agency, the relationships between agency agents, and interactions between agencies, this embracing institutional processes. Research limitations/implications The implication of this research is that it will allow empirical methods to be used that potentially enables political outcomes in complex socio-political environments to be anticipated, given additional appropriate measurement criteria. Originality/value The synergy of agency and institutional theories to explain the process of development is new, as is its application to the politica
{"title":"The Socio-Cultural Dynamics of Development: Part 3 Development through Agency Theory","authors":"M. Yolles","doi":"10.1108/K-02-2019-0085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/K-02-2019-0085","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Purpose\u0000Agency is inherently an institution and involves dynamic socio-cultural processes that facilitate development. This paper is written in three parts. The purpose in Part 1 was to represent agency theory as an institutional theory, and consideration was made of the relationship between development, growth and globalisation. In Part 2, the purpose was to explore development with respect to the political context, explaining in terms of culture under what conditions political groups may come to power. Using political frames intended to define their nature and realities, they seek to attract agents in their political sphere to gain administrative power. In this Part 3, the purpose of this paper is to model, using cybernetic agency theory, the nature of development and reduction to instrumentality.\u0000\u0000\u0000Design/methodology/approach\u0000Development theory is a multidisciplinary field in which research and theories are clustered together and set within an adaptive institutional activity system framework. An adaptive activity system has a plural membership of agents represented by agency. In Parts 1 and 2 of this paper, agency was shown to have an institutional basis. Activity system development was also explained as a process of institutional evolution, and its potential was shown to provide power acquisition in a political landscape by competitive political frames which vie for support in a place of potentially susceptible agents. Here in Part 3, agency theory will be used to model the dynamic relationships between political frames and the agents that they wish to attract by projecting both cognitive and emotional structures, this enabling the anticipation of behaviour.\u0000\u0000\u0000Findings\u0000These relate to the three parts of the paper taken together. Agency is an evolutionary institutional system that can represent socio-political development. A model for political development has been created that identifies the conditions under which formal political groups are able to promote frames of policy to attract support from autonomous agents that constitute the membership of the activity system, and hence gain agency status. On the way to this, it connects Bauman’s theory of liquid modernity to Sorokin’s theory of socio-cultural dynamics and cultural stability. One result is the notion of liquid development, an unstable condition of development in adaptive activity systems. Agency theory can usefully explain detailed changes in agency, the relationships between agency agents, and interactions between agencies, this embracing institutional processes.\u0000\u0000\u0000Research limitations/implications\u0000The implication of this research is that it will allow empirical methods to be used that potentially enables political outcomes in complex socio-political environments to be anticipated, given additional appropriate measurement criteria.\u0000\u0000\u0000Originality/value\u0000The synergy of agency and institutional theories to explain the process of development is new, as is its application to the politica","PeriodicalId":442192,"journal":{"name":"GeographyRN: Political Ecology (Topic)","volume":"51 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130650673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marianne Ojo D Delaney PhD, Enriqueta Serrano Caballero
{"title":"From Nature Swaps to Dolphin Swaps: The Paris Club, Nature Conservancy and Role of Non Governmental Organizations in Sustainable Development (Presentation Slides)","authors":"Marianne Ojo D Delaney PhD, Enriqueta Serrano Caballero","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3305195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3305195","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":442192,"journal":{"name":"GeographyRN: Political Ecology (Topic)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126546769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Landslide is a geophysical event that has become one of the most calamitous natural hazards in Sri Lanka. Approximately, over 50000 people have been directly affected by landslide during the last five years and thousands of people are living at risk situation today particularly in the Badulla, Ratnapura, Kegalle, Galle, Matara, Kandy, Kaluthara districts. Since many unexpected adversities are emerged during and after the landslides, it is very important to have a proper mechanism of post disaster management in order to address the resettlement and rehabilitation phases. The study aims to identify the failures of post landslide management while proposing new strategies to overcome existing issues and challenges. By considering the catastrophic landslide hazard occurred in Meeriyabedda of Badulla District in 2014, 92 families who lived in temporary camps and the vicinity of the damaged area was selected as the study area in this research. Both quantitative and qualitative methods which enable data collection through questionnaires, structural interviews, semi structural interviews and case studies are used. A mix method of descriptive and analytical was applied along with cartographic techniques for data analysis and discussion. The results revealed that, among the three phases of post landslide management such as immediate response and relief, short term recovery and rehabilitation and long term reconstruction and development, most of the issues and challenges could be identified in the phase of long term reconstruction and development. Institutional arrangements that need to be directed to identify and resolve the emerging issues particularly in the process of resettlement, have not properly functioned due to internal and external factors. Therefore, it is recommended that, a proper institutional coordination and commitment must be in the scene until are reached the durable solutions in the phase of reconstruction and development.
