The main argument of this paper is that the legal regulation of lobbying is an important factor for disciplining/curbing the undue (illicit) influence of different interests’ groups on the political-making process, especially in countries with post-communist and nonconsolidated democracies as Albania. In three decades of political and economic transition from a one-party communist system to a democratic one and towards a market economy, the democratization of Albania has faced various problems, which have often led to a loss of public confidence in the political class and apathy of citizens towards the political system. In many cases, this has come as a result of the perception or even the disclosure by the media and the public of corruption scandals, political clientelism, or undue influences in the decision-making processes in Albania. Surely, it can be said that political scandals of trading or exercising illicit influences on public officials can affect, as numerous cases have shown, every democratic political system in the world. However, they are more likely to occur in new democracies (post-communist) countries that face weak state structures and a legal environment that is not yet well consolidated and where a culture of informality exists alongside written rules and laws. For this purpose, that of disciplining and controlling the influences that specific interests exert on the decision-making process of governments, legislatures, or other regulatory agencies, a good part of European countries have considered undertaking legal regulatory initiatives for lobbying activity in their environments.
{"title":"Interest Articulation and Lobbying in Unregulated Legal Contexts: The Case of Albania","authors":"Gerti Sqapi","doi":"10.58944/uckf7388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58944/uckf7388","url":null,"abstract":"The main argument of this paper is that the legal regulation of lobbying is an important factor for disciplining/curbing the undue (illicit) influence of different interests’ groups on the political-making process, especially in countries with post-communist and nonconsolidated democracies as Albania. In three decades of political and economic transition from a one-party communist system to a democratic one and towards a market economy, the democratization of Albania has faced various problems, which have often led to a loss of public confidence in the political class and apathy of citizens towards the political system. In many cases, this has come as a result of the perception or even the disclosure by the media and the public of corruption scandals, political clientelism, or undue influences in the decision-making processes in Albania. Surely, it can be said that political scandals of trading or exercising illicit influences on public officials can affect, as numerous cases have shown, every democratic political system in the world. However, they are more likely to occur in new democracies (post-communist) countries that face weak state structures and a legal environment that is not yet well consolidated and where a culture of informality exists alongside written rules and laws. For this purpose, that of disciplining and controlling the influences that specific interests exert on the decision-making process of governments, legislatures, or other regulatory agencies, a good part of European countries have considered undertaking legal regulatory initiatives for lobbying activity in their environments.","PeriodicalId":44272,"journal":{"name":"Terra Economicus","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74978207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For years the field of behavioral finance tries to explain economic actions and decisions in financial markets based on financial, psychological, and emotional factors, which affect the behavior of investing individuals. Various studies show that males are more tolerant of risk and make more risky decisions than females. The fact that men trade more than women in financial markets is attributed to the overconfidence they have. Men in addition to trading more, also own larger financial portfolios than women, but less diverse than they are. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether gender can really influence financial decisions through risk aversion, gender, and overconfidence. The data in this paper were collected through a very close population survey, explicitly students at European University of Tirana and an Albanian individual with financial knowledge. To measure statistical differences between the gender the Chi2 statistical test was used. Through empirical findings and analysis of data obtained from the statistical test was concluded conclusions from this study. It was found that there is a tendency among females to have a higher level of resistance to risk than males. This means that Albanian women will undertake a lower risk when managing an investment portfolio. Albanian men, meanwhile, have more confidence in their financial decisions.
