Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV) have been under substantial development since the 1980s. The first AUV, the self-propelled underwater research vehicle (SPURV), was built in 1957, at the University of Washington’s Applied Physics Laboratory (Widditsch, 1973). Other early AUVs were built in the 1980s, such as the L’Epaulard and the ARCS built by the Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER, 2017) and International Submarine Engineering (ISE, 2017) respectively. Here I argue that the risk management strategy adopted in the early days is still in use for most AUV operations but is unsuitable for informing decision making for modern AUV operations. A risk management strategy, or strategic framework, is a multifaceted set of design considerations that underpin the implementation of the risk management process (Ward, 2005). It is partly concerned with the philosophical and cultural context for risk management practice, and seeks to influence and improve how people engage with problems or situations. For example, one concept commonly identified as a vital enabler for early and effective responses to possible risk is ‘mindfulness’ (Weick and Sutcliffe, 2001) which is perhaps best known as a state of mind advocated by the teachings of Buddhism where it promotes meditation in order to reflect on experiences. Mindfulness, when considered as a risk management strategy, comprises psychological techniques aimed at ensuring constant vigilance against the unexpected. It consists of a combination of on-going scrutiny of existing expectations, and continuous refinement and differentiation of expectations based on new experiences. Arguably, mindfulness was the risk management strategy adopted by the early AUV owners. One of the dangers of following a mindfulness risk management strategy is that it consumes a great deal of resources in attending to what often turn out to be false positive errors. Many AUV pioneers had only one vehicle to operate and this understandably influenced a conservative operational mindset. There was relatively little scope for experimental learning through flexibility (Hamblin, 2002). This is a risk management strategy that advocates the definition of alternative states of success and ongoing experimentation to learn and re-evaluate what success can mean. The exception to conventional AUV deployments are the long endurance missions carried out underneath ice covered areas, such as the missions of Autosub 3 under the Pine Island Glacier in 2009 and 2013 and the missions of ISE Arctic Explorer as part of the Cornerstone Project (Brito et al., 2010; 2012). Here a resilience risk management strategy was adopted, which favoured mitigation rather than a constant review of objectives. For these missions, mitigation was applied in terms of improving the robustness of design vulnerabilities and introducing a monitoring distance. The resilience philosophy seeks to manage the entire cycle of unexpected events from firs
{"title":"AUV development trends and their implications for risk management strategies","authors":"M. Brito","doi":"10.3723/UT.34.103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3723/UT.34.103","url":null,"abstract":"Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV) have been under substantial development since the 1980s. The first AUV, the self-propelled underwater research vehicle (SPURV), was built in 1957, at the University of Washington’s Applied Physics Laboratory (Widditsch, 1973). Other early AUVs were built in the 1980s, such as the L’Epaulard and the ARCS built by the Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER, 2017) and International Submarine Engineering (ISE, 2017) respectively. Here I argue that the risk management strategy adopted in the early days is still in use for most AUV operations but is unsuitable for informing decision making for modern AUV operations. A risk management strategy, or strategic framework, is a multifaceted set of design considerations that underpin the implementation of the risk management process (Ward, 2005). It is partly concerned with the philosophical and cultural context for risk management practice, and seeks to influence and improve how people engage with problems or situations. For example, one concept commonly identified as a vital enabler for early and effective responses to possible risk is ‘mindfulness’ (Weick and Sutcliffe, 2001) which is perhaps best known as a state of mind advocated by the teachings of Buddhism where it promotes meditation in order to reflect on experiences. Mindfulness, when considered as a risk management strategy, comprises psychological techniques aimed at ensuring constant vigilance against the unexpected. It consists of a combination of on-going scrutiny of existing expectations, and continuous refinement and differentiation of expectations based on new experiences. Arguably, mindfulness was the risk management strategy adopted by the early AUV owners. One of the dangers of following a mindfulness risk management strategy is that it consumes a great deal of resources in attending to what often turn out to be false positive errors. Many AUV pioneers had only one vehicle to operate and this understandably influenced a conservative operational mindset. There was relatively little scope for experimental learning through flexibility (Hamblin, 2002). This is a risk management strategy that advocates the definition of alternative states of success and ongoing experimentation to learn and re-evaluate what success can mean. The exception to conventional AUV deployments are the long endurance missions carried out underneath ice covered areas, such as the missions of Autosub 3 under the Pine Island Glacier in 2009 and 2013 and the missions of ISE Arctic Explorer as part of the Cornerstone Project (Brito et al., 2010; 2012). Here a resilience risk management strategy was adopted, which favoured mitigation rather than a constant review of objectives. For these missions, mitigation was applied in terms of improving the robustness of design vulnerabilities and introducing a monitoring distance. The resilience philosophy seeks to manage the entire cycle of unexpected events from firs","PeriodicalId":44271,"journal":{"name":"UNDERWATER TECHNOLOGY","volume":"30 11 1","pages":"103-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89099692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Handling free gas in deep and ultra-deep water drilling risers: a technical review and safety case explanation","authors":"P. A. Potter","doi":"10.3723/UT.34.115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3723/UT.34.115","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44271,"journal":{"name":"UNDERWATER TECHNOLOGY","volume":"272 1","pages":"115-127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78880503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nicholas C. Flemming, J. Harff, D. Moura, A. Burgess, G. Bailey
