Pub Date : 2021-07-06DOI: 10.5812/PEDINFECT.112368
Gona Bekry, P. Sarbakhsh, H. Allahverdipour, A. Shaghaghi
Background: Pediculosis is a common ectoparasitic infestation that involves especially the skin of children worldwide. Studying the children’s perception of the disease’s risk factors, the effectiveness of personal preventive measures, and its implications for their health could be a major leap forward in health promotion activities. Objectives: This study aimed to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Children’s Perception Scale of Head Lice Infestation (CPS-HLI) and its initial feasibility assessment for use on Iranian and possibly other elementary school children. Methods: The scale’s items were retained based on an extensive literature search and classified into the underlying constructs of the Extended Health Belief Model (EHBM). An expert panel endorsed the qualitative content and face validity of the preliminary draft, and 47 items remained for quantitative validity testing on a sample of 362 elementary school students in the city of Paveh, West of Iran. Explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA and CFA) were employed to test the content and structural validity of the constructed instrument. Cronbach's alpha and intra-class correlation coefficients were calculated to assess the internal consistency and reliability of the scale. Results: The values of Lawshe's content validity index (0.90) and content validity ratio (0.77), the subscales’ Cronbach's alpha (0.59), and intra-class correlation (0.72) coefficients confirmed plausible internal consistency of the scale. The values of root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) (< 0.08 with χ2 < 0.05), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI), and Comparative Fit Index (CFI) > 0.9 approved the applied statistical model’s goodness of fit. The ranges of Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy for the underlying subscales (0.49 - 0.74) and the statistically significant result of Bartlett’s test of sphericity (P < 0.001) confirmed the patterned relationship among the constructed scale’s items. The principal component analysis that was performed using STATA favored the 11-factor solution. Conclusions: The study findings support the construct validity of CPS-HLI for use in studies on children’s perception of head lice infestation risk factors, the effectiveness of personal preventive measures, and the disease implications for their health and well-being. Further cross-cultural and cross-national validation studies are recommended for using the instrument in a wider range of populations and settings.
{"title":"Children’s Perception Scale of Head Lice Infestation (CPS-HLI): Design and Psychometrics","authors":"Gona Bekry, P. Sarbakhsh, H. Allahverdipour, A. Shaghaghi","doi":"10.5812/PEDINFECT.112368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/PEDINFECT.112368","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Pediculosis is a common ectoparasitic infestation that involves especially the skin of children worldwide. Studying the children’s perception of the disease’s risk factors, the effectiveness of personal preventive measures, and its implications for their health could be a major leap forward in health promotion activities. Objectives: This study aimed to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Children’s Perception Scale of Head Lice Infestation (CPS-HLI) and its initial feasibility assessment for use on Iranian and possibly other elementary school children. Methods: The scale’s items were retained based on an extensive literature search and classified into the underlying constructs of the Extended Health Belief Model (EHBM). An expert panel endorsed the qualitative content and face validity of the preliminary draft, and 47 items remained for quantitative validity testing on a sample of 362 elementary school students in the city of Paveh, West of Iran. Explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA and CFA) were employed to test the content and structural validity of the constructed instrument. Cronbach's alpha and intra-class correlation coefficients were calculated to assess the internal consistency and reliability of the scale. Results: The values of Lawshe's content validity index (0.90) and content validity ratio (0.77), the subscales’ Cronbach's alpha (0.59), and intra-class correlation (0.72) coefficients confirmed plausible internal consistency of the scale. The values of root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) (< 0.08 with χ2 < 0.05), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI), and Comparative Fit Index (CFI) > 0.9 approved the applied statistical model’s goodness of fit. The ranges of Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy for the underlying subscales (0.49 - 0.74) and the statistically significant result of Bartlett’s test of sphericity (P < 0.001) confirmed the patterned relationship among the constructed scale’s items. The principal component analysis that was performed using STATA favored the 11-factor solution. Conclusions: The study findings support the construct validity of CPS-HLI for use in studies on children’s perception of head lice infestation risk factors, the effectiveness of personal preventive measures, and the disease implications for their health and well-being. Further cross-cultural and cross-national validation studies are recommended for using the instrument in a wider range of populations and settings.","PeriodicalId":44261,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pediatric Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45226487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-30DOI: 10.5812/PEDINFECT.105851