{"title":"Behavior finance - The impact of financial behavior on economic decision-making of individuals in Albania","authors":"Aurora Molishti, Sokol Ndoka","doi":"10.58944/dxiz2762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58944/dxiz2762","url":null,"abstract":"For years the field of behavioral finance tries to explain economic actions and decisions in financial markets based on financial, psychological, and emotional factors, which affect the behavior of investing individuals. Various studies show that males are more tolerant of risk and make more risky decisions than females. The fact that men trade more than women in financial markets is attributed to the overconfidence they have. Men in addition to trading more, also own larger financial portfolios than women, but less diverse than they are. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether gender can really influence financial decisions through risk aversion, gender, and overconfidence. The data in this paper were collected through a very close population survey, explicitly students at European University of Tirana and an Albanian individual with financial knowledge. To measure statistical differences between the gender the Chi2 statistical test was used. Through empirical findings and analysis of data obtained from the statistical test was concluded conclusions from this study. It was found that there is a tendency among females to have a higher level of resistance to risk than males. This means that Albanian women will undertake a lower risk when managing an investment portfolio. Albanian men, meanwhile, have more confidence in their financial decisions.","PeriodicalId":44272,"journal":{"name":"Terra Economicus","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76323454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The fiscal stamps’ concession for excise -taxed and pharmaceutical products is part of a long list of many PPPs and other concessions, granted and approved by Albanian governments, over the years, whose purpose is to free the government and state entities from providing services and investments in different sectors of the economy.Beyond being a normal practice in many European countries and also in the region, this concession, approved since 2011, is almost unique and unusual, in terms of printing and selling price for fiscal stamps by SICPA, the concessionary company, where practically these prices are up to 7-10 times more expensive than the respective ones applied in other European countries and in the region, even by the same concessionary company. Despite this, such a concession applies a primitive technology for the production and printing of (domestic and imported) beer tax stamps, which does not justify the price of the stamp, furthermore, is senselessly burdening the cost of producers and importers, as well as the final consumer, in the domestic market. This concession remains unprecedented, as it imposes a fiscal stamp on beer as well, a practice not implemented in Europe, by burdening, without an economic logic, all the operators who produce and trade beer, as well as the final consumer in the domestic market. Given the fact of the lack of a deep analysis on the benefits and successes of the fight against fiscal evasion from trade of excise – taxed goods and, moreover, of the lack of a clear comparative analysis between the advantages and essential improvements, such a concession brought to the national economy, public finances and the consumer of the Albanian producer, but also through the analysis made with regard to the economic & financial indicators and the costs of the Albanian producers and consumer, the paper comes to the conclusion that this concession, in its closing stage, should be deeply revised, probably being temporarily offered by the government and then negotiated with more favorable terms and prices than the current ones and comparable to other countries in the region and Europe. Also, the government should be attentive to the concerns of beer producers and importers and the unjustifiable costs on final consumer. Moreover, it must clarify and specify, from a legal point of view, the possible consequences, or “gaps” of the concession contract with SICPA company, related to its international arbitration proceedings.
{"title":"Fiscal stamps’ concession – between high costs and absent economic logic","authors":"Elvin S. Meka","doi":"10.58944/imff4165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58944/imff4165","url":null,"abstract":"The fiscal stamps’ concession for excise -taxed and pharmaceutical products is part of a long list of many PPPs and other concessions, granted and approved by Albanian governments, over the years, whose purpose is to free the government and state entities from providing services and investments in different sectors of the economy.Beyond being a normal practice in many European countries and also in the region, this concession, approved since 2011, is almost unique and unusual, in terms of printing and selling price for fiscal stamps by SICPA, the concessionary company, where practically these prices are up to 7-10 times more expensive than the respective ones applied in other European countries and in the region, even by the same concessionary company. Despite this, such a concession applies a primitive technology for the production and printing of (domestic and imported) beer tax stamps, which does not justify the price of the stamp, furthermore, is senselessly burdening the cost of producers and importers, as well as the final consumer, in the domestic market. This concession remains unprecedented, as it imposes a fiscal stamp on beer as well, a practice not implemented in Europe, by burdening, without an economic logic, all the operators who produce and trade beer, as well as the final consumer in the domestic market. Given the fact of the lack of a deep analysis on the benefits and successes of the fight against fiscal evasion from trade of excise – taxed goods and, moreover, of the lack of a clear comparative analysis between the advantages and essential improvements, such a concession brought to the national economy, public finances and the consumer of the Albanian producer, but also through the analysis made with regard to the economic & financial indicators and the costs of the Albanian producers and consumer, the paper comes to the conclusion that this concession, in its closing stage, should be deeply revised, probably being temporarily offered by the government and then negotiated with more favorable terms and prices than the current ones and comparable to other countries in the region and Europe. Also, the government should be attentive to the concerns of beer producers and importers and the unjustifiable costs on final consumer. Moreover, it must clarify and specify, from a legal point of view, the possible consequences, or “gaps” of the concession contract with SICPA company, related to its international arbitration proceedings.","PeriodicalId":44272,"journal":{"name":"Terra Economicus","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78851444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Customers are the reason why businesses exist, prosper, and expand. Customer acquisition is the main goal for sales teams because more clients mean more money. The pandemic constrained people to reconsider how they utilize their time and what companies they do business with, including their insurance options. The insurance industry has the highest customer acquisition costs of any industry. Customer acquisition in insurance costs are nine times higher than customer retention, so ‘’Happy clients” is no longer a nice to have, but a must in insurance industry. In order to be profitable in insurance, the industry should focus in the customer experience service by improving important indicators like loyalty and retention. In this study, I seek to understand the factors that may cause an insurance services firm to lose some of its customers who have auto insurance. The findings of this empirical research utilized NPS for measuring customer loyalty in the auto insurance market in Albania. To be successful in both customer acquisition and customer retention, Albanian insurance companies must focus in the factors identified in this research in order to influence customer loyalty and adjust their marketing strategies accordingly. The importance of the study consists on the lack of any similar research that looks at customer satisfaction, retention, and reasons for customer loss in the Albanian insurance sector. These variables have not been studied together previously. As a result, the findings of this study may serve as a starting point for other studies in the Albanian insurance sector.
