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Necessity for a Grand Strategy 大战略的必要性
IF 1.4 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.58944/bvvv9511
Blendi Lami, Kristaq Xharo
Articulations of notions such as “infringement of sovereignty”, “national union”, “national strategy” or “power capacities” should be done with great prudence by Albanian policy makers. Declarations of Albanian actors have also a direct impact on the behavior of international factor. Declarations of this nature must be filtered first in the “laboratory” of a national – or even grand strategy. Albanian national power determines the behavior of states such as Albania and Kosova. National power is the most popular “currency” for communication in International Relations. Each state uses its power to secure its interests in the international arena. The nature of this struggle for power can only be examined through an analysis of power competition with other nations. No nation can punch above its weight in international relations first and foremost without considering alliances. In this context, this article aims to shed light on the weight of a small state in the international arena, which can be determined by a national strategy. This article concludes that the Albanian geopolitical space need a Grand Strategy and small countries like Albania and Kosova must harmonize their foreign policy with its strategic allies.
阿尔巴尼亚决策者在表述诸如“侵犯主权”、“民族联盟”、“国家战略”或“权力能力”等概念时应非常谨慎。阿尔巴尼亚行动者的声明也对国际因素的行为产生直接影响。这种性质的宣言必须首先在国家——甚至是总体战略的“实验室”中进行过滤。阿尔巴尼亚的国力决定着阿尔巴尼亚和科索沃等国的行为。国力是国际关系中最常用的沟通“货币”。每个国家都利用自己的力量在国际舞台上确保自己的利益。这种权力斗争的性质只能通过分析与其他国家的权力竞争来检验。在国际关系中,没有一个国家能够在不考虑联盟的情况下发挥自己的作用。在这种背景下,本文旨在阐明一个小国在国际舞台上的重要性,这可以由国家战略来决定。本文的结论是,阿尔巴尼亚的地缘政治空间需要一个大战略,像阿尔巴尼亚和科索沃这样的小国必须与战略盟友协调外交政策。
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引用次数: 0
A synthesis of the current situation of University-Industry cooperation in Albania following the Triple Helix Model 三螺旋模式下阿尔巴尼亚产学研合作现状综合分析
IF 1.4 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.58944/krhx8923
Ketrina Çabiri Mijo, Ermira Qosja
Albanian universities face a variety of challenges which reflect the national and international factors in the political, social, and economic sphere. On one hand Universities shouldestablish high teaching standards whichequip students with necessary competences requested by the labour marketand on the other hand they should play an important role in boosting innovation within industries through scientific research, to impact the economic development of the county. The goal of this research is to analyse the existing collaboration among universities and the industry in Albania, from the perspective of universities and companies. This research uses a qualitative methodology, based on the questionnaires of work page 1 of the KALCEA project. In total, the sample consists of 43 respondents, 16 of which are university senior management staff and 27 leaders/administrators and senior managers of large Albanian companies. Findings of the paper indicate that cooperation between Universities and industry do exist and is claimed as important by both parties. However, it still lacks strategic plannings and structural approaches which establish, inter alia, the necessary culture of synergy and common innovative product.
