Bandura (1977) has proposed self-efficacy as a common cognitive mechanism accounting for the effects of various psychological processes on performance. Although recent studies have provided preliminary evidence for the relationship between self-efficacy and subsequent performance on competitive motor tasks, little has been done to examine the relationship between self-efficacy and the cognitive appraisal of competitive sport information. The purpose of this study was to determine if a relationship exists between personal self-efficacy and the causal explanations given for performance in a competitive sport setting. Subjects were manipulated into high and low efficacy groups, engaged in a competitive motor task against an opponent, and then gave causal attributions for outcome. Multivariate analyses did not reveal any significant differences between high and low efficacy groups' causal explanations for outcome. However, winners made more stable and controllable attributions than did losers. The results are...
{"title":"Efficacy Expectations and Perceptions of Causality in Motor Performance","authors":"Terry E. Duncan, E. McAuley","doi":"10.1123/JSP.9.4.385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/JSP.9.4.385","url":null,"abstract":"Bandura (1977) has proposed self-efficacy as a common cognitive mechanism accounting for the effects of various psychological processes on performance. Although recent studies have provided preliminary evidence for the relationship between self-efficacy and subsequent performance on competitive motor tasks, little has been done to examine the relationship between self-efficacy and the cognitive appraisal of competitive sport information. The purpose of this study was to determine if a relationship exists between personal self-efficacy and the causal explanations given for performance in a competitive sport setting. Subjects were manipulated into high and low efficacy groups, engaged in a competitive motor task against an opponent, and then gave causal attributions for outcome. Multivariate analyses did not reveal any significant differences between high and low efficacy groups' causal explanations for outcome. However, winners made more stable and controllable attributions than did losers. The results are...","PeriodicalId":442839,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Sport Psychology","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131895776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Regular, vigorous physical activity (aerobic exercise) appears to have significant benefits in preventing disease, but exercise levels continue to be low in spite of the wide availability of intensive fitness programs. Self-instructional behavior-change packages can reach more people than face-to-face methods, and can address a range of problem behaviors. This study investigated the effectiveness of a self-instructional training program for aerobic exercise. Participants were allocated randomly to an exercise correspondence course involving several mailings of information (n=53), or to exactly the same program mailed in a single package (n=52). People who initially showed interest in the course but withdrew before it began (n=33), and participants in standard fitness classes (n=31), were used as comparison groups. All courses were 12-week aerobic programs of gradually increasing intensity. At the end of the program, participants in the single-package course were significantly more active than those in the...
{"title":"Exercise by mail: A mediated behavior change program for aerobic exercise","authors":"N. Owen, L. Naccarella, Christina Lee, K. Haag","doi":"10.1123/JSP.9.4.346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/JSP.9.4.346","url":null,"abstract":"Regular, vigorous physical activity (aerobic exercise) appears to have significant benefits in preventing disease, but exercise levels continue to be low in spite of the wide availability of intensive fitness programs. Self-instructional behavior-change packages can reach more people than face-to-face methods, and can address a range of problem behaviors. This study investigated the effectiveness of a self-instructional training program for aerobic exercise. Participants were allocated randomly to an exercise correspondence course involving several mailings of information (n=53), or to exactly the same program mailed in a single package (n=52). People who initially showed interest in the course but withdrew before it began (n=33), and participants in standard fitness classes (n=31), were used as comparison groups. All courses were 12-week aerobic programs of gradually increasing intensity. At the end of the program, participants in the single-package course were significantly more active than those in the...","PeriodicalId":442839,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Sport Psychology","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128635906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Compared the temporal and spatial characteristics of the anticipatory cues used by 20 expert and 35 novice racquet sport players and examined the roles of different anticipatory cue sources in the independent predictions of stroke speed and direction. Based on analyses of films of Ss, it is concluded that directional judgments were more dependent on cue specificity than were depth judgments.