{"title":"Evaluating the Customer Retention and Satisfaction in the Albanian Auto Insurance","authors":"Eleni Kalemaj","doi":"10.58944/hwau2300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58944/hwau2300","url":null,"abstract":"Customers are the reason why businesses exist, prosper, and expand. Customer acquisition is the main goal for sales teams because more clients mean more money. The pandemic constrained people to reconsider how they utilize their time and what companies they do business with, including their insurance options. The insurance industry has the highest customer acquisition costs of any industry. Customer acquisition in insurance costs are nine times higher than customer retention, so ‘’Happy clients” is no longer a nice to have, but a must in insurance industry. In order to be profitable in insurance, the industry should focus in the customer experience service by improving important indicators like loyalty and retention. In this study, I seek to understand the factors that may cause an insurance services firm to lose some of its customers who have auto insurance. The findings of this empirical research utilized NPS for measuring customer loyalty in the auto insurance market in Albania. To be successful in both customer acquisition and customer retention, Albanian insurance companies must focus in the factors identified in this research in order to influence customer loyalty and adjust their marketing strategies accordingly. The importance of the study consists on the lack of any similar research that looks at customer satisfaction, retention, and reasons for customer loss in the Albanian insurance sector. These variables have not been studied together previously. As a result, the findings of this study may serve as a starting point for other studies in the Albanian insurance sector.","PeriodicalId":44272,"journal":{"name":"Terra Economicus","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89757920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main purpose of this study is to conduct an analysis on the use of financial technology in Albania. Fintech is a term dedicated to financial technology in the digital age. The diversity of this technological solution brings with it the promise of faster, cheaper, more secure and transparent financial transactions through the internet. Fintech business model is the specific application of Fintech in economics and financial fields. This enables users to perform financial transactions remotely, which improves the efficiency of banking transactions and saves customers time. The constant shifts towards e-commerce, digital payments, instant payments, cash substitutes have increased significantly nowadays. The document describes the policy implications regarding the promotion of relevant institutional policies in relation to increasing the use of Fintech in the country.
{"title":"Use of financial technology in Albania","authors":"Ismet Voka, Filipos Ruxho","doi":"10.58944/btun9628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58944/btun9628","url":null,"abstract":"The main purpose of this study is to conduct an analysis on the use of financial technology in Albania. Fintech is a term dedicated to financial technology in the digital age. The diversity of this technological solution brings with it the promise of faster, cheaper, more secure and transparent financial transactions through the internet. Fintech business model is the specific application of Fintech in economics and financial fields. This enables users to perform financial transactions remotely, which improves the efficiency of banking transactions and saves customers time. The constant shifts towards e-commerce, digital payments, instant payments, cash substitutes have increased significantly nowadays. The document describes the policy implications regarding the promotion of relevant institutional policies in relation to increasing the use of Fintech in the country.","PeriodicalId":44272,"journal":{"name":"Terra Economicus","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75246204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nowadays, an issue that is becoming more and more prominent and is receiving attention from everyone is retirement planning. Retirement planning behavior is defined as the behavior of individuals toward the design of planning schemes, which has emerged in recent years from research in behavioral economics (financial behavior).Studies carried out time ago have shown that the realization of a planning has brought impacts both on saving behavior and on portfolio selection. Also, it is emphasized by the researchers in this field that there are some very relevant factors, which help the retirement planning behaviour. The main purpose of this paper is to get acquainted with the behavioral theory, then research and determine the factors that influence planning behavior and readiness for retirement, seeing and analyzing this whole “phenomenon” in basis of division of different age groups for individuals employed in our country. The factors highlighted by the research are financial literacy, saving attitude, future orientation. Methodological research approach of data generation is the combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, which was realized by developing a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire is divided into two sections respectively and is completed by 164 respondents with a variety of professional backgrounds. From the empirical data collected and the analysis carried out, it is concluded that the middle age group (36-50 years old) shows a greater approach in the planning behavior of savings for retirement readiness. As well as from the review of the literature, it is concluded that there is a positive correlation between the planning behavior of individuals and the aforementioned factors.
