Pub Date : 2023-03-25DOI: 10.18522/2073-6606-2023-21-1-32-46
John A. Taylor
Citation: Taylor J.A. (2023). Was seventeenth-century British political arithmetic a precursor of nineteenth-century economic science? Terra Economicus 21 (1), 32–46. DOI: 10.18522/2073-6606-2023-21-1-32-46 The 19th-century English economist W.S.Jevons revisited the work of Gregory King. A seventeenth-century follower of Sir Francis Bacon, King had described in a brief empirical observation how price correlated with supply. The history of seventeenth-century commercial mathematics, this essay suggests, provides essential background for understanding the empirical observation which Jevons received from King. The 17th century was the pivot time during which new techniques appeared in higher mathematics, calculus and mathematical probability among them. Higher mathematics incorporated innovations which had previously appeared in commercial mathematics, Arabic numerals, pen and paper calculations, new notations, etc. At the same time, ancient Greek higher mathematics continued for a while, and Gregory King also borrowed some calculations from James Ussher who used ancient Greek higher mathematics. King learned Bacon’s empirical method from John Graunt and Sir William Petty, and all three represented a stage of political arithmetic which was midway between Bacon’s simple empiricism on the one hand and later mathematical probability and random sampling on the other hand. In this midway stage, statesmen made policy while taking care to obtain data from professional advisors whom they employed. The advisors based their advice at first on a combination of observation, skill, and intuition, but then later they added commercial arithmetic.
{"title":"Was seventeenth-century British political arithmetic a precursor of nineteenth-century economic science?","authors":"John A. Taylor","doi":"10.18522/2073-6606-2023-21-1-32-46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18522/2073-6606-2023-21-1-32-46","url":null,"abstract":"Citation: Taylor J.A. (2023). Was seventeenth-century British political arithmetic a precursor of nineteenth-century economic science? Terra Economicus 21 (1), 32–46. DOI: 10.18522/2073-6606-2023-21-1-32-46 The 19th-century English economist W.S.Jevons revisited the work of Gregory King. A seventeenth-century follower of Sir Francis Bacon, King had described in a brief empirical observation how price correlated with supply. The history of seventeenth-century commercial mathematics, this essay suggests, provides essential background for understanding the empirical observation which Jevons received from King. The 17th century was the pivot time during which new techniques appeared in higher mathematics, calculus and mathematical probability among them. Higher mathematics incorporated innovations which had previously appeared in commercial mathematics, Arabic numerals, pen and paper calculations, new notations, etc. At the same time, ancient Greek higher mathematics continued for a while, and Gregory King also borrowed some calculations from James Ussher who used ancient Greek higher mathematics. King learned Bacon’s empirical method from John Graunt and Sir William Petty, and all three represented a stage of political arithmetic which was midway between Bacon’s simple empiricism on the one hand and later mathematical probability and random sampling on the other hand. In this midway stage, statesmen made policy while taking care to obtain data from professional advisors whom they employed. The advisors based their advice at first on a combination of observation, skill, and intuition, but then later they added commercial arithmetic.","PeriodicalId":44272,"journal":{"name":"Terra Economicus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47663470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-25DOI: 10.18522/2073-6606-2023-21-1-61-79
M. Tarverdyan, I. Rozmainsky
{"title":"An empirical analysis of the influence of financialization on the innovative activity of the firms’ managers in Italy","authors":"M. Tarverdyan, I. Rozmainsky","doi":"10.18522/2073-6606-2023-21-1-61-79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18522/2073-6606-2023-21-1-61-79","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44272,"journal":{"name":"Terra Economicus","volume":"143 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41275838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-25DOI: 10.18522/2073-6606-2023-21-1-108-121
V. Nikolaev, A. Skvortsov
{"title":"Entrepreneurial university model in the context of regional development: The case of Moscow Polytechnic University","authors":"V. Nikolaev, A. Skvortsov","doi":"10.18522/2073-6606-2023-21-1-108-121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18522/2073-6606-2023-21-1-108-121","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44272,"journal":{"name":"Terra Economicus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41920510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-25DOI: 10.18522/2073-6606-2023-21-1-47-60
D. Fomin
As of now, economic history is not able to provide a complete explanation for the success of the post-war Soviet economy. The results of studies by both Soviet and foreign authors show that Soviet economy reached its pre-war level no later than 1948. However, when calculating the losses of fixed assets in the USSR of years during the war and comparing them with the level of capital investments, it becomes clear that the restoration of the USSR economy should have taken place no earlier than 1952. The calculations performed in this article exhibit that internal capital investments were responsible for only 29,4% of the restoration of post-war Soviet economy. The rest was due to external factors, the most important of which were the allies’ assistance during the war, post-war reparations, the transfer of material, and financial and intellectual resources from the occupied territories. There is reason to believe that the resources obtained by the USSR in the war and post-war years guaranteed the country’s economic development up until the mid-60s.