阿尔巴尼亚的大学面临着各种各样的挑战,这些挑战反映了政治、社会和经济领域的国内和国际因素。一方面,大学应该建立高水平的教学标准,使学生具备劳动力市场所需的必要能力,另一方面,大学应该通过科学研究在促进行业创新方面发挥重要作用,从而影响国家的经济发展。本研究的目的是从大学和公司的角度分析阿尔巴尼亚大学和工业界之间的现有合作。本研究采用定性方法,基于KALCEA项目工作第1页的问卷调查。样本共包括43名受访者,其中16名是大学高级管理人员,27名是阿尔巴尼亚大型公司的领导/行政人员和高级管理人员。本文的研究结果表明,校企合作确实存在,而且双方都认为校企合作很重要。但是,它仍然缺乏战略规划和结构性办法,除其他外,建立必要的协同增效和共同创新产品的文化。
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引用次数: 0
Public policy at times of pandemic 大流行时期的公共政策
IF 1.4 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.58944/lqdw4699
Anjeza Xhaferaj, K. Bello
The paper is an attempt to analyse the benefits that remote work could bring in the development of the country. It is organized in three parts. In the first part it engages with the concept of public policy, how it is shaped and should be done to make visible problems that need to be addressed. The second part analysis the benefits of teleworking and potential models for city organization and population distribution to support country development. The last part analyses the case of Albania to discover that remote work, demography, and country development are concepts not yet analysed in connection for exploring the benefits they could bring. The paper concludes that government should invest in developing human resources in the field of digitalisation, so that the number of employees who could telework and companies that could use that expertise is increased. In this way, companies and staff do not necessarily need to locate in the capital or big cities but could locate in medium size cities and periphery. This would contribute to the development of currently neglected areas and decrease living expenses in big cities, making thus more affordable the life for the low-income workers. In doing so, not only the living conditions will improve but the gap between centre and periphery will narrow down and lead to a better distribution of economic benefits across country.
本文试图分析远程工作在国家发展中可能带来的好处。本文分为三个部分。在第一部分中,它涉及公共政策的概念,它是如何形成的,应该如何做,以使需要解决的可见问题。第二部分分析了远程办公的好处,以及城市组织和人口分布支持农村发展的潜在模式。最后一部分分析了阿尔巴尼亚的情况,发现远程工作、人口和国家发展是尚未分析的概念,以便探讨它们可能带来的好处。该论文的结论是,政府应该投资开发数字化领域的人力资源,这样可以远程办公的员工和可以使用这些专业知识的公司的数量就会增加。这样,公司和员工不一定要在首都或大城市,而可以在中等城市和周边地区。这将有助于开发目前被忽视的地区,降低大城市的生活费用,从而使低收入工人的生活更负担得起。这样,不仅生活条件会得到改善,而且中心和边缘之间的差距会缩小,从而使经济利益在全国范围内得到更好的分配。
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引用次数: 0
The insurance market in Albania, the degree of concentration, and consequences on the economy 阿尔巴尼亚保险市场的集中度,以及对经济的影响
IF 1.4 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.58944/wbfs2351
Elisa Korsita, Elvin S. Meka
The purpose of this study is to critically analyze the insurance market in Albania, its level of concentration, and somehow to answer the question whether it impacts the country’s economy. The study analyzed how the insurance system in Albania has evolved, and more specifically, how the situation and progress of the insurance market in Albania is presented in the last 5 years (2016-2021), and how the degree of concentration of the insurance market in Albania is presented and what contribution it makes to the national economy of Albania. The study hypothesized that, in the insurance market in Albania, we still cannot say that we have optimal competition, as we still have a high degree of concentration, and that this factor has also influenced the weight of the insurance market in the economy of Albania. Throughout the study, the qualitative methodology was used, through the case study, from where, statistical processing and the comparative method was used as a method. The study concluded that within the insurance market in Albania, we still cannot say that we have fair competition, as we still have a high degree of concentration, and that this factor has begun to affect the weight of the insurance market in the economy in Albania. It is recommended that the AMF work more towards stabilizing competition and the degree of concentration of the insurance market in Albania, stabilizing the price level.