{"title":"Retirement Planning Attitude in a Financial Behavior Perscpective. Case of Albania","authors":"Elona Shehu, Blerta Molishti","doi":"10.58944/nrte1597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58944/nrte1597","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, an issue that is becoming more and more prominent and is receiving attention from everyone is retirement planning. Retirement planning behavior is defined as the behavior of individuals toward the design of planning schemes, which has emerged in recent years from research in behavioral economics (financial behavior).Studies carried out time ago have shown that the realization of a planning has brought impacts both on saving behavior and on portfolio selection. Also, it is emphasized by the researchers in this field that there are some very relevant factors, which help the retirement planning behaviour. The main purpose of this paper is to get acquainted with the behavioral theory, then research and determine the factors that influence planning behavior and readiness for retirement, seeing and analyzing this whole “phenomenon” in basis of division of different age groups for individuals employed in our country. The factors highlighted by the research are financial literacy, saving attitude, future orientation. Methodological research approach of data generation is the combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, which was realized by developing a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire is divided into two sections respectively and is completed by 164 respondents with a variety of professional backgrounds. From the empirical data collected and the analysis carried out, it is concluded that the middle age group (36-50 years old) shows a greater approach in the planning behavior of savings for retirement readiness. As well as from the review of the literature, it is concluded that there is a positive correlation between the planning behavior of individuals and the aforementioned factors.","PeriodicalId":44272,"journal":{"name":"Terra Economicus","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81477413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With many businesses unable to operate normally due to widespread government-imposed lockdowns, people confront a reshape of their financial behavior. In this article we review literature to analyze the theoretical foundations of financial well-being. The ongoing current worldwide recession worries about inadequate savings, consumerism and debt accumulation are all contributing to the increase in financial stress. We follow a qualitative-descriptive method based on a broad literature review and chronological analysis. This study will contribute to favor of establishing a theory of financial well-being to define, measure, and analyze it comprehensively. The creativity of this work lies in describing and contrasting several theoretical foundations together instead of addressing them separately. Our results are of interest to those involved in research about financial well-being, subjective well-being, and the economics of happiness.
{"title":"Consequences of Covid 19 - Behavioral approaches on the financial well-being, theoretical concepts","authors":"Irini Goga, Mikel Qafa","doi":"10.58944/lteq8360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58944/lteq8360","url":null,"abstract":"With many businesses unable to operate normally due to widespread government-imposed lockdowns, people confront a reshape of their financial behavior. In this article we review literature to analyze the theoretical foundations of financial well-being. The ongoing current worldwide recession worries about inadequate savings, consumerism and debt accumulation are all contributing to the increase in financial stress. We follow a qualitative-descriptive method based on a broad literature review and chronological analysis. This study will contribute to favor of establishing a theory of financial well-being to define, measure, and analyze it comprehensively. The creativity of this work lies in describing and contrasting several theoretical foundations together instead of addressing them separately. Our results are of interest to those involved in research about financial well-being, subjective well-being, and the economics of happiness.","PeriodicalId":44272,"journal":{"name":"Terra Economicus","volume":"108 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89018722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Korça region is characterized by advantageous essential factors such as large areas of the fertile soil, a fresh clime, high possibilities for watering, excellent tradition of the distinguished farmers, intellectual resources etc. Agriculture – The economic sector that contributes over 24% of the GDP; • 50% of the employees work in this sector; • 52% of the population lives in rural areas. The aim of this paper is to analyze the current situation of the agriculture sector in Korça region. What are some of the structural changes of the agriculture after the privatization and the transformations of the social system. The structural changes for the agriculture in Korça region have occurred based on the analysis of the economic indicators. The farmers, in fact, are the protagonist of a transition, i.e the transformation from a conventional agriculture and productive to a sustainable and eco-compatible agriculture. The necessary elements for the development of a sustainable agriculture are not only biological or technical, but also social, economic and political and they explain the adequate needs for establishing a sustainable society.