M. Joodi, M. Sasan
Background: The most important complication of port access catheters (PAC) compared to peripheral lines is a higher incidence of infections. Objectives: This study investigated the frequency of catheter infection and related factors in Dr. Sheikh Children Hospital (SCH). Methods: This is a retrospective descriptive study at Sheikh children’s hospital, Mashhad, Iran. The data of children with an operation for PAC surgery were gathered from hospital files and completed by calling the parents. The definition of PAC infection was based on clinical signs of catheter infection and any positive blood culture (peripheral or catheter sample) or the resolution of signs of infection after the extraction of the catheter in the absence of positive blood cultures. Results: During six years, 70 children received PAC, all of whom (except five) were followed by telephone calls. Forty percent of them were younger than two years, and 71.4% had malignant disease. Catheter infection occurred in 16 (22.8%) cases. Signs of catheter infection were fever and cellulitis over the port in nine (56%) cases (pocket infection), chills and fever during catheter usage (without port infection) in six (37.5%) cases, and persistent fever in one patient (6.2%). Blood culture was positive in 75% (12 cases) of catheter infections, and the responsible organisms were Gram-negative bacilli (five cases), Coagulase-negative staphylococci (three cases), Candida (three cases), and group B streptococci (GBS). The success rate for “medical therapy per se” was 68% in catheter infections. The catheter was removed in 22 (31.4%) patients, which was due to infection in half of them. The mean time to removal was 15.3 months. Conclusions: The incidence of catheter infection, especially pocket infection, is high in this population, which necessities revision in all procedures of catheter implantation and care.
{"title":"Infections of Port Access Catheters in Children","authors":"M. Joodi, M. Sasan","doi":"10.5812/PEDINFECT.105851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/PEDINFECT.105851","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The most important complication of port access catheters (PAC) compared to peripheral lines is a higher incidence of infections. Objectives: This study investigated the frequency of catheter infection and related factors in Dr. Sheikh Children Hospital (SCH). Methods: This is a retrospective descriptive study at Sheikh children’s hospital, Mashhad, Iran. The data of children with an operation for PAC surgery were gathered from hospital files and completed by calling the parents. The definition of PAC infection was based on clinical signs of catheter infection and any positive blood culture (peripheral or catheter sample) or the resolution of signs of infection after the extraction of the catheter in the absence of positive blood cultures. Results: During six years, 70 children received PAC, all of whom (except five) were followed by telephone calls. Forty percent of them were younger than two years, and 71.4% had malignant disease. Catheter infection occurred in 16 (22.8%) cases. Signs of catheter infection were fever and cellulitis over the port in nine (56%) cases (pocket infection), chills and fever during catheter usage (without port infection) in six (37.5%) cases, and persistent fever in one patient (6.2%). Blood culture was positive in 75% (12 cases) of catheter infections, and the responsible organisms were Gram-negative bacilli (five cases), Coagulase-negative staphylococci (three cases), Candida (three cases), and group B streptococci (GBS). The success rate for “medical therapy per se” was 68% in catheter infections. The catheter was removed in 22 (31.4%) patients, which was due to infection in half of them. The mean time to removal was 15.3 months. Conclusions: The incidence of catheter infection, especially pocket infection, is high in this population, which necessities revision in all procedures of catheter implantation and care.","PeriodicalId":44261,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pediatric Infectious Diseases","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47578078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-19DOI: 10.5812/PEDINFECT.113564
Sedigheh Rafiei Tabatabaei, G. Shariatpanahi, Romina Azadkiya, P. Karimzadeh, A. Karimi
: Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) characterizes a monophasic ascending, symmetrical paralysis, with areflexia, progressing over days to weeks. Normally, as a post-infectious autoimmune procedure, it leads to destroying myelin. Scattered reports exist regarding the concurrent evidence of COVID-19 infection and adults with possible GBS. However, few former cases were reported in children. Here in, we report an 11 years-old boy with GBS concurrent with COVID-19 infection.