本研究的目的是批判性地分析阿尔巴尼亚的保险市场,其集中度,并以某种方式回答是否影响国家经济的问题。本研究分析了阿尔巴尼亚的保险制度是如何演变的,更具体地说,阿尔巴尼亚保险市场在过去5年(2016-2021年)的情况和进展是如何呈现的,阿尔巴尼亚保险市场的集中度是如何呈现的,它对阿尔巴尼亚国民经济的贡献是什么。研究假设,在阿尔巴尼亚的保险市场,我们仍然不能说我们有最优的竞争,因为我们仍然有高度的集中度,这一因素也影响了保险市场在阿尔巴尼亚经济中的权重。在整个研究过程中,定性的方法被使用,通过案例研究,其中,统计处理和比较方法被用作一种方法。研究的结论是,在阿尔巴尼亚的保险市场内,我们仍然不能说我们有公平竞争,因为我们仍然高度集中,这一因素已经开始影响保险市场在阿尔巴尼亚经济中的比重。建议AMF更多地致力于稳定阿尔巴尼亚保险市场的竞争和集中度,稳定价格水平。
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引用次数: 0
Relationship between education and economic growth 教育与经济增长的关系
IF 1.4 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.58944/uqli8167
Emirgena Nikolli, Elona Shehu
The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between educational attainment and economic growth in Albania. This research analyses how educational opportunities contribute to Albania’s economic growth via the use of empirical data. Additionally, it examines the relationship between education and economic development in Albania. Using general economic theory as a starting point, this study analyses some of the potential implications for Albanian economic and educational policy. By stimulating technological innovation and boosting capital and labor productivity, education expenditure increases the economy’s revenue. Using statistical analysis, empirical research attempts to ascertain the true causal effect of educational and training quality on individual salaries, firm profitability, and the economy as a whole. The results suggest that education may be a critical factor in Albania’s long-term economic growth, making it a critical component of the country’s economic strategy. According to the study’s results, the government and private sector should collaborate to improve education quality via public-private partnerships. The impact of education on economic development and its relationship is portrayed in this study since it should be a primary goal of policymakers.
本研究的目的是检视阿尔巴尼亚受教育程度与经济成长之间的关系。本研究通过使用实证数据分析了教育机会对阿尔巴尼亚经济增长的贡献。此外,它还审查了阿尔巴尼亚教育与经济发展之间的关系。本研究以一般经济理论为出发点,分析了对阿尔巴尼亚经济和教育政策的一些潜在影响。教育支出通过刺激技术创新,提高资本和劳动生产率,增加经济收入。通过统计分析,实证研究试图确定教育和培训质量对个人工资、企业盈利能力和整个经济的真正因果关系。结果表明,教育可能是阿尔巴尼亚长期经济增长的关键因素,使其成为该国经济战略的关键组成部分。根据研究结果,政府和私营部门应通过公私伙伴关系合作提高教育质量。教育对经济发展的影响及其关系在本研究中被描绘出来,因为它应该是政策制定者的主要目标。
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引用次数: 0
Challenges of agricultural insurance development in Albania 阿尔巴尼亚农业保险发展面临的挑战
IF 1.4 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.58944/qocp5468
Grisejda Myslimi, Emirgena Nikolli, Joana Shima
Agricultural production is exposed to natural risks that cannot be prevented and lead not only to production losses but also to a decrease in farmers’ income.As a result of these risks, farmers often do not have the opportunity to pay their loans. Against risky borrowers, credit institutions refuse to give loans. Under these conditions, the government must intervene in risk management, trying to reduce these negative effects. The provision of agricultural products as one of the most important instruments for the financial support of this sector will be the focus of this paper. Agricultural insurance provides compensation for economic losses resulting from unfavorable natural phenomena, contributing to the reduction of poverty. Without adequate insurance, lenders would not provide farmers with insurance policies. Agricultural insurance is a tool that helps farmers to predict the future, to protect the business from unforeseen events, supply and demand fluctuations or various operational challenges. In the case of developing countries such as Albania, these markets are not developed. A main problem in the development of these markets is the lack of demand due to unaffordable prices for farmers. One of the biggest challenges of the agricultural insurance industry is not only providing the right insurance product, but also helping agricultural sector in improving risk management practices to increase production. As Hazell (2009) puts it, many agricultural risks cannot be insured on a financially sound basis, but there is scope for increased insurance of farm assets, of the life and health of rural people, and of some specific perils that affect crop and livestock yields. Such insurance could be efficiently provided by the private sector if governments were to remove some of the important constraints impinging on commercial insurers. The greatest challenge is to find ways of insuring low-income rural households against natural hazards on a financially sound basis.