{"title":"Post-war economy of the USSR: Recovery factors","authors":"D. Fomin","doi":"10.18522/2073-6606-2023-21-1-47-60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18522/2073-6606-2023-21-1-47-60","url":null,"abstract":"As of now, economic history is not able to provide a complete explanation for the success of the post-war Soviet economy. The results of studies by both Soviet and foreign authors show that Soviet economy reached its pre-war level no later than 1948. However, when calculating the losses of fixed assets in the USSR of years during the war and comparing them with the level of capital investments, it becomes clear that the restoration of the USSR economy should have taken place no earlier than 1952. The calculations performed in this article exhibit that internal capital investments were responsible for only 29,4% of the restoration of post-war Soviet economy. The rest was due to external factors, the most important of which were the allies’ assistance during the war, post-war reparations, the transfer of material, and financial and intellectual resources from the occupied territories. There is reason to believe that the resources obtained by the USSR in the war and post-war years guaranteed the country’s economic development up until the mid-60s.","PeriodicalId":44272,"journal":{"name":"Terra Economicus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46199552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-25DOI: 10.18522/2073-6606-2023-21-1-94-107
P. Čajka, A. Čajková, P. Krpálek
This work assesses and scrutinizes the specific position of the universities and their relevance in fostering the regional development within the context of the globalized economy of the 21st century based on the relevant economic theories as well as the outcomes of the related research studies. Being both the educational as well as the research institutions, universities represent the important drivers that occupy an important position in knowledge-based and innovation-based society with a view to sustainable development at local, regional, national, and global levels. However, the society is sometimes not very much aware of the spectre and variety of services universities provide, or rather the way how the universities help to solve societal or local problems using their position and their activities. With the active cooperation of universities with local and regional governments in place, students have the opportunity to participate in identifying the problems of society and finding appropriate solutions by applying their theoretical knowledge. It is precisely the universities that, as the basis of an innovation system, should be the key for the regional innovation centres. We use a case study of Slovakia to demonstrate how universities can boost the innovative potential and foster the economic success in the competitive and globalized world economy
{"title":"The role of universities as the institutional drivers of innovation at the regional level","authors":"P. Čajka, A. Čajková, P. Krpálek","doi":"10.18522/2073-6606-2023-21-1-94-107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18522/2073-6606-2023-21-1-94-107","url":null,"abstract":"This work assesses and scrutinizes the specific position of the universities and their relevance in fostering the regional development within the context of the globalized economy of the 21st century based on the relevant economic theories as well as the outcomes of the related research studies. Being both the educational as well as the research institutions, universities represent the important drivers that occupy an important position in knowledge-based and innovation-based society with a view to sustainable development at local, regional, national, and global levels. However, the society is sometimes not very much aware of the spectre and variety of services universities provide, or rather the way how the universities help to solve societal or local problems using their position and their activities. With the active cooperation of universities with local and regional governments in place, students have the opportunity to participate in identifying the problems of society and finding appropriate solutions by applying their theoretical knowledge. It is precisely the universities that, as the basis of an innovation system, should be the key for the regional innovation centres. We use a case study of Slovakia to demonstrate how universities can boost the innovative potential and foster the economic success in the competitive and globalized world economy","PeriodicalId":44272,"journal":{"name":"Terra Economicus","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47383434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nowadays, the various problems in the economy are directly affecting the economic development of the countries considering tax abuse as a serious issue in the economy, in overall. The conflict arising in nowadays society seems to be between the demand to increase welfare and consequently the refusal to face tax obligations. Hence, a country’s economy cannot upgrade itself without the efficiency of fiscal policies. The scope of this article is to analyze the relationship between fiscal discipline and economic development in Albania. The objectives of this research are to review the literature on tax amnesty program and describe the factors related to tax amnesty, such as: implementations, costs and benefits, participation and the effects of the program and lessons learned from countries around the world to show the connection that exists between tax amnesty and economic development in Albania. For all possible standards in the country, it is very important that the state budget is reimbursed in a timely manner. Undoubtedly, the question that arises on behalf of this paper is whether the tax amnesty would serve as an aid for the reimbursement of the state budget.
