Attachment theory has become one of the most influential models guiding parent-child relationships in programs of prevention, treatment, and education, including programs for Aboriginal parents. However, whether the model can be reliably applied when working with Aboriginal peoples has not yet been established. Studies on attachment security conducted with different cultural groups provide a means of comparing naturally occurring differences in parenting practices and socio-emotional environments of children. These studies report inconsistencies of attachment security across cultures and suggest that consideration should be given to cultural differences when applying attachment theory across cultures. In this article, we analyse the correspondence between attachment theory and descriptions of Aboriginal parenting and question the relevance of attachment theory to Aboriginal parents who do not adhere to the mother-infant dyad as the sole contributor to the child’s sense of security.
{"title":"Is Attachment Theory Consistent with Aboriginal Parenting Realities?","authors":"Raymond Neckoway, K. Brownlee, Bruno Castellan","doi":"10.7202/1069465AR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1069465AR","url":null,"abstract":"Attachment theory has become one of the most influential models guiding parent-child relationships in programs of prevention, treatment, and education, including programs for Aboriginal parents. However, whether the model can be reliably applied when working with Aboriginal peoples has not yet been established. Studies on attachment security conducted with different cultural groups provide a means of comparing naturally occurring differences in parenting practices and socio-emotional environments of children. These studies report inconsistencies of attachment security across cultures and suggest that consideration should be given to cultural differences when applying attachment theory across cultures. In this article, we analyse the correspondence between attachment theory and descriptions of Aboriginal parenting and question the relevance of attachment theory to Aboriginal parents who do not adhere to the mother-infant dyad as the sole contributor to the child’s sense of security.","PeriodicalId":44259,"journal":{"name":"First Peoples Child & Family Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43557129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jason Brown, Dilly Knol, Sonia Prevost-Derbecker, Kelly Andrushko
Aboriginal families are highly overrepresented in child welfare caseloads. Major reasons for these high rates of involvement include poverty and housing issues, which contribute to perceptions of child neglect. In Winnipeg, the city with the highest proportion of Aboriginal peoples in Canada, low-cost housing is concentrated in core neighbourhoods. Homeless youth in these neighbourhoods, who are involved or have been involved in child welfare, were asked about their life experiences and the kind of housing that would help them. They talked about the need to be seen as resourceful, contributing members of the community, as well as their continued need of support from others, including friends and family. They wanted more than a place to sleep; they wanted a home that was safe, nurturing and long-term. The youth had school and work aspirations for themselves and wanted to help other youth reach their goals. There is a need for expansion of community-based and community-driven housing with youth who have been involved in the child welfare system.
{"title":"Housing for Aboriginal Youth in the Inner City of Winnipeg","authors":"Jason Brown, Dilly Knol, Sonia Prevost-Derbecker, Kelly Andrushko","doi":"10.7202/1069464AR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1069464AR","url":null,"abstract":"Aboriginal families are highly overrepresented in child welfare caseloads. Major reasons for these high rates of involvement include poverty and housing issues, which contribute to perceptions of child neglect. In Winnipeg, the city with the highest proportion of Aboriginal peoples in Canada, low-cost housing is concentrated in core neighbourhoods. Homeless youth in these neighbourhoods, who are involved or have been involved in child welfare, were asked about their life experiences and the kind of housing that would help them. They talked about the need to be seen as resourceful, contributing members of the community, as well as their continued need of support from others, including friends and family. They wanted more than a place to sleep; they wanted a home that was safe, nurturing and long-term. The youth had school and work aspirations for themselves and wanted to help other youth reach their goals. There is a need for expansion of community-based and community-driven housing with youth who have been involved in the child welfare system.","PeriodicalId":44259,"journal":{"name":"First Peoples Child & Family Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42385343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Richard Cardinal is a Metis boy from Fort Chipewyan. He now resides in the spirit world, along with many other Aboriginal children, after hanging himself from a birch tree in Alberta in the backyard of his sixteenth foster home. Richard is not forgotten, but reminds advocates for Metis children, Aboriginal children, all children, that we are in the midst of an ongoing crisis when it comes to caring for “removed” children. Not unlike many children in the care of the state today, Richard had been removed from his parents, removed from his home community, and finally separated from his siblings without his consent. He was placed in twenty eight different living situations: these included sixteen foster homes, twelve group homes and locked facilities, as well as time spent on the street while trying to escape from abusive foster parents. He died at age seventeen. It was a Metis organization that brought Richard’s plight into the public eye. The abuse, degradation, and inhumanity endured by this Metis child was exposed. However, in spite of his suffering, he was ostracized in the system for being difficult, while he became more and more suicidal.