农业生产面临不可预防的自然风险,不仅造成生产损失,而且导致农民收入减少。由于这些风险,农民往往没有机会偿还贷款。对于风险较高的借款人,信贷机构拒绝发放贷款。在这种情况下,政府必须干预风险管理,试图减少这些负面影响。提供农产品作为金融支持农业部门最重要的工具之一将是本文的重点。农业保险为不利自然现象造成的经济损失提供赔偿,有助于减少贫困。如果没有足够的保险,贷款机构就不会向农民提供保单。农业保险是一种帮助农民预测未来、保护企业免受不可预见事件、供需波动或各种经营挑战影响的工具。就阿尔巴尼亚等发展中国家而言,这些市场并不发达。发展这些市场的一个主要问题是由于农民负担不起价格而导致需求不足。农业保险业面临的最大挑战之一是不仅要提供合适的保险产品,还要帮助农业部门改进风险管理做法,以提高产量。正如Hazell(2009)所指出的,许多农业风险不能在财务健全的基础上投保,但对农场资产、农村人口的生命和健康以及影响作物和牲畜产量的某些特定风险进行增加保险是有余地的。如果政府能够消除影响商业保险公司的一些重要限制,私营部门就可以有效地提供这种保险。最大的挑战是找到在财政健全的基础上为低收入农村家庭提供自然灾害保险的方法。
{"title":"Challenges of agricultural insurance development in Albania","authors":"Grisejda Myslimi, Emirgena Nikolli, Joana Shima","doi":"10.58944/qocp5468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58944/qocp5468","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural production is exposed to natural risks that cannot be prevented and lead not only to production losses but also to a decrease in farmers’ income.As a result of these risks, farmers often do not have the opportunity to pay their loans. Against risky borrowers, credit institutions refuse to give loans. Under these conditions, the government must intervene in risk management, trying to reduce these negative effects. The provision of agricultural products as one of the most important instruments for the financial support of this sector will be the focus of this paper. Agricultural insurance provides compensation for economic losses resulting from unfavorable natural phenomena, contributing to the reduction of poverty. Without adequate insurance, lenders would not provide farmers with insurance policies. Agricultural insurance is a tool that helps farmers to predict the future, to protect the business from unforeseen events, supply and demand fluctuations or various operational challenges. In the case of developing countries such as Albania, these markets are not developed. A main problem in the development of these markets is the lack of demand due to unaffordable prices for farmers. One of the biggest challenges of the agricultural insurance industry is not only providing the right insurance product, but also helping agricultural sector in improving risk management practices to increase production. As Hazell (2009) puts it, many agricultural risks cannot be insured on a financially sound basis, but there is scope for increased insurance of farm assets, of the life and health of rural people, and of some specific perils that affect crop and livestock yields. Such insurance could be efficiently provided by the private sector if governments were to remove some of the important constraints impinging on commercial insurers. The greatest challenge is to find ways of insuring low-income rural households against natural hazards on a financially sound basis.","PeriodicalId":44272,"journal":{"name":"Terra Economicus","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84968366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Narrative Economics perspective on modeling national innovation system 叙事经济学视角下的国家创新体系建模
IF 1.4 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-12-25 DOI: 10.18522/2073-6606-2021-19-4-36-50
V. Volchik, E. Maslyukova
Мы применяем методологию нарративной экономики к исследованию российской инновационной системы. Наш метод включает пять этапов: 1) определение круга значимых и влиятельных в плане воздействия на социальные процессы источников, содержащих нарративы; 2) идентификация релевантных нарративов, подлежащих качественному и количественному анализу; 3) выявление степени вирусности и влиятельности нарративов и их связи со значимыми правилами и институтами; 4) выделение и систематизация проблемных ситуаций, связанных с темой исследования и распространением соответствующих нарративов; 5) оценка влияния нарративов, идей, правил и институтов на развитие той или иной проблемной ситуации. Ментальные карты, составленные в результате обзора статей по методу совпадений (сo-occurrence), показали три тематических области, связанные с нарративной экономикой: финансовые рынки; институциональная структура экономики; образование и наука. Мы классифицировали нарративы: a) как источники качественных данных о поведенческих паттернах в определённых социальных контекстах и b) как упрощенные модели, связанные с той или иной научной традицией. В результате анализа отобранных нарративов обозначены шесть центральных проблем, характеризующих российскую инновационную систему: государственное управление инновационной деятельностью; выбор тематики и направлений исследований; спрос на инновации; институциональная структура и конкурентная среда для инноваций; кадры для исследовательской и инновационной деятельности; интеллектуальная собственность. Определены два подхода к использованию нарративов наряду с формальным моделированием. В рамках подхода ex ante формулируются априорные предположения на основе анализа нарративов и выделения значимых проблемных ситуаций, затем проводится моделирование. В рамках подхода ex post нарративный анализ охватывает проблемную область и выводы, полученные на основе моделирования. С помощью нарративов мы дополняем объяснительные гипотезы в плане интерпретации моделируемой ситуации с учетом правил, норм и ценностей, которые акторы считают значимыми при осуществлении выбора.