{"title":"Tax Amnesty – The choice between fiscal discipline and economic development. The case of Albania","authors":"Xhemalie Kamani, Elona Shehu, Hysen Muceku","doi":"10.58944/jhqk2823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58944/jhqk2823","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, the various problems in the economy are directly affecting the economic development of the countries considering tax abuse as a serious issue in the economy, in overall. The conflict arising in nowadays society seems to be between the demand to increase welfare and consequently the refusal to face tax obligations. Hence, a country’s economy cannot upgrade itself without the efficiency of fiscal policies. The scope of this article is to analyze the relationship between fiscal discipline and economic development in Albania. The objectives of this research are to review the literature on tax amnesty program and describe the factors related to tax amnesty, such as: implementations, costs and benefits, participation and the effects of the program and lessons learned from countries around the world to show the connection that exists between tax amnesty and economic development in Albania. For all possible standards in the country, it is very important that the state budget is reimbursed in a timely manner. Undoubtedly, the question that arises on behalf of this paper is whether the tax amnesty would serve as an aid for the reimbursement of the state budget.","PeriodicalId":44272,"journal":{"name":"Terra Economicus","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79394453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper analyzes the relationship between institutions, foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth in the Western Balkans region. We use a difference-indifference method to evaluate the impact of institutions on attracting FDI and promoting economic growth and we find evidence, which support that quality of institutions is an important policy variable. The research shows that institutions play a key role in determining economic growth and attracting foreign investment. This highlights the importance of creating and maintaining inclusive institutions that promote the rule of law, control of corruption, and regulatory quality, which can lead to increased economic development and investment.
{"title":"Quality of institutions, foreign direct investments and economic growth: empirical evidence from Balkan economies","authors":"Kevin Topi, S. Xhepa","doi":"10.58944/suvu3944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58944/suvu3944","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the relationship between institutions, foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth in the Western Balkans region. We use a difference-indifference method to evaluate the impact of institutions on attracting FDI and promoting economic growth and we find evidence, which support that quality of institutions is an important policy variable. The research shows that institutions play a key role in determining economic growth and attracting foreign investment. This highlights the importance of creating and maintaining inclusive institutions that promote the rule of law, control of corruption, and regulatory quality, which can lead to increased economic development and investment.","PeriodicalId":44272,"journal":{"name":"Terra Economicus","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90766325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Organizations and institutions are in continuous change. What remains unchanged is their need for new and continuous participation in international and national projects, as an incentive to adapt to innovations and to develop cooperation. In order to realize all the set objectives and fulfil initial goals, it goes without saying that a project should be based on a framework of criterions, considered as crucial for a successful implementation and realization of projects. The paper addresses such framework, criteria and the related issues with a special focus on HEIs in Albania. Through the review of a rich literature, we have worked on the definition of a project, the development phases, as well as some projects undertaken by HEIs. The methodology used consists in utilizing the semi-structured interviews, and the survey analysis will be done in the QDA Miner Lite program, thus drawing final conclusions, thereon. The study shows that, generally HEIs in Albania have taken solid steps towards developing sustainable and successful projects, being aware of the necessary criteria that drive success and the monitoring of projects during all project’s stages.
{"title":"Projects’ success and respective factors that produce it – The case of Higher Education Institutions in Albania","authors":"Jola Osmënaj","doi":"10.58944/fjjy1989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58944/fjjy1989","url":null,"abstract":"Organizations and institutions are in continuous change. What remains unchanged is their need for new and continuous participation in international and national projects, as an incentive to adapt to innovations and to develop cooperation. In order to realize all the set objectives and fulfil initial goals, it goes without saying that a project should be based on a framework of criterions, considered as crucial for a successful implementation and realization of projects. The paper addresses such framework, criteria and the related issues with a special focus on HEIs in Albania. Through the review of a rich literature, we have worked on the definition of a project, the development phases, as well as some projects undertaken by HEIs. The methodology used consists in utilizing the semi-structured interviews, and the survey analysis will be done in the QDA Miner Lite program, thus drawing final conclusions, thereon. The study shows that, generally HEIs in Albania have taken solid steps towards developing sustainable and successful projects, being aware of the necessary criteria that drive success and the monitoring of projects during all project’s stages.","PeriodicalId":44272,"journal":{"name":"Terra Economicus","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80282412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Albanian Government intends to undertake a comprehensive tax and criminal amnesty, which is totally different from the two previous ones, which were not only partial and not truly tax amnesties but lacked the criminal component. This paper tries to shed light on key economic, financial and legal inconsistencies and pitfalls such draft law contains in the proposed form. Notwithstanding its good intentions, going down to practical and legal grounds, the amnesty that is being proposed constitutes in itself a very complex and difficult decision, for the very twilight landscape it depicts. Also, as the legal analysis shows, the proposed fiscal and criminal amnesty creates open conflicts with other organic laws (Criminal Code and Civil Code) and the respective legal framework that regulates the aspects of prevention and money laundering and the financing of terrorism. Furthermore, using a comparative analysis with the Italian fiscal and penal amnesty, it results that in case of the Albanian draft law on the (fiscal & criminal) amnesty, the inconsistency between the entities to which the voluntary declaration can be applied, the general exemption from criminal liability in case of declaration of assets, regardless of the source of their creation, leaves clear space for abuse and leaves a path for this procedure to return to fertile territory for money laundering. We conclude that, despite the fact that undertaking of a fiscal and criminal amnesty should not be considered a taboo in itself, a successful fiscal and criminal amnesty should be based on an in-depth analysis of the market’s needs, it must avoid conflicts with the existing legal framework in Albania, and respect the constitutional principles and the concepts of guaranteeing the rule of law and the fight for the prevention of crime and forms of laundering the products of criminal activity.