{"title":"Issues and Challenges of Post Landslide Management in Sri Lanka (a Case Study of Meeriyabedda Landslide in Badulla District)","authors":"Heshani Maheshika, P. Sangasumana","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3455589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3455589","url":null,"abstract":"Landslide is a geophysical event that has become one of the most calamitous natural hazards in Sri Lanka. Approximately, over 50000 people have been directly affected by landslide during the last five years and thousands of people are living at risk situation today particularly in the Badulla, Ratnapura, Kegalle, Galle, Matara, Kandy, Kaluthara districts. Since many unexpected adversities are emerged during and after the landslides, it is very important to have a proper mechanism of post disaster management in order to address the resettlement and rehabilitation phases. The study aims to identify the failures of post landslide management while proposing new strategies to overcome existing issues and challenges. By considering the catastrophic landslide hazard occurred in Meeriyabedda of Badulla District in 2014, 92 families who lived in temporary camps and the vicinity of the damaged area was selected as the study area in this research. Both quantitative and qualitative methods which enable data collection through questionnaires, structural interviews, semi structural interviews and case studies are used. A mix method of descriptive and analytical was applied along with cartographic techniques for data analysis and discussion. The results revealed that, among the three phases of post landslide management such as immediate response and relief, short term recovery and rehabilitation and long term reconstruction and development, most of the issues and challenges could be identified in the phase of long term reconstruction and development. Institutional arrangements that need to be directed to identify and resolve the emerging issues particularly in the process of resettlement, have not properly functioned due to internal and external factors. Therefore, it is recommended that, a proper institutional coordination and commitment must be in the scene until are reached the durable solutions in the phase of reconstruction and development.","PeriodicalId":442192,"journal":{"name":"GeographyRN: Political Ecology (Topic)","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123462702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Patrick S. Ward, A. Bell, G. Parkhurst, K. Droppelmann, L. Mapemba
Malawi faces significant challenges in meeting its future food security needs because there is little scope for increasing production by simply expanding the area under cultivation. One potential alternative for sustainably intensifying agricultural production is by means of conservation agriculture (CA), which improves soil quality through a suite of farming practices that reduce soil disturbance, increase soil cover via retained crop residues, and increase crop diversification. We use discrete choice experiments to study farmers’ preferences for these different CA practices and assess willingness to adopt CA. Our results indicate that, despite many benefits, some farmers are not willing to adopt CA without receiving subsidies, and current farm-level practices significantly influence willingness to adopt the full CA package. Providing subsidies, however, can create perverse incentives. Subsidies may increase the adoption of intercropping and residue mulching, but adoption of these practices may crowd out adoption of zero tillage, leading to partial compliance. Further, exposure to various risks such as flooding and insect infestations often constrains adoption. Rather than designing subsidies or voucher programs to increase CA adoption, it may be important to tailor insurance policies to address the new risks brought about by CA adoption.
{"title":"Heterogeneous Preferences and the Effects of Incentives in Promoting Conservation Agriculture in Malawi","authors":"Patrick S. Ward, A. Bell, G. Parkhurst, K. Droppelmann, L. Mapemba","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2635476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2635476","url":null,"abstract":"Malawi faces significant challenges in meeting its future food security needs because there is little scope for increasing production by simply expanding the area under cultivation. One potential alternative for sustainably intensifying agricultural production is by means of conservation agriculture (CA), which improves soil quality through a suite of farming practices that reduce soil disturbance, increase soil cover via retained crop residues, and increase crop diversification. We use discrete choice experiments to study farmers’ preferences for these different CA practices and assess willingness to adopt CA. Our results indicate that, despite many benefits, some farmers are not willing to adopt CA without receiving subsidies, and current farm-level practices significantly influence willingness to adopt the full CA package. Providing subsidies, however, can create perverse incentives. Subsidies may increase the adoption of intercropping and residue mulching, but adoption of these practices may crowd out adoption of zero tillage, leading to partial compliance. Further, exposure to various risks such as flooding and insect infestations often constrains adoption. Rather than designing subsidies or voucher programs to increase CA adoption, it may be important to tailor insurance policies to address the new risks brought about by CA adoption.","PeriodicalId":442192,"journal":{"name":"GeographyRN: Political Ecology (Topic)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131946567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The traditional approach for assessing farm sustainability (based on indicators of productivity, profitability, and financial dependency) fails to explain why there exist highly sustainable farms with different levels of efficiency such as low productive subsistent and part-time farming, non-for