{"title":"Guillain-Barre Syndrome in a Child Infected with COVID-19","authors":"Sedigheh Rafiei Tabatabaei, G. Shariatpanahi, Romina Azadkiya, P. Karimzadeh, A. Karimi","doi":"10.5812/PEDINFECT.113564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/PEDINFECT.113564","url":null,"abstract":": Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) characterizes a monophasic ascending, symmetrical paralysis, with areflexia, progressing over days to weeks. Normally, as a post-infectious autoimmune procedure, it leads to destroying myelin. Scattered reports exist regarding the concurrent evidence of COVID-19 infection and adults with possible GBS. However, few former cases were reported in children. Here in, we report an 11 years-old boy with GBS concurrent with COVID-19 infection.","PeriodicalId":44261,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pediatric Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47014814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-16DOI: 10.5812/PEDINFECT.107644
Sedigheh Rafiei Tabatabaei, A. Karimi, S. Armin, S. Fahimzad, Roxana Mansour Ghanaie, S. Sadr, M. Khalili, A. Hosseini, H. Derakhshanfar, Mina Alibeik, M. Yasaei
Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is known as the most recent pandemic condition declared by the World Health Organization (WHO). It is widely believed that this infection is less frequent and severe in children, but few mortality reports are available in this age group population. Case Presentation: We described nine pediatric patients with probable or confirmed COVID-19 who died due to disease complications. Their age ranged between seven months and 14 years. All had underlying diseases, and three of them had been hospitalized before the COVID-19 diagnosis due to their previous medical conditions. Cough and respiratory symptoms were the most common symptoms observed in these patients. Bilateral ground-glass opacities were common radiologic findings. Conclusions: Although COVID-19 is less common in the pediatric group, all ages are vulnerable to this infection, and mortality may occur, especially in patients with underlying diseases. We emphasize that children with underlying diseases and COVID-19 should be hospitalized and monitored tightly during treatment.
{"title":"Life-threatening SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children: A Single-center Case Series","authors":"Sedigheh Rafiei Tabatabaei, A. Karimi, S. Armin, S. Fahimzad, Roxana Mansour Ghanaie, S. Sadr, M. Khalili, A. Hosseini, H. Derakhshanfar, Mina Alibeik, M. Yasaei","doi":"10.5812/PEDINFECT.107644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/PEDINFECT.107644","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is known as the most recent pandemic condition declared by the World Health Organization (WHO). It is widely believed that this infection is less frequent and severe in children, but few mortality reports are available in this age group population. Case Presentation: We described nine pediatric patients with probable or confirmed COVID-19 who died due to disease complications. Their age ranged between seven months and 14 years. All had underlying diseases, and three of them had been hospitalized before the COVID-19 diagnosis due to their previous medical conditions. Cough and respiratory symptoms were the most common symptoms observed in these patients. Bilateral ground-glass opacities were common radiologic findings. Conclusions: Although COVID-19 is less common in the pediatric group, all ages are vulnerable to this infection, and mortality may occur, especially in patients with underlying diseases. We emphasize that children with underlying diseases and COVID-19 should be hospitalized and monitored tightly during treatment.","PeriodicalId":44261,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pediatric Infectious Diseases","volume":"In Press 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43023933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-15DOI: 10.5812/PEDINFECT.112456
S. Yazdani, A. Shirvani, Peigham Heidarpoor
Context: Due to the increasing research information, knowledge production, development of information technology, and its impact on access to knowledge, the taxonomy of knowledge and information is necessary to manage and use them in the development of science. Evidence Acquisition: The purpose of this study was to provide a complete model that could achieve the objectives of taxonomy in research. For this purpose, after a critical review of existing taxonomies, criteria were developed based on which a complete and practical taxonomy was presented. After reviewing and analyzing different categorizations of research in different fields of medicine, social sciences, and education, research designs were divided into explicative research, psychometric research, descriptive research, exploratory research, explanatory research, theory research, translational research, synthetic research, prescriptive research, implementation research, and evaluative research. Conclusions: In the next step, the relationship between them was determined based on their cognitive position and their position in the development of knowledge.