{"title":"The new tax and investigation (criminal) amnesty in Albania – Some legal and economic considerations in comparison with the Italian case","authors":"Elvin S. Meka, Enida Bozheku","doi":"10.58944/bpnn7768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58944/bpnn7768","url":null,"abstract":"The Albanian Government intends to undertake a comprehensive tax and criminal amnesty, which is totally different from the two previous ones, which were not only partial and not truly tax amnesties but lacked the criminal component. This paper tries to shed light on key economic, financial and legal inconsistencies and pitfalls such draft law contains in the proposed form. Notwithstanding its good intentions, going down to practical and legal grounds, the amnesty that is being proposed constitutes in itself a very complex and difficult decision, for the very twilight landscape it depicts. Also, as the legal analysis shows, the proposed fiscal and criminal amnesty creates open conflicts with other organic laws (Criminal Code and Civil Code) and the respective legal framework that regulates the aspects of prevention and money laundering and the financing of terrorism. Furthermore, using a comparative analysis with the Italian fiscal and penal amnesty, it results that in case of the Albanian draft law on the (fiscal & criminal) amnesty, the inconsistency between the entities to which the voluntary declaration can be applied, the general exemption from criminal liability in case of declaration of assets, regardless of the source of their creation, leaves clear space for abuse and leaves a path for this procedure to return to fertile territory for money laundering. We conclude that, despite the fact that undertaking of a fiscal and criminal amnesty should not be considered a taboo in itself, a successful fiscal and criminal amnesty should be based on an in-depth analysis of the market’s needs, it must avoid conflicts with the existing legal framework in Albania, and respect the constitutional principles and the concepts of guaranteeing the rule of law and the fight for the prevention of crime and forms of laundering the products of criminal activity.","PeriodicalId":44272,"journal":{"name":"Terra Economicus","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78238207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The consumer society of nowdays would have struggled to exist in the last century; money, which today carries no intrinsic value (legal tender), used to hold value by being linked with precious metals. The exchange rates of each country’s currency were determined by the quantity of precious metals each country possessed in tis central bank’s coffers. After the collapse of the fixed-rate system, the determinants of exchange rates have been hard to find. Given the continuous widening of the Albanian trade deficit, as well as the continuous strengthening of ALL against Euro, this study aims to investigate whether fundamental factors affect the ALL-EUR exchange rate, at all. In addition, this study examines whether this exchange rate has been influenced by the Bank of Albania’s interventions in the (domestic) foreign exchange market. The study is based on a quantitative analysis, with secondary data obtained from INSTAT and the Bank of Albania. The data are quarterly and have been collected for a period of 14 and a half years, from the first quarter of 2008 to the second quarter of 2022. The graphical analysis and regression results showed that fundamental factors significantly affect the ALL-EUR exchange rate and that the interventions by the Bank of Albania, in the foreign exchange market, have not had a statistically significant impact on the (domestic) exchange rate.
{"title":"“Fear” of the free exchange rate - The case of Albania","authors":"Krista Kozmai","doi":"10.58944/yzxz4050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58944/yzxz4050","url":null,"abstract":"The consumer society of nowdays would have struggled to exist in the last century; money, which today carries no intrinsic value (legal tender), used to hold value by being linked with precious metals. The exchange rates of each country’s currency were determined by the quantity of precious metals each country possessed in tis central bank’s coffers. After the collapse of the fixed-rate system, the determinants of exchange rates have been hard to find. Given the continuous widening of the Albanian trade deficit, as well as the continuous strengthening of ALL against Euro, this study aims to investigate whether fundamental factors affect the ALL-EUR exchange rate, at all. In addition, this study examines whether this exchange rate has been influenced by the Bank of Albania’s interventions in the (domestic) foreign exchange market. The study is based on a quantitative analysis, with secondary data obtained from INSTAT and the Bank of Albania. The data are quarterly and have been collected for a period of 14 and a half years, from the first quarter of 2008 to the second quarter of 2022. The graphical analysis and regression results showed that fundamental factors significantly affect the ALL-EUR exchange rate and that the interventions by the Bank of Albania, in the foreign exchange market, have not had a statistically significant impact on the (domestic) exchange rate.","PeriodicalId":44272,"journal":{"name":"Terra Economicus","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81793298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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