{"title":"A Change of Residence: Government Schools and Foster Homes as Sites of Forced Aboriginal Assimilation – A paper Designed to Provoke Thought and Systemic Change","authors":"C. Richardson, Bill Nelson","doi":"10.7202/1069466AR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1069466AR","url":null,"abstract":"Richard Cardinal is a Metis boy from Fort Chipewyan. He now resides in the spirit world, along with many other Aboriginal children, after hanging himself from a birch tree in Alberta in the backyard of his sixteenth foster home. Richard is not forgotten, but reminds advocates for Metis children, Aboriginal children, all children, that we are in the midst of an ongoing crisis when it comes to caring for “removed” children. Not unlike many children in the care of the state today, Richard had been removed from his parents, removed from his home community, and finally separated from his siblings without his consent. He was placed in twenty eight different living situations: these included sixteen foster homes, twelve group homes and locked facilities, as well as time spent on the street while trying to escape from abusive foster parents. He died at age seventeen. It was a Metis organization that brought Richard’s plight into the public eye. The abuse, degradation, and inhumanity endured by this Metis child was exposed. However, in spite of his suffering, he was ostracized in the system for being difficult, while he became more and more suicidal.","PeriodicalId":44259,"journal":{"name":"First Peoples Child & Family Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42483586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Zahradnik, D. Stevens, S. Stewart, M. Comeau, C. Wekerle, C. Mushquash
In April of 2006, a team of researchers consisting of both university and community partners from a Mi’kmaq reserve in Nova Scotia began the data-collection phase of a high school-based research study that had been two years in planning. The study examines the possible relationships between youth-reported childhood maltreatment, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, depressive symptoms, alcohol misuse, and resiliency factors. The aim of the research study is to provide information about adolescent alcohol misuse that is of practical benefit to community-based service providers, and capable of making a scholarly contribution to the scientific study of the relations of anxiety/mood symptoms and addictive behaviours. The primary aim of this paper is to present both the context from which the project grew, and the steps involved in conducting research with our school partners and the community service providers. Asecondary aim is to present some of the preliminary data from the study, with a specific focus on resiliency.
{"title":"Building a Collaborative Understanding of Pathways to Adolescent Alcohol Misuse in a Mi’kmaq Community: A Process Paper","authors":"M. Zahradnik, D. Stevens, S. Stewart, M. Comeau, C. Wekerle, C. Mushquash","doi":"10.7202/1069459AR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1069459AR","url":null,"abstract":"In April of 2006, a team of researchers consisting of both university and community partners from a Mi’kmaq reserve in Nova Scotia began the data-collection phase of a high school-based research study that had been two years in planning. The study examines the possible relationships between youth-reported childhood maltreatment, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, depressive symptoms, alcohol misuse, and resiliency factors. The aim of the research study is to provide information about adolescent alcohol misuse that is of practical benefit to community-based service providers, and capable of making a scholarly contribution to the scientific study of the relations of anxiety/mood symptoms and addictive behaviours. The primary aim of this paper is to present both the context from which the project grew, and the steps involved in conducting research with our school partners and the community service providers. Asecondary aim is to present some of the preliminary data from the study, with a specific focus on resiliency.","PeriodicalId":44259,"journal":{"name":"First Peoples Child & Family Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48789995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current discourses on human trafficking in Canada do not take into account domestic trafficking, especially of Aboriginal girls. Notwithstanding the alarmingly high number of missing, murdered and sexually exploited Aboriginal girls, the issue continues to be portrayed more as a problem of prostitution than of sexual exploitation or domestic trafficking. The focus of this study is to examine the issues in sexual exploitation of Aboriginal girls, as identified by the grass root agencies, and to contextualize them within the trafficking framework with the purpose of distinguishing sexual exploitation from sex work. In doing so, the paper will outline root causes that make Aboriginal girls vulnerable to domestic trafficking as well as draw implications for policy analysis.