{"title":"A Model for the Taxonomy of Research Studies: A Practical Guide to Knowledge Production and Knowledge Management","authors":"S. Yazdani, A. Shirvani, Peigham Heidarpoor","doi":"10.5812/PEDINFECT.112456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/PEDINFECT.112456","url":null,"abstract":"Context: Due to the increasing research information, knowledge production, development of information technology, and its impact on access to knowledge, the taxonomy of knowledge and information is necessary to manage and use them in the development of science. Evidence Acquisition: The purpose of this study was to provide a complete model that could achieve the objectives of taxonomy in research. For this purpose, after a critical review of existing taxonomies, criteria were developed based on which a complete and practical taxonomy was presented. After reviewing and analyzing different categorizations of research in different fields of medicine, social sciences, and education, research designs were divided into explicative research, psychometric research, descriptive research, exploratory research, explanatory research, theory research, translational research, synthetic research, prescriptive research, implementation research, and evaluative research. Conclusions: In the next step, the relationship between them was determined based on their cognitive position and their position in the development of knowledge.","PeriodicalId":44261,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pediatric Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44248356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-10DOI: 10.5812/PEDINFECT.113203
T. Azimi, F. Fallah, M. Pourmand, A. Karimi, S. Armin, M. Rahbar, L. Azimi
Background: Due to frequent exposure to surface water and contact with animals, children represent a group susceptible to zoonotic diseases. Objectives: The present study aims to determine the presence and prevalence of the main zoonotic agents in R. norvegicus populations in Tehran, Iran. Methods: In the present study, 100 R. norvegicus were captured within a time span of one year from five districts of Tehran, Iran. Fecal and blood samples were collected from rodents and serum was recovered after centrifugation. The presence of specific IgG antibodies against Leptospira spp. and Rabies virus was detected using a commercial qualitative rat ELISA kit. A conventional PCR assay was employed to detect the presence of Vibrio vulnificus in the commensal R. norvegicus population. Results: In general, 80% (n = 80/100) and 20% (n = 20/100) of rats were males and females, respectively. The results of the ELSA assay showed that of the 100 R. norvegicus captured in Tehran, 7% (n = 7/100) and 1% (n = 1/100) were positive for Leptospira spp. and Rabies virus, respectively. Leptospira spp. revealed the highest frequency (20%; 4/20) among R. norvegicus collected from the eastern part of Tehran. Rabies virus was detected only from the southern (5%; 1/20) part of Tehran. Results of the PCR method showed that the percentage of the rats tested positive for V. vulnificus was 5%. Overall, the surveyed zoonotic microorganisms had the highest (n = 5/20; 25%) and lowest (n = 1/20; 5%) frequency rates in the eastern and northern parts of Tehran, respectively. Conclusions: The results accentuate the necessity of implementing rodent control programs and regular disinfection as well as avoiding contact with rodent populations in urban environments.