{"title":"Expert-novice differences in an applied selective attention task.","authors":"B. Abernethy, D. Russell","doi":"10.1123/JSP.9.4.326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/JSP.9.4.326","url":null,"abstract":"Compared the temporal and spatial characteristics of the anticipatory cues used by 20 expert and 35 novice racquet sport players and examined the roles of different anticipatory cue sources in the independent predictions of stroke speed and direction. Based on analyses of films of Ss, it is concluded that directional judgments were more dependent on cue specificity than were depth judgments.","PeriodicalId":442839,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Sport Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131078626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study tested the relationship between perceived role characteristics and role satisfaction among sport executives. It also investigated the relative importance of role characteristics and individual variables in the prediction of role satisfaction. Measures of perceived role characteristics and role satisfaction were obtained through content analysis of interviews with 60 executives involved in Quebec amateur sport federations. Demographic data were gathered by questionnaire. Results indicated positive correlations between perceived role characteristics and role satisfaction. As demonstrated by multiple regression analysis, the selected individual characteristics (age and marital status) were not predictive of role satisfaction. Use of competence, autonomy, role significance, and recognition were found to be the four major determinants of role satisfaction within the voluntary sport associations.
{"title":"Perceived Role Characteristics and Executive Satisfaction in Voluntary Sport Associations","authors":"G. Rail","doi":"10.1123/JSP.9.4.376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/JSP.9.4.376","url":null,"abstract":"This study tested the relationship between perceived role characteristics and role satisfaction among sport executives. It also investigated the relative importance of role characteristics and individual variables in the prediction of role satisfaction. Measures of perceived role characteristics and role satisfaction were obtained through content analysis of interviews with 60 executives involved in Quebec amateur sport federations. Demographic data were gathered by questionnaire. Results indicated positive correlations between perceived role characteristics and role satisfaction. As demonstrated by multiple regression analysis, the selected individual characteristics (age and marital status) were not predictive of role satisfaction. Use of competence, autonomy, role significance, and recognition were found to be the four major determinants of role satisfaction within the voluntary sport associations.","PeriodicalId":442839,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Sport Psychology","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124857559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Skilled Perception in Volleyball Defense","authors":"P. Borgeaud, B. Abernethy","doi":"10.1123/JSP.9.4.400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/JSP.9.4.400","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":442839,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Sport Psychology","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127551717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adherence for up to 6 months to an exercise regimen is only about 50% among the general population (e.g., Haynes, 1979), suggesting that there are important individual differences among people embarking on a training program. One such difference is level of self-motivation as measured by the Self-Motivation Inventory (SMI; Dishman & Ickes, 1981). Self-motivation is defined as the tendency to engage in a behavior regardless of extrinsic reinforcement (Dishman & Ickes, 1981). Dishman and Ickes demonstrated that those with high scores on the SMI, and presumably with strong self-motivation, are more likely to adhere to an exercise program. Though there are mixed findings with the SMI (e.g., Ward & Morgan, 1984), others have reported that subjects often give poor motivation as a reason for dropping out of an exercise program (e.g., Oldridge, Wicks, Hanley, Sutton, & Jones, 1978). Since self-motivation is a potential predictor of exercise adherence that may be amenable to training, it is important to understand the correlates of this measure in order to establish its divergent and convergent validity and to direct the focus of any attempt to increase self-motivation and exercise adherence. Dishman (1982) suggests that self-reinforcement skills partly constitute the characteristics of self-motivation. One component of the self-reinforcement process (e.g., Fuchs & Rehms, 1977) is that of accurately evaluating one's own behavior. In the exercise setting, this may include accurately attributing the benefits of exercise to the exercise process. Several studies have shown that belief in the effects of exercise is related to adherence (e.g., Dishman & Gettrnan, 1980) and that an improvement in self-reinforcement skills improves exercise adherence (e.g . , Keefe & Blumenthal, 1980). Although the effects of health locus of control beliefs (i.e., taking responsibility for maintaining one's health) upon adherence has mixed support (e.g., Haynes, 1979), it follows that if individuals attribute health to factors beyond their control, then it is unlikely they would attempt to control such factors. Self-control training has also been found to reduce anxiety (Meichenbaurn, 1977) and depression (Fuchs & Rehm, 1977). Therefore the construct of