{"title":"Submerged landscapes of the European continental shelf: Quaternary paleoenvironments","authors":"Nicholas C. Flemming, J. Harff, D. Moura, A. Burgess, G. Bailey","doi":"10.1002/9781118927823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118927823","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44271,"journal":{"name":"UNDERWATER TECHNOLOGY","volume":"1 1","pages":"13-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2017-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88903517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The closed circuit rebreather (CCR) is not a new diving technology. From the late 1990s CCR units were commercially available in Europe, and increasingly more divers, and among them scientific divers, have been trained to use them. Even if many benefits exist for using CCR for all diving depth ranges, it is in the deep diving zone ranging from 50 m to 100 m of sea water where the main advantages to using this equipment exist. Using rebreathers does carry additional risks, and these must be mitigated to ensure safe usage. A standard for CCR scientific diving has existed for many years in the USA, and the levels of expertise within the European scientific diving community are now sufficient for a European standard to be established. National legislation for occupational scientific diving in many cases excludes CCR diving, which can limit its use for scientific purposes. This paper suggests that, where possible, legislations should be allowed to evolve in order to include this type of equipment where and when its use has direct advantages for both the safety and the efficiency of scientific diving. This paper provides a brief description of the fundamentals of closed circuit rebreather diving and outlines the benefits that its use offers diving scientists. Special attention is given to safety issues with the assertion that the CCR concept is, if strictly applied, the safest available technique today for autonomous deep scientific diving purposes.
{"title":"The closed circuit rebreather (CCR): is it the safest device for deep scientific diving?","authors":"Norro Alain","doi":"10.3723/UT.34.031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3723/UT.34.031","url":null,"abstract":"The closed circuit rebreather (CCR) is not a new diving technology. From the late 1990s CCR units were commercially available in Europe, and increasingly more divers, and among them scientific divers, have been trained to use them. Even if many benefits exist for using CCR for all diving depth ranges, it is in the deep diving zone ranging from 50 m to 100 m of sea water where the main advantages to using this equipment exist. Using rebreathers does carry additional risks, and these must be mitigated to ensure safe usage. A standard for CCR scientific diving has existed for many years in the USA, and the levels of expertise within the European scientific diving community are now sufficient for a European standard to be established. National legislation for occupational scientific diving in many cases excludes CCR diving, which can limit its use for scientific purposes. This paper suggests that, where possible, legislations should be allowed to evolve in order to include this type of equipment where and when its use has direct advantages for both the safety and the efficiency of scientific diving. This paper provides a brief description of the fundamentals of closed circuit rebreather diving and outlines the benefits that its use offers diving scientists. Special attention is given to safety issues with the assertion that the CCR concept is, if strictly applied, the safest available technique today for autonomous deep scientific diving purposes.","PeriodicalId":44271,"journal":{"name":"UNDERWATER TECHNOLOGY","volume":"83 1","pages":"38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79796049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Féral, T. Saucède, E. Poulin, C. Marschal, G. Marty, Jean-Claude Roca, S. Motreuil, Jean-Pierre Beurier
In the context of global climate change, variations in sea surface temperature, sea level change and latitudinal shifts of oceanographic currents are expected to affect marine biodiversity of the sub-Antarctic islands located near the polar front, such as the Kerguelen Islands, particularly in coastal waters. Sampling sites of previous oceanographic programmes focused on the Kerguelen Islands were revis-ited during three scientific summer cruises aboard the trawler La Curieuse (2011–2014). Among 18 coastal sites explored using scuba diving, 8 were selected for monitoring, as representative of the Kerguelen sub-Antarctic marine habitats, to be progressively equipped with sensors and settlement plots. Remotely operated vehicle (ROV) observations and beam trawling (at 50 m and 100 m) have also been used to contextualise them. Eight sites – in the Morbihan Bay (4), and in the north (2) and south (2) of the Kerguelen Islands – are now monitored by photo and video surveys, with temperature loggers installed at 5 m and 15 m depth, and settlement plots at about 10 m depth. Temperature data have been recovered yearly since 2011 at some sites (those equipped first). Biodiversity found on settlement plots will be characterised yearly by metagenomics. The often harsh conditions at sea involve using robust underwater equipment and simple investigation techniques and protocols to ensure the permanence and the reliability of the equipment installed.