{"title":"Is the Rattus norvegicus Population Playing a Role in the Transmission of Zoonotic Diseases to Children? A Pilot Study in Tehran, Iran","authors":"T. Azimi, F. Fallah, M. Pourmand, A. Karimi, S. Armin, M. Rahbar, L. Azimi","doi":"10.5812/PEDINFECT.113203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/PEDINFECT.113203","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Due to frequent exposure to surface water and contact with animals, children represent a group susceptible to zoonotic diseases. Objectives: The present study aims to determine the presence and prevalence of the main zoonotic agents in R. norvegicus populations in Tehran, Iran. Methods: In the present study, 100 R. norvegicus were captured within a time span of one year from five districts of Tehran, Iran. Fecal and blood samples were collected from rodents and serum was recovered after centrifugation. The presence of specific IgG antibodies against Leptospira spp. and Rabies virus was detected using a commercial qualitative rat ELISA kit. A conventional PCR assay was employed to detect the presence of Vibrio vulnificus in the commensal R. norvegicus population. Results: In general, 80% (n = 80/100) and 20% (n = 20/100) of rats were males and females, respectively. The results of the ELSA assay showed that of the 100 R. norvegicus captured in Tehran, 7% (n = 7/100) and 1% (n = 1/100) were positive for Leptospira spp. and Rabies virus, respectively. Leptospira spp. revealed the highest frequency (20%; 4/20) among R. norvegicus collected from the eastern part of Tehran. Rabies virus was detected only from the southern (5%; 1/20) part of Tehran. Results of the PCR method showed that the percentage of the rats tested positive for V. vulnificus was 5%. Overall, the surveyed zoonotic microorganisms had the highest (n = 5/20; 25%) and lowest (n = 1/20; 5%) frequency rates in the eastern and northern parts of Tehran, respectively. Conclusions: The results accentuate the necessity of implementing rodent control programs and regular disinfection as well as avoiding contact with rodent populations in urban environments.","PeriodicalId":44261,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pediatric Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45531827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-03DOI: 10.5812/PEDINFECT.107774
Sedigheh Rafiei Tabatabaei, A. Karimi, M. Nassiri, L. Mohajerzadeh, S. Armin, Roxana Mansour Ghanaie, S. Fahimzad, F. Shiva, F. Fallah, A. Shamshiri, I. Sedighi, S. Sayyahfar, M. S. Rezai, B. Abdinia, Hosein Heydari, Gholamreza Soleimani, Mostafa Behpour Oskouee, Jafar Soltani, M. Ahmadi, M. Kahbazi, Sayeh Hatefi
Background: Many problems in the diagnosis of patients with suspected appendicitis have led to the design of clinical scoring systems. In children, diagnostics tools for appendicitis are more critical. Younger patients, diagnostic challenges become more. Practical scoring systems are useful without any particular material and necessitate novel ability. Objectives: However, in spite of the reported outstanding consequences, these scoring systems are not employed regularly. Methods: In this cross-sectional study performed from October 2016 to October 2017, ten provinces out of the 31 provinces in Iran were randomly selected. A total of 631 patients referring to the hospitals with the suspicion of acute appendicitis were assessed. Related variables such as age, sex, right lower quadrant (RLQ) pain, migration of pain to RLQ, nausea, and presence of vomiting, anorexia, tenderness in RLQ and guarding, presence of rebound tenderness, and degree of fever were taken from recorded files by pediatricians. Alvarado scoring system was used for included cases to assess the accuracy of this test for diagnosis of appendicitis in our centers. Results: The mean age of eligible patients was 9.3 ± 3.21 years ranged from 3 years to 18 years, and 380 (60.5%) were male. Using the Alvarado score system in this study, considering the cut-off point value of 7 to decide for operation, the positive predictive value (PPV) showed 32.6%, and negative predictive value (NPV) was 76.73%, with a sensitivity of 44.05% and, specificity of 66.95%. There were statistically no significant correlations among the scoring of the Alvarado and diagnosis of AA (P < 0.05). Regarding receiver operator characteristic curves (ROC), the area under curve (AUC) was 0.58 (0.54 to 0.63) for Alvarado. The AUC was very low, so there was no value for the diagnosis of appendicitis. According to the findings of the present study, the cut-off point of 4.5 is suggested for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children with a sensitivity of 73% and specificity of 58%. Conclusions: Although the Alvarado scores supply obviously practical diagnostic information in the management of pediatric population with supposed appendicitis, this method delivers no adequate PPV for clinical practice as a safe way for determining necessary operation.