{"title":"Cross-Validation of the Self-Motivation Inventory","authors":"E. Heiby, Robin A. Sato","doi":"10.1123/JSP.9.4.394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/JSP.9.4.394","url":null,"abstract":"Adherence for up to 6 months to an exercise regimen is only about 50% among the general population (e.g., Haynes, 1979), suggesting that there are important individual differences among people embarking on a training program. One such difference is level of self-motivation as measured by the Self-Motivation Inventory (SMI; Dishman & Ickes, 1981). Self-motivation is defined as the tendency to engage in a behavior regardless of extrinsic reinforcement (Dishman & Ickes, 1981). Dishman and Ickes demonstrated that those with high scores on the SMI, and presumably with strong self-motivation, are more likely to adhere to an exercise program. Though there are mixed findings with the SMI (e.g., Ward & Morgan, 1984), others have reported that subjects often give poor motivation as a reason for dropping out of an exercise program (e.g., Oldridge, Wicks, Hanley, Sutton, & Jones, 1978). Since self-motivation is a potential predictor of exercise adherence that may be amenable to training, it is important to understand the correlates of this measure in order to establish its divergent and convergent validity and to direct the focus of any attempt to increase self-motivation and exercise adherence. Dishman (1982) suggests that self-reinforcement skills partly constitute the characteristics of self-motivation. One component of the self-reinforcement process (e.g., Fuchs & Rehms, 1977) is that of accurately evaluating one's own behavior. In the exercise setting, this may include accurately attributing the benefits of exercise to the exercise process. Several studies have shown that belief in the effects of exercise is related to adherence (e.g., Dishman & Gettrnan, 1980) and that an improvement in self-reinforcement skills improves exercise adherence (e.g . , Keefe & Blumenthal, 1980). Although the effects of health locus of control beliefs (i.e., taking responsibility for maintaining one's health) upon adherence has mixed support (e.g., Haynes, 1979), it follows that if individuals attribute health to factors beyond their control, then it is unlikely they would attempt to control such factors. Self-control training has also been found to reduce anxiety (Meichenbaurn, 1977) and depression (Fuchs & Rehm, 1977). Therefore the construct of","PeriodicalId":442839,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Sport Psychology","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122745580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (TAIS) was developed as an objective measure by which an individual's attentional predisposition could be identified and used to predict performance on a variety of tasks. The present study had three purposes: (a) to construct a baseball/softball batting (B-TAIS) version of each TAIS attentional subscale, (b) to compare TAIS and B-TAIS reliability, and (c) to compare TAIS and B-TAIS validity. Both instruments were administered to 29 intercollegiate baseball and softball players. The B-TAIS demonstrated slightly higher test-restest reliability on five of the six attentional subscales and was higher than the TAIS in internal consistency on all subscales. Batting performance was positively related to all B-TAIS subscales assessing effective attentional deployment and negatively related to all subscales assessing ineffective attention. Significant positive correlations also existed between B-TAIS ineffective subscale scores and competitive trait anxiety. However...
{"title":"Generality and Specificity of Attention Belated to Competitive Anxiety and Sport Performance","authors":"R. Albrecht, D. Feltz","doi":"10.1123/JSP.9.3.231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/JSP.9.3.231","url":null,"abstract":"The Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (TAIS) was developed as an objective measure by which an individual's attentional predisposition could be identified and used to predict performance on a variety of tasks. The present study had three purposes: (a) to construct a baseball/softball batting (B-TAIS) version of each TAIS attentional subscale, (b) to compare TAIS and B-TAIS reliability, and (c) to compare TAIS and B-TAIS validity. Both instruments were administered to 29 intercollegiate baseball and softball players. The B-TAIS demonstrated slightly higher test-restest reliability on five of the six attentional subscales and was higher than the TAIS in internal consistency on all subscales. Batting performance was positively related to all B-TAIS subscales assessing effective attentional deployment and negatively related to all subscales assessing ineffective attention. Significant positive correlations also existed between B-TAIS ineffective subscale scores and competitive trait anxiety. However...","PeriodicalId":442839,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Sport Psychology","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127882688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Two experiments investigated the role of motor performance, and the role of music in the retention and recall of ballet sequences by young expert dancers. Experiment 1 examined 11-year-old expert (N=8) and novice (N=8) dancers, to determine the influence of motor performance in the recall of ballet steps. Subjects were presented with two conditions, either structured choreographed or unstructured sequences. All sequences consisted of eight steps or elements. Subjects recalled both types of sequences motorically by simply performing the steps. Verbal recall was also assessed for structured sequences. Results from analyses of variance indicated main effects of skill, recall condition, and serial position across elements. Experts recalled more than novices, structured sequences were recalled better than nonstructured, and the last sequence element was recalled less. An interaction of Skill X Recall Condition x Serial Position revealed that although experts and novices performed the same on unstructured trial...