{"title":"PROTEKER: implementation of a submarine observatory at the Kerguelen Islands (Southern Ocean)","authors":"J. Féral, T. Saucède, E. Poulin, C. Marschal, G. Marty, Jean-Claude Roca, S. Motreuil, Jean-Pierre Beurier","doi":"10.3723/UT.34.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3723/UT.34.003","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of global climate change, variations in sea surface temperature, sea level change and latitudinal shifts of oceanographic currents are expected to affect marine biodiversity of the sub-Antarctic islands located near the polar front, such as the Kerguelen Islands, particularly in coastal waters. Sampling sites of previous oceanographic programmes focused on the Kerguelen Islands were revis-ited during three scientific summer cruises aboard the trawler La Curieuse (2011–2014). Among 18 coastal sites explored using scuba diving, 8 were selected for monitoring, as representative of the Kerguelen sub-Antarctic marine habitats, to be progressively equipped with sensors and settlement plots. Remotely operated vehicle (ROV) observations and beam trawling (at 50 m and 100 m) have also been used to contextualise them. Eight sites – in the Morbihan Bay (4), and in the north (2) and south (2) of the Kerguelen Islands – are now monitored by photo and video surveys, with temperature loggers installed at 5 m and 15 m depth, and settlement plots at about 10 m depth. Temperature data have been recovered yearly since 2011 at some sites (those equipped first). Biodiversity found on settlement plots will be characterised yearly by metagenomics. The often harsh conditions at sea involve using robust underwater equipment and simple investigation techniques and protocols to ensure the permanence and the reliability of the equipment installed.","PeriodicalId":44271,"journal":{"name":"UNDERWATER TECHNOLOGY","volume":"78 1","pages":"3-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91311149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Berov Dimitar, Hiebaum Georgi, V. Vasil, K. Ventsislav
{"title":"An optimised method for scuba digital photography surveys of infralittoral benthic habitats: a case study from the SW Black Sea Cystoseira-dominated macroalgal communities","authors":"Berov Dimitar, Hiebaum Georgi, V. Vasil, K. Ventsislav","doi":"10.3723/UT.34.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3723/UT.34.011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44271,"journal":{"name":"UNDERWATER TECHNOLOGY","volume":"60 1","pages":"20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77281872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stanulla Richard, Barth Gerald, G. Robert, Reich Matthias, M. Broder
To make the advantages of airlift pumps accessible for scientifi c divers working on geoscientifi c topics, the authors developed a mobile airlift pump that operates without any surface support. The device is powered by standard scuba tanks and has a quite slim design. Thus, it can be easily transported by scuba divers with lifting bags. The construction is based on the laws of Bernoulli and Boyle-Mariotte: a defi ned amount of gas supplied at the lowest point of a vertical, semi-closed system will expand while ascending and cause a negative pressure at the bottom. The development and practical testing was carried out in various lakes in Germany and in the Mediterranean Sea during fi eldwork in the hydrothermal system of Panarea, Italy. There, chemical erosion led to sediment-fi lled cavities with diameters of several decimetres that are aligned along geological fractures. The removal of sediment is the main requirement to document the unique but covered lithological structures.