{"title":"Domestic Sex Trafficking of Aboriginal Girls in Canada: Issues and Implications","authors":"Anupriya Sethi","doi":"10.7202/1069397AR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1069397AR","url":null,"abstract":"The current discourses on human trafficking in Canada do not take into account domestic trafficking, especially of Aboriginal girls. Notwithstanding the alarmingly high number of missing, murdered and sexually exploited Aboriginal girls, the issue continues to be portrayed more as a problem of prostitution than of sexual exploitation or domestic trafficking. The focus of this study is to examine the issues in sexual exploitation of Aboriginal girls, as identified by the grass root agencies, and to contextualize them within the trafficking framework with the purpose of distinguishing sexual exploitation from sex work. In doing so, the paper will outline root causes that make Aboriginal girls vulnerable to domestic trafficking as well as draw implications for policy analysis.","PeriodicalId":44259,"journal":{"name":"First Peoples Child & Family Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42663693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Tourigny, Pascale Domond, N. Trocmé, Bruno Sioui, K. Baril
L’etude vise a decrire les signalements impliquant des enfants autochtones et a les comparer a ceux impliquant des enfants non-autochtones a partir d’un echantillon representatif des signalements faits aux services quebecois de protection de la jeunesse. Les resultats demontrent qu’au Quebec, les situations impliquant des enfants autochtones, par rapport a celles impliquant des enfants non-autochtones, se caracterisent par l’occupation d’un logement subventionne, l’abus de substances chez les parents, un nombre plus eleve d’enfants dans la famille, le fait que le signalement soit recu en urgence sociale et le fait que le signalement provienne moins souvent de la mere. Les enjeux pour l’intervention aupres des familles autochtones et des recommandations pour les recherches futures sont discutes.
{"title":"Les mauvais traitements envers les enfants autochtones signalés à la Protection de la jeunesse du Québec: Comparaison Interculturelle","authors":"M. Tourigny, Pascale Domond, N. Trocmé, Bruno Sioui, K. Baril","doi":"10.7202/1069399AR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1069399AR","url":null,"abstract":"L’etude vise a decrire les signalements impliquant des enfants autochtones et a les comparer a ceux impliquant des enfants non-autochtones a partir d’un echantillon representatif des signalements faits aux services quebecois de protection de la jeunesse. Les resultats demontrent qu’au Quebec, les situations impliquant des enfants autochtones, par rapport a celles impliquant des enfants non-autochtones, se caracterisent par l’occupation d’un logement subventionne, l’abus de substances chez les parents, un nombre plus eleve d’enfants dans la famille, le fait que le signalement soit recu en urgence sociale et le fait que le signalement provienne moins souvent de la mere. Les enjeux pour l’intervention aupres des familles autochtones et des recommandations pour les recherches futures sont discutes.","PeriodicalId":44259,"journal":{"name":"First Peoples Child & Family Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48338019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article explores structural determinants as possible causes of the homelessness of Aboriginal youth in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It includes a brief literature review and provides some of the findings of a recent research project, which implemented an Aboriginal research methodology with homeless youth in Toronto. These findings point to a strong link between Aboriginal children growing up in poverty and involvement in child welfare and becoming homeless as youth. Suggestions for positive change at the policy level are offered in order to prevent the next generation of Aboriginal children growing up to become homeless youth.