profit and cooperative enterprises, small commercial farms and large agro-corporations, etc. In this paper we adapt the New Institutional and Transaction Costs Economics perspective to agrarian sphere, and suggest a new framework for assessing sustainability of farms and farm structures. Firstly, an analysis is made on various approaches for defining sustainability of agricultural systems: as an ideology, as a set of strategies, as the ability to fulfill a set of goals, and as ability to continue. The problem of sustainability in the economic model (mainly associated with negative externalities, tragedy of commons, jointness of farm production) is also presented, and the institutional solutions of that problem discussed. Second, we prove that analysis of institutions and transacting costs is important for proper understanding the farms sustainability. Institutional environment is the crucial factor, which determines the restrictions and costs of farm activities, and eventually - the level of sustainability of different farm organizations. In the specific institutional setting, agrarian agents use (or develop) a great variety of effective (cost economizing) market and non-market modes for governing of their exchanges. Therefore, studying the farm as a governance (rather than production) structure is the key for understanding the farm efficiency and sustainability. Third, we define sustainability of farm as a state when it manages all transactions in the most economical way that is the situation when there exist no transaction, which could be carried out with net benefit. When a farm experiences high costs and difficulties meeting institutional restrictions and carrying out transactions, comparing to other feasible modes, it will be unsustainable. That is because there will be strong incentives for exploring the existing potential (adapting to sustainable state) through reduction or enlargement of farm size, or via reorganization or liquidation of the farm. Thus the farm potential for adaptation to changing (market, institutional, technological etc.) environment is to be the main indicator for farm sustainability. Furthermore, the most effective form for organization of farm transactions will depend on individuals characteristics (preferences, entrepreneurial abilities, risk aversion etc.) and specific attributes of each transaction (uncertainty, frequency, assets specificity, and appropriability). Consequently, effective farms of different type and size could persist (sustain) in agriculture. Finally, we develop a principle matrix with the effective modes for governing of agrarian sustainability. Discrete structural analysis is
{"title":"Framework for Assessing Sustainability of Farms","authors":"Hrabrin Bachev Храбрин Башев","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.903484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.903484","url":null,"abstract":"The traditional approach for assessing farm sustainability (based on indicators of productivity, profitability, and financial dependency) fails to explain why there exist highly sustainable farms with different levels of efficiency such as low productive subsistent and part-time farming, non-for profit and cooperative enterprises, small commercial farms and large agro-corporations, etc. In this paper we adapt the New Institutional and Transaction Costs Economics perspective to agrarian sphere, and suggest a new framework for assessing sustainability of farms and farm structures. Firstly, an analysis is made on various approaches for defining sustainability of agricultural systems: as an ideology, as a set of strategies, as the ability to fulfill a set of goals, and as ability to continue. The problem of sustainability in the economic model (mainly associated with negative externalities, tragedy of commons, jointness of farm production) is also presented, and the institutional solutions of that problem discussed. Second, we prove that analysis of institutions and transacting costs is important for proper understanding the farms sustainability. Institutional environment is the crucial factor, which determines the restrictions and costs of farm activities, and eventually - the level of sustainability of different farm organizations. In the specific institutional setting, agrarian agents use (or develop) a great variety of effective (cost economizing) market and non-market modes for governing of their exchanges. Therefore, studying the farm as a governance (rather than production) structure is the key for understanding the farm efficiency and sustainability. Third, we define sustainability of farm as a state when it manages all transactions in the most economical way that is the situation when there exist no transaction, which could be carried out with net benefit. When a farm experiences high costs and difficulties meeting institutional restrictions and carrying out transactions, comparing to other feasible modes, it will be unsustainable. That is because there will be strong incentives for exploring the existing potential (adapting to sustainable state) through reduction or enlargement of farm size, or via reorganization or liquidation of the farm. Thus the farm potential for adaptation to changing (market, institutional, technological etc.) environment is to be the main indicator for farm sustainability. Furthermore, the most effective form for organization of farm transactions will depend on individuals characteristics (preferences, entrepreneurial abilities, risk aversion etc.) and specific attributes of each transaction (uncertainty, frequency, assets specificity, and appropriability). Consequently, effective farms of different type and size could persist (sustain) in agriculture. Finally, we develop a principle matrix with the effective modes for governing of agrarian sustainability. Discrete structural analysis is","PeriodicalId":442192,"journal":{"name":"GeographyRN: Political Ecology (Topic)","volume":"163 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133210800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号