我们将叙事经济学方法论应用于俄罗斯创新体系的研究。我们的方法分为五个阶段:1)确定一系列有意义和有影响力的叙事来源对社会进程的影响;2)确定需要定性和定量分析的相关叙事;3)确定叙事的病毒性和影响程度及其与有意义的规则和制度的关系;4)与研究主题和相关叙事的传播有关的问题情况的识别和系统化;5)评估叙事、思想、规则和制度对特定问题发展的影响。通过对相关文章的回顾,心理地图揭示了与叙事经济学相关的三个主题领域:金融市场;经济体制结构;教育和科学。我们将叙事归类为(a)特定社会背景下行为模式的定性数据来源;(b)与特定科学传统相关的简化模型。通过对选定叙事的分析,确定了俄罗斯创新体系的六个核心问题:国家创新活动管理;选择主题和研究方向;创新需求;创新的体制结构和竞争环境;研究和创新人员;知识产权。本文确定了使用叙事和形式建模的两种方法。先验方法在分析叙事和突出重要问题的基础上提出先验假设,然后进行建模。在事后方法中,叙述性分析涵盖了问题领域和模拟结果。在叙事的帮助下,我们补充了解释性假设,以解释模拟情况,同时考虑到参与者认为在实施选择时相关的规则、规范和价值观。
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引用次数: 2
Economic and institutional aspects of wine consumption in the context of globalization and climate change in Europe and Russia 经济和制度方面的葡萄酒消费在全球化和气候变化的背景下,在欧洲和俄罗斯
IF 1.4 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-12-25 DOI: 10.18522/2073-6606-2021-19-4-127-140
M. Navrátilová, Markéta Beranová, Lucie Severová
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引用次数: 2
Ecosystem banks: Forms, risks and methods of regulation 生态银行:监管的形式、风险与方法
IF 1.4 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-12-25 DOI: 10.18522/2073-6606-2021-19-4-51-65
Sergey V. Andryushin, R. Grigoryev
{"title":"Ecosystem banks: Forms, risks and methods of regulation","authors":"Sergey V. Andryushin, R. Grigoryev","doi":"10.18522/2073-6606-2021-19-4-51-65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18522/2073-6606-2021-19-4-51-65","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44272,"journal":{"name":"Terra Economicus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46774555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Gift exchange and critique of capitalism: From Sieber to Graeber 礼物交换与资本主义批判:从西伯到格雷伯
IF 1.4 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-12-25 DOI: 10.18522/2073-6606-2021-19-4-66-76
Danila E. Raskov, Pavel Tereshchenko
{"title":"Gift exchange and critique of capitalism: From Sieber to Graeber","authors":"Danila E. Raskov, Pavel Tereshchenko","doi":"10.18522/2073-6606-2021-19-4-66-76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18522/2073-6606-2021-19-4-66-76","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44272,"journal":{"name":"Terra Economicus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43646821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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Terra Economicus
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