{"title":"Aboriginal Youth Talk about Structural Determinants as the Causes of their Homelessness","authors":"Cyndy Baskin","doi":"10.7202/1069395AR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1069395AR","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores structural determinants as possible causes of the homelessness of Aboriginal youth in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It includes a brief literature review and provides some of the findings of a recent research project, which implemented an Aboriginal research methodology with homeless youth in Toronto. These findings point to a strong link between Aboriginal children growing up in poverty and involvement in child welfare and becoming homeless as youth. Suggestions for positive change at the policy level are offered in order to prevent the next generation of Aboriginal children growing up to become homeless youth.","PeriodicalId":44259,"journal":{"name":"First Peoples Child & Family Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45985909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Charlene Ducharme, Doreen Muskego, Alfred Muswagon, Clarence Paupanekis, Mike Muswagon, W. Spence, Jacqueline Ramdatt
The Children’s Special Services program was created by the Kinosao Sipi Minisowin Agency to meet the requirements of special needs children and their families in the Norway House Cree Nation community of Manitoba. While the program itself is an excellent resource, its creation highlights the challenges faced by Aboriginal children with special needs and their families in regards to accessing services. Specifically, the creation of the program draws attention to the service vacuum that Aboriginal children with special needs must face. The value of the program to thecommunity cannot be underestimated as due to its existence, fewer parents have to make the choice of either placing their children in foster care or moving from their community in order to access services.
{"title":"Kinosao Sipi Minisowin Agency: Creating a Community Response for Special Needs Children","authors":"Charlene Ducharme, Doreen Muskego, Alfred Muswagon, Clarence Paupanekis, Mike Muswagon, W. Spence, Jacqueline Ramdatt","doi":"10.7202/1069393AR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1069393AR","url":null,"abstract":"The Children’s Special Services program was created by the Kinosao Sipi Minisowin Agency to meet the requirements of special needs children and their families in the Norway House Cree Nation community of Manitoba. While the program itself is an excellent resource, its creation highlights the challenges faced by Aboriginal children with special needs and their families in regards to accessing services. Specifically, the creation of the program draws attention to the service vacuum that Aboriginal children with special needs must face. The value of the program to thecommunity cannot be underestimated as due to its existence, fewer parents have to make the choice of either placing their children in foster care or moving from their community in order to access services.","PeriodicalId":44259,"journal":{"name":"First Peoples Child & Family Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46752130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urban Aboriginal mothers’ experiences with Family Preservation Services indicate that while such interventions ameliorate the challenges they face, poverty is not adequately addressed. Prominent are the importance of prevention; attention to process; cultural context; and attention to actual needs, however, First Nations mothers (a) feel lucky when they get things they need, (b) feel ‘inadequate’ about the inability to manage finances, and, (c) perceive the lack of support in meeting needs to be a result of racism. As well, poverty often leads to forced compromises which can perpetuate risk of coming to the attention of child welfare.
{"title":"The Impact of Poverty on First Nations Mothers Attending a Parenting Program","authors":"B. Harris, M. Russell, A. Gockel","doi":"10.7202/1069394AR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1069394AR","url":null,"abstract":"Urban Aboriginal mothers’ experiences with Family Preservation Services indicate that while such interventions ameliorate the challenges they face, poverty is not adequately addressed. Prominent are the importance of prevention; attention to process; cultural context; and attention to actual needs, however, First Nations mothers (a) feel lucky when they get things they need, (b) feel ‘inadequate’ about the inability to manage finances, and, (c) perceive the lack of support in meeting needs to be a result of racism. As well, poverty often leads to forced compromises which can perpetuate risk of coming to the attention of child welfare.","PeriodicalId":44259,"journal":{"name":"First Peoples Child & Family Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46819922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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