{"title":"Is Alvarado Score Helpful for Pediatrician in Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis? Our Center Experience","authors":"Sedigheh Rafiei Tabatabaei, A. Karimi, M. Nassiri, L. Mohajerzadeh, S. Armin, Roxana Mansour Ghanaie, S. Fahimzad, F. Shiva, F. Fallah, A. Shamshiri, I. Sedighi, S. Sayyahfar, M. S. Rezai, B. Abdinia, Hosein Heydari, Gholamreza Soleimani, Mostafa Behpour Oskouee, Jafar Soltani, M. Ahmadi, M. Kahbazi, Sayeh Hatefi","doi":"10.5812/PEDINFECT.107774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/PEDINFECT.107774","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Many problems in the diagnosis of patients with suspected appendicitis have led to the design of clinical scoring systems. In children, diagnostics tools for appendicitis are more critical. Younger patients, diagnostic challenges become more. Practical scoring systems are useful without any particular material and necessitate novel ability. Objectives: However, in spite of the reported outstanding consequences, these scoring systems are not employed regularly. Methods: In this cross-sectional study performed from October 2016 to October 2017, ten provinces out of the 31 provinces in Iran were randomly selected. A total of 631 patients referring to the hospitals with the suspicion of acute appendicitis were assessed. Related variables such as age, sex, right lower quadrant (RLQ) pain, migration of pain to RLQ, nausea, and presence of vomiting, anorexia, tenderness in RLQ and guarding, presence of rebound tenderness, and degree of fever were taken from recorded files by pediatricians. Alvarado scoring system was used for included cases to assess the accuracy of this test for diagnosis of appendicitis in our centers. Results: The mean age of eligible patients was 9.3 ± 3.21 years ranged from 3 years to 18 years, and 380 (60.5%) were male. Using the Alvarado score system in this study, considering the cut-off point value of 7 to decide for operation, the positive predictive value (PPV) showed 32.6%, and negative predictive value (NPV) was 76.73%, with a sensitivity of 44.05% and, specificity of 66.95%. There were statistically no significant correlations among the scoring of the Alvarado and diagnosis of AA (P < 0.05). Regarding receiver operator characteristic curves (ROC), the area under curve (AUC) was 0.58 (0.54 to 0.63) for Alvarado. The AUC was very low, so there was no value for the diagnosis of appendicitis. According to the findings of the present study, the cut-off point of 4.5 is suggested for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children with a sensitivity of 73% and specificity of 58%. Conclusions: Although the Alvarado scores supply obviously practical diagnostic information in the management of pediatric population with supposed appendicitis, this method delivers no adequate PPV for clinical practice as a safe way for determining necessary operation.","PeriodicalId":44261,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pediatric Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44958984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-22DOI: 10.5812/PEDINFECT.109981
Anahita Sanaei Dashti, Zahra Mehdipour Namdar
Introduction: The first cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and then it immediately spread to other parts of the world. Conjunctivitis has been reported as one of the manifestations of the disease. In this study, we report a three-year-old child with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 developing conjunctivitis in Iran. Case Presentation: The patient was a three-year-old male child who was referred to Namazee Hospital (Shiraz) due to fever, dry cough, tachypnea, and respiratory distress. He was admitted with the impression of a COVID-19 infection. On the sixth day of admission, the patient developed unilateral red-eye and foreign body sensation in the left eye. A conjunctival swab was done for collecting tears and conjunctival secretions from the lower eyelid fornix without topical anesthesia and was sent for assessing the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, which was demonstrated to be positive after two days. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the COVID-19 virus can be present in tears and conjunctiva. Additionally, it should be taken into account that ocular complications may not appear in the early stages of infection.