{"title":"Motor Versus Verbal Recall of Ballet Sequences by Young Expert Dancers","authors":"J. Starkes, J. Deakin, S. Lindley, F. Crisp","doi":"10.1123/JSP.9.3.222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/JSP.9.3.222","url":null,"abstract":"Two experiments investigated the role of motor performance, and the role of music in the retention and recall of ballet sequences by young expert dancers. Experiment 1 examined 11-year-old expert (N=8) and novice (N=8) dancers, to determine the influence of motor performance in the recall of ballet steps. Subjects were presented with two conditions, either structured choreographed or unstructured sequences. All sequences consisted of eight steps or elements. Subjects recalled both types of sequences motorically by simply performing the steps. Verbal recall was also assessed for structured sequences. Results from analyses of variance indicated main effects of skill, recall condition, and serial position across elements. Experts recalled more than novices, structured sequences were recalled better than nonstructured, and the last sequence element was recalled less. An interaction of Skill X Recall Condition x Serial Position revealed that although experts and novices performed the same on unstructured trial...","PeriodicalId":442839,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Sport Psychology","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130581774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Theory and research from the developmental psychology literature Indicate there is a developmental progression in the particular criteria or informational sources children use to evaluate their performance competencies. The present study was designed to test the possibility that certain psychological characteristics (i.e., perceived competence and perceived performance control) may also affect children's preference for the various sources of competence information that are available in the sport environment. Three psychological questionnaires were administered to 229 young soccer athletes to assess the variables of Interest. Multivariate regression and canonical correlation analyses revealed support for the predicted relationships. Children with external perceptions of performance control exhibited a greater preference for external information, while children with high perceived competence and an internal perception of control exhibited greater reliance on self-determined standards of performance and comp...
{"title":"Psychological Characteristics and the Criteria Children Use for Self-Evaluation","authors":"T. Horn, C. A. Hasbrook","doi":"10.1123/JSP.9.3.208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/JSP.9.3.208","url":null,"abstract":"Theory and research from the developmental psychology literature Indicate there is a developmental progression in the particular criteria or informational sources children use to evaluate their performance competencies. The present study was designed to test the possibility that certain psychological characteristics (i.e., perceived competence and perceived performance control) may also affect children's preference for the various sources of competence information that are available in the sport environment. Three psychological questionnaires were administered to 229 young soccer athletes to assess the variables of Interest. Multivariate regression and canonical correlation analyses revealed support for the predicted relationships. Children with external perceptions of performance control exhibited a greater preference for external information, while children with high perceived competence and an internal perception of control exhibited greater reliance on self-determined standards of performance and comp...","PeriodicalId":442839,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Sport Psychology","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124720739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This experiment extended previous findings on whether model characteristics affect attentional subprocesses and mediate performance changes in an observational learning setting. College women (N = 75) were randomly assigned to groups in a 2 x 2 (Cueing by Model Similarity) factorial design or to a no-model control group. To assess attentional differences, subjects were cued either prior to or subsequent to a demonstration as to model characteristics, and model similarity was manipulated by having subjects view a similar or dissimilar model. All subjects saw the same videotaped demonstration, only their perceptions of model characteristics were manipulated. Subjects performed 20 performance trials in Phase 1 with outcome knowledge of results (KR) and, after a 1-rnin rest period, were given 10 more performance trials without KR in Phase 2. The results from Phase 1 indicated that subjects performed better after watching a model they perceived to be similar than after one they perceived as dissimilar. Phase 2...
{"title":"Model Similarity Effects on Motor Performance","authors":"P. McCullagh","doi":"10.1123/JSP.9.3.249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/JSP.9.3.249","url":null,"abstract":"This experiment extended previous findings on whether model characteristics affect attentional subprocesses and mediate performance changes in an observational learning setting. College women (N = 75) were randomly assigned to groups in a 2 x 2 (Cueing by Model Similarity) factorial design or to a no-model control group. To assess attentional differences, subjects were cued either prior to or subsequent to a demonstration as to model characteristics, and model similarity was manipulated by having subjects view a similar or dissimilar model. All subjects saw the same videotaped demonstration, only their perceptions of model characteristics were manipulated. Subjects performed 20 performance trials in Phase 1 with outcome knowledge of results (KR) and, after a 1-rnin rest period, were given 10 more performance trials without KR in Phase 2. The results from Phase 1 indicated that subjects performed better after watching a model they perceived to be similar than after one they perceived as dissimilar. Phase 2...","PeriodicalId":442839,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Sport Psychology","volume":"138 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114373440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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