{"title":"Development of a mobile airlift pump for scientific divers and its application in sedimentological underwater research","authors":"Stanulla Richard, Barth Gerald, G. Robert, Reich Matthias, M. Broder","doi":"10.3723/ut.34.039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3723/ut.34.039","url":null,"abstract":"To make the advantages of airlift pumps accessible for scientifi c divers working on geoscientifi c topics, the authors developed a mobile airlift pump that operates without any surface support. The device is powered by standard scuba tanks and has a quite slim design. Thus, it can be easily transported by scuba divers with lifting bags. The construction is based on the laws of Bernoulli and Boyle-Mariotte: a defi ned amount of gas supplied at the lowest point of a vertical, semi-closed system will expand while ascending and cause a negative pressure at the bottom. The development and practical testing was carried out in various lakes in Germany and in the Mediterranean Sea during fi eldwork in the hydrothermal system of Panarea, Italy. There, chemical erosion led to sediment-fi lled cavities with diameters of several decimetres that are aligned along geological fractures. The removal of sediment is the main requirement to document the unique but covered lithological structures.","PeriodicalId":44271,"journal":{"name":"UNDERWATER TECHNOLOGY","volume":"13 1","pages":"39-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90123308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Science of diving: concepts and applications","authors":"G. Anthony","doi":"10.3723/UT.34.045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3723/UT.34.045","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44271,"journal":{"name":"UNDERWATER TECHNOLOGY","volume":"30 1","pages":"44-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80365561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marine Bioenergy: Trends and Developments features the latest findings of leading scientists from around the world. Addressing the key aspects of marine bioenergy, this state-of-the-art text: Offers an introduction to marine bioenergy ● Explores marine algae as a source of bioenergy ● Describes biotechnological techniques for biofuel production ● Explains the production of bioenergy, including bioethanol, biomethane, ● biomethanol, biohydrogen, and biodiesel Covers bioelectricity and marine microbial fuel cell (MFC) production from ● marine algae and microbes Discusses marine waste for bioenergy ● Considers commercialization and the global market ●
{"title":"Marine Bioenergy:: trends and developments","authors":"M. Stanley","doi":"10.3723/UT.34.047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3723/UT.34.047","url":null,"abstract":"Marine Bioenergy: Trends and Developments features the latest findings of leading scientists from around the world. Addressing the key aspects of marine bioenergy, this state-of-the-art text: Offers an introduction to marine bioenergy ● Explores marine algae as a source of bioenergy ● Describes biotechnological techniques for biofuel production ● Explains the production of bioenergy, including bioethanol, biomethane, ● biomethanol, biohydrogen, and biodiesel Covers bioelectricity and marine microbial fuel cell (MFC) production from ● marine algae and microbes Discusses marine waste for bioenergy ● Considers commercialization and the global market ●","PeriodicalId":44271,"journal":{"name":"UNDERWATER TECHNOLOGY","volume":"5 1","pages":"47-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80176816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Systems readiness level (SRL) is a metric for assessing progress in developing major subsea systems. SRL methodology builds on technology readiness levels (TRLs), developed by American Petroleum Institute (API) 17N to assess the readiness of subsea components for insertion. To estimate the level of readiness of a system comprising multiple components in their current state, SRL combines the TRL of each component with another metric called the integration readiness level (IRL). This metric expresses the readiness of each of these components to be integrated with other components of the system. An averaging approach is then used to estimate an overall level of systems readiness if these components were to be used. This paper presents a distillation of experience gained in applying the readiness metrics to subsea systems by the author and others. The methodology for determining the progress of a typical subsea system development, using TRL, IRL and SRL metrics is illustrated using a typical subsea system.
{"title":"A measure of subsea systems' readiness level","authors":"S. Yasseri","doi":"10.3723/UT.33.215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3723/UT.33.215","url":null,"abstract":"Systems readiness level (SRL) is a metric for assessing progress in developing major subsea systems. SRL methodology builds on technology readiness levels (TRLs), developed by American Petroleum Institute (API) 17N to assess the readiness of subsea components for insertion. To estimate the level of readiness of a system comprising multiple components in their current state, SRL combines the TRL of each component with another metric called the integration readiness level (IRL). This metric expresses the readiness of each of these components to be integrated with other components of the system. An averaging approach is then used to estimate an overall level of systems readiness if these components were to be used. This paper presents a distillation of experience gained in applying the readiness metrics to subsea systems by the author and others. The methodology for determining the progress of a typical subsea system development, using TRL, IRL and SRL metrics is illustrated using a typical subsea system.","PeriodicalId":44271,"journal":{"name":"UNDERWATER TECHNOLOGY","volume":"87 1","pages":"215-228"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81282819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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