{"title":"Ocular Complication of a Child with Confirmed 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease: A Case Report","authors":"Anahita Sanaei Dashti, Zahra Mehdipour Namdar","doi":"10.5812/PEDINFECT.109981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/PEDINFECT.109981","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The first cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and then it immediately spread to other parts of the world. Conjunctivitis has been reported as one of the manifestations of the disease. In this study, we report a three-year-old child with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 developing conjunctivitis in Iran. Case Presentation: The patient was a three-year-old male child who was referred to Namazee Hospital (Shiraz) due to fever, dry cough, tachypnea, and respiratory distress. He was admitted with the impression of a COVID-19 infection. On the sixth day of admission, the patient developed unilateral red-eye and foreign body sensation in the left eye. A conjunctival swab was done for collecting tears and conjunctival secretions from the lower eyelid fornix without topical anesthesia and was sent for assessing the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, which was demonstrated to be positive after two days. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the COVID-19 virus can be present in tears and conjunctiva. Additionally, it should be taken into account that ocular complications may not appear in the early stages of infection.","PeriodicalId":44261,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pediatric Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43468490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: Necrotizing pneumonia (NP) is a rare complication of community-acquired pneumonia, which occurs in patients with viral pneumonia such as influenza and secondary bacterial infection. We present a five-year-old boy with cough and dyspnea and low SpO2, who was admitted to PICU. He was intubated, and two-sided chest tubes were placed because of pleural effusion. Nasopharyngeal RT-PCR for H1N1 was positive. Subcutaneous and mediastinal emphysema and a large pneumatocele developed concomitantly, and the patient underwent three times percutaneous aspiration of pneumatocele under anesthesia and CT scan guide without surgery. The size of the pneumatocele decreased, and the patient was extubated. After one month of admission, he was discharged in good condition and no pulmonary sequela.
{"title":"A Child with Influenza A and Large Pneumatocele","authors":"Seyedeh Masumeh Hashemi, Azita Behzad, Seyyedeh Narjes Ahmadizadeh, Fariba Shirvani","doi":"10.5812/PEDINFECT.111393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/PEDINFECT.111393","url":null,"abstract":": Necrotizing pneumonia (NP) is a rare complication of community-acquired pneumonia, which occurs in patients with viral pneumonia such as influenza and secondary bacterial infection. We present a five-year-old boy with cough and dyspnea and low SpO2, who was admitted to PICU. He was intubated, and two-sided chest tubes were placed because of pleural effusion. Nasopharyngeal RT-PCR for H1N1 was positive. Subcutaneous and mediastinal emphysema and a large pneumatocele developed concomitantly, and the patient underwent three times percutaneous aspiration of pneumatocele under anesthesia and CT scan guide without surgery. The size of the pneumatocele decreased, and the patient was extubated. After one month of admission, he was discharged in good condition and no pulmonary sequela.","PeriodicalId":44261,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pediatric Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47648696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-16DOI: 10.5812/PEDINFECT.105301
Gokcen Dinc, Z. B. Gonen, Jafar Soltani, M. Doğanay
Context: Sepsis’s primary therapy consists of antibiotics therapy, supportive therapies, and source control of infection. The failure rate of this approach is about 20 - 40%. The widespread use of antibiotics has caused multiple drug resistance in primary etiological agents of sepsis in community-acquired and healthcare-associated infections. In the absence of new antibiotic options, alternative treatment modalities seem necessary. Evidence Acquisition: Herein, we have reviewed and discussed current problems with sepsis management and stem cell therapy in sepsis, preclinical, experimental studies, and early-phase clinical trials using stem cells to treat sepsis. In the preparation of the paper, PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection (Clarivate), Scopus, and the web address (www.clinicaltrials.gov) were searched by the keywords (sepsis and cell therapy, septic shock, and cell therapy). Results: After the inclusion of criteria, we reviewed 301 original articles. Few articles were found for phase II and phase III clinical trials. Eighty-three articles were included in the current review article. Besides problems with infection source control, the host immune response to the infection enumerated for primary underlying pathophysiologic dysregulation of sepsis and complicated the treatment. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy offers a promising treatment option for sepsis. Indeed, immunomodulatory properties, antimicrobial activity, the capacity of protection against organ failure, enhance the resolution of tissue injury, tissue repair, and restoration after sepsis confer MSCs with a significant advantage to treat the immune and inflammatory dysfunctions associated with severe sepsis and septic shock. Conclusions: It seems that MSCs therapy exhibits an appropriate safety index. Future trials should focus on strengthening study quality, reporting MSCs’ therapeutic effects and adverse events. Although early clinical trials seem promising and have beneficial effects, we need more controlled clinical studies, especially in phases II and III.