{"title":"Structural changes of the agriculture in Korça region, aiming the sustainable development","authors":"A. Maho, Ferdinant Maho","doi":"10.58944/vgws6701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58944/vgws6701","url":null,"abstract":"Korça region is characterized by advantageous essential factors such as large areas of the fertile soil, a fresh clime, high possibilities for watering, excellent tradition of the distinguished farmers, intellectual resources etc. Agriculture – The economic sector that contributes over 24% of the GDP; • 50% of the employees work in this sector; • 52% of the population lives in rural areas. The aim of this paper is to analyze the current situation of the agriculture sector in Korça region. What are some of the structural changes of the agriculture after the privatization and the transformations of the social system. The structural changes for the agriculture in Korça region have occurred based on the analysis of the economic indicators. The farmers, in fact, are the protagonist of a transition, i.e the transformation from a conventional agriculture and productive to a sustainable and eco-compatible agriculture. The necessary elements for the development of a sustainable agriculture are not only biological or technical, but also social, economic and political and they explain the adequate needs for establishing a sustainable society.","PeriodicalId":44272,"journal":{"name":"Terra Economicus","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74778019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper is an attempt to analyse the benefits that remote work could bring in the development of the country. It is organized in three parts. In the first part it engages with the concept of public policy, how it is shaped and should be done to make visible problems that need to be addressed. The second part analysis the benefits of teleworking and potential models for city organization and population distribution to support country development. The last part analyses the case of Albania to discover that remote work, demography, and country development are concepts not yet analysed in connection for exploring the benefits they could bring. The paper concludes that government should invest in developing human resources in the field of digitalisation, so that the number of employees who could telework and companies that could use that expertise is increased. In this way, companies and staff do not necessarily need to locate in the capital or big cities but could locate in medium size cities and periphery. This would contribute to the development of currently neglected areas and decrease living expenses in big cities, making thus more affordable the life for the low-income workers. In doing so, not only the living conditions will improve but the gap between centre and periphery will narrow down and lead to a better distribution of economic benefits across country.
{"title":"Public policy at times of pandemic","authors":"Anjeza Xhaferaj, K. Bello","doi":"10.58944/lqdw4699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58944/lqdw4699","url":null,"abstract":"The paper is an attempt to analyse the benefits that remote work could bring in the development of the country. It is organized in three parts. In the first part it engages with the concept of public policy, how it is shaped and should be done to make visible problems that need to be addressed. The second part analysis the benefits of teleworking and potential models for city organization and population distribution to support country development. The last part analyses the case of Albania to discover that remote work, demography, and country development are concepts not yet analysed in connection for exploring the benefits they could bring. The paper concludes that government should invest in developing human resources in the field of digitalisation, so that the number of employees who could telework and companies that could use that expertise is increased. In this way, companies and staff do not necessarily need to locate in the capital or big cities but could locate in medium size cities and periphery. This would contribute to the development of currently neglected areas and decrease living expenses in big cities, making thus more affordable the life for the low-income workers. In doing so, not only the living conditions will improve but the gap between centre and periphery will narrow down and lead to a better distribution of economic benefits across country.","PeriodicalId":44272,"journal":{"name":"Terra Economicus","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87254068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Articulations of notions such as “infringement of sovereignty”, “national union”, “national strategy” or “power capacities” should be done with great prudence by Albanian policy makers. Declarations of Albanian actors have also a direct impact on the behavior of international factor. Declarations of this nature must be filtered first in the “laboratory” of a national – or even grand strategy. Albanian national power determines the behavior of states such as Albania and Kosova. National power is the most popular “currency” for communication in International Relations. Each state uses its power to secure its interests in the international arena. The nature of this struggle for power can only be examined through an analysis of power competition with other nations. No nation can punch above its weight in international relations first and foremost without considering alliances. In this context, this article aims to shed light on the weight of a small state in the international arena, which can be determined by a national strategy. This article concludes that the Albanian geopolitical space need a Grand Strategy and small countries like Albania and Kosova must harmonize their foreign policy with its strategic allies.
{"title":"Necessity for a Grand Strategy","authors":"Blendi Lami, Kristaq Xharo","doi":"10.58944/bvvv9511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58944/bvvv9511","url":null,"abstract":"Articulations of notions such as “infringement of sovereignty”, “national union”, “national strategy” or “power capacities” should be done with great prudence by Albanian policy makers. Declarations of Albanian actors have also a direct impact on the behavior of international factor. Declarations of this nature must be filtered first in the “laboratory” of a national – or even grand strategy. Albanian national power determines the behavior of states such as Albania and Kosova. National power is the most popular “currency” for communication in International Relations. Each state uses its power to secure its interests in the international arena. The nature of this struggle for power can only be examined through an analysis of power competition with other nations. No nation can punch above its weight in international relations first and foremost without considering alliances. In this context, this article aims to shed light on the weight of a small state in the international arena, which can be determined by a national strategy. This article concludes that the Albanian geopolitical space need a Grand Strategy and small countries like Albania and Kosova must harmonize their foreign policy with its strategic allies.","PeriodicalId":44272,"journal":{"name":"Terra Economicus","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82015601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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