背景:脓毒症的主要治疗包括抗生素治疗、支持治疗和感染源控制。这种方法的失败率约为20 - 40%。抗生素的广泛使用导致社区获得性和卫生保健相关感染的脓毒症的主要病因产生多重耐药。在没有新的抗生素选择的情况下，替代治疗方式似乎是必要的。证据获取:在此，我们回顾并讨论了目前脓毒症管理和干细胞治疗在脓毒症、临床前、实验研究和早期临床试验中使用干细胞治疗脓毒症的问题。在论文准备过程中，通过关键词(脓毒症和细胞治疗、脓毒性休克、细胞治疗)检索PubMed、Web of Science Core Collection (Clarivate)、Scopus和网址(www.clinicaltrials.gov)。结果:纳入标准后，我们回顾了301篇原创文章。关于II期和III期临床试验的文章很少。本综述纳入了83篇文章。除了感染源控制方面的问题外，宿主对感染的免疫反应被列为败血症的主要潜在病理生理失调，并使治疗复杂化。间充质干细胞(MSCs)治疗为脓毒症提供了一个有希望的治疗选择。事实上，免疫调节特性、抗菌活性、对器官衰竭的保护能力、增强败血症后组织损伤的解决、组织修复和恢复，使MSCs在治疗与严重败血症和感染性休克相关的免疫和炎症功能障碍方面具有显著的优势。结论:MSCs治疗似乎具有合适的安全指标。未来的试验应注重提高研究质量，报道MSCs的治疗效果和不良事件。虽然早期的临床试验看起来很有希望并且有有益的效果，但我们需要更多的对照临床研究，特别是在II期和III期。
{"title":"Sepsis and Septic Shock; Current Treatment Dilemma and Role of Stem Cell Therapy in Pediatrics","authors":"Gokcen Dinc, Z. B. Gonen, Jafar Soltani, M. Doğanay","doi":"10.5812/PEDINFECT.105301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/PEDINFECT.105301","url":null,"abstract":"Context: Sepsis’s primary therapy consists of antibiotics therapy, supportive therapies, and source control of infection. The failure rate of this approach is about 20 - 40%. The widespread use of antibiotics has caused multiple drug resistance in primary etiological agents of sepsis in community-acquired and healthcare-associated infections. In the absence of new antibiotic options, alternative treatment modalities seem necessary. Evidence Acquisition: Herein, we have reviewed and discussed current problems with sepsis management and stem cell therapy in sepsis, preclinical, experimental studies, and early-phase clinical trials using stem cells to treat sepsis. In the preparation of the paper, PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection (Clarivate), Scopus, and the web address (www.clinicaltrials.gov) were searched by the keywords (sepsis and cell therapy, septic shock, and cell therapy). Results: After the inclusion of criteria, we reviewed 301 original articles. Few articles were found for phase II and phase III clinical trials. Eighty-three articles were included in the current review article. Besides problems with infection source control, the host immune response to the infection enumerated for primary underlying pathophysiologic dysregulation of sepsis and complicated the treatment. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy offers a promising treatment option for sepsis. Indeed, immunomodulatory properties, antimicrobial activity, the capacity of protection against organ failure, enhance the resolution of tissue injury, tissue repair, and restoration after sepsis confer MSCs with a significant advantage to treat the immune and inflammatory dysfunctions associated with severe sepsis and septic shock. Conclusions: It seems that MSCs therapy exhibits an appropriate safety index. Future trials should focus on strengthening study quality, reporting MSCs’ therapeutic effects and adverse events. Although early clinical trials seem promising and have beneficial effects, we need more controlled clinical studies, especially in phases II and III.","PeriodicalId":44261,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Pediatric Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47425772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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