Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.1017/S0956793320000217
J. Mullin, Zenia Kotval
Abstract This article is an analysis of the influence of blacksmiths, and saw and grain millers on the development of Puritan communities in the Massachusetts Bay Colony between 1630 and 1660. During this period these artisans played a significant role in defining the physical form of the rural Puritan town and its economic development, without intent and in a social and cultural climate where they were often disliked and distrusted. This article focuses on the impacts of these manufacturers on the formation and physical character of Puritan communities in New England.
{"title":"Manufacturing in Puritan rural towns in New England 1630–60: ‘A Miller Never Goes to Heaven’","authors":"J. Mullin, Zenia Kotval","doi":"10.1017/S0956793320000217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956793320000217","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article is an analysis of the influence of blacksmiths, and saw and grain millers on the development of Puritan communities in the Massachusetts Bay Colony between 1630 and 1660. During this period these artisans played a significant role in defining the physical form of the rural Puritan town and its economic development, without intent and in a social and cultural climate where they were often disliked and distrusted. This article focuses on the impacts of these manufacturers on the formation and physical character of Puritan communities in New England.","PeriodicalId":44300,"journal":{"name":"Rural History-Economy Society Culture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0956793320000217","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41761340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.1017/S095679332100011X
Juri Auderset
Abstract After the First World War, agricultural work became a subject of intense interdisciplinary scientific inquiry. The shortage of agricultural labour, the nutritional and agricultural crises and the increasing significance of the movement for the rationalisation of work contributed to the creation of new scientific institutions that focused on the study and improvement of agricultural work. This contribution sketches the emergence and development of the science of agricultural work in Europe from the 1920s to the 1960s and explores the intellectual controversies sparked by the attempts to shape farm work along the model of industrial manufacturing. The frictions and tensions between industrial ideals and agricultural idiosyncrasies not only led to a new scientific treatment of agricultural work, but also created a field of contestation between different conceptual approaches to perceiving, analysing and transforming agricultural work in the age of industrial capitalism.
{"title":"Manufacturing agricultural working knowledge: the scientific study of agricultural work in industrial Europe, 1920s–60s","authors":"Juri Auderset","doi":"10.1017/S095679332100011X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S095679332100011X","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract After the First World War, agricultural work became a subject of intense interdisciplinary scientific inquiry. The shortage of agricultural labour, the nutritional and agricultural crises and the increasing significance of the movement for the rationalisation of work contributed to the creation of new scientific institutions that focused on the study and improvement of agricultural work. This contribution sketches the emergence and development of the science of agricultural work in Europe from the 1920s to the 1960s and explores the intellectual controversies sparked by the attempts to shape farm work along the model of industrial manufacturing. The frictions and tensions between industrial ideals and agricultural idiosyncrasies not only led to a new scientific treatment of agricultural work, but also created a field of contestation between different conceptual approaches to perceiving, analysing and transforming agricultural work in the age of industrial capitalism.","PeriodicalId":44300,"journal":{"name":"Rural History-Economy Society Culture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S095679332100011X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45592306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.1017/S0956793320000205
K. Snell
Abstract Ronald Blythe is often seen as Britain’s finest living rural writer. He has published over thirty books, some of them, like Akenfield and The View in Winter, widely acknowledged as classics, inspiring a film and follow-up books by others. His literary output has been extraordinary: novels, short stories, poetry, rural documentary writing, oral history, ‘parish’ writing, religious books, his own autobiographical work (among a remarkable milieu of creative people), and historical studies ranging from the seventeenth to the twentieth centuries. He has also edited a great range of authors and types of writing. Ronald Blythe is especially an East Anglian author, writing about that English region, in whose work the local and the religious are often to the fore. As this famous author approaches one hundred years of age, this article is a forthright academic appreciation of his work, a discussion of its themes and impressive variety, and an analysis of the meanings and importance of his writing to modern readerships.
{"title":"Ronald Blythe: ‘Just a voice for his time’","authors":"K. Snell","doi":"10.1017/S0956793320000205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956793320000205","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Ronald Blythe is often seen as Britain’s finest living rural writer. He has published over thirty books, some of them, like Akenfield and The View in Winter, widely acknowledged as classics, inspiring a film and follow-up books by others. His literary output has been extraordinary: novels, short stories, poetry, rural documentary writing, oral history, ‘parish’ writing, religious books, his own autobiographical work (among a remarkable milieu of creative people), and historical studies ranging from the seventeenth to the twentieth centuries. He has also edited a great range of authors and types of writing. Ronald Blythe is especially an East Anglian author, writing about that English region, in whose work the local and the religious are often to the fore. As this famous author approaches one hundred years of age, this article is a forthright academic appreciation of his work, a discussion of its themes and impressive variety, and an analysis of the meanings and importance of his writing to modern readerships.","PeriodicalId":44300,"journal":{"name":"Rural History-Economy Society Culture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0956793320000205","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46752161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.1017/S0956793320000151
I. Marin
Alex Toshkov’s book is an impressive tour de force in the national archives of four Eastern European countries and the Russian State Archives in an attempt to place agrarianism at the heart of political history in Central and Eastern Europe in the interwar period. The aim of the book is that of taking the agrarian project seriously as the road not taken and exploring the agrarians’ bid to elaborate ‘a more ethical modernity, a third way between capitalism and communism’ (p. 7). The author concentrates on the socio-political factors that ‘allowed peasant parties to stake out a space for themselves’ (p. 8) in national politics and internationally. The book follows a thematic rather than chronological structure and relies on a composite theoretical framework bringing together insights from nationalism, subaltern, corruption and transnational studies. The focus of analysis is placed on Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia while the choice of agrarian movements aims to showcase different faces of modernity: radical agrarianism in Bulgaria, national agrarianism in Yugoslavia and parliamentary agrarianism in Czechoslovakia. The first chapter focuses on the impact of the war and consequent political radicalisation in Bulgaria as a defeated country. Chapter Two pieces together the fate of the International Agrarian Bureau starting from a fragmentary archive and trying to sidestep communist mystification. The third chapter explores a double-case study, Bulgarian and Croatian nationalism and its relationship to the respective agrarian movements, and draws on insights from subordinate studies. Chapter Four highlights vital characteristics of agrarianism as both context specific but also following three guiding principles: parliamentarism, land reform and the cooperative movement. The fifth chapter provides an analysis of the delegitimation campaigns against Bulgarian and Croatian agrarians and uses theories of corruption as an explanatory framework. The conclusion shows how the Second World War changed societies dramatically; both the political elites and the masses they claimed to represent, and thus rendered agrarian politics irrelevant before the actual onslaught of communism. Toshkov’s method of zooming in and out, alternating between case study and broad synoptic analysis, is well suited to the concept of the book and helps overcome national parochialism. As the author himself puts it, the book is a stimulating ‘experiment in how national historiographies can be stitched together to provide a whole that is greater than the individual parts’ (p. 9). The important achievements of this monograph are thus several: revaluating interwar agrarianism from a fresh perspective untainted by the negative teleology of the movements’ wartime decline; basing this revaluation on a wealth of new primary sources; and placing the analysis in a broader European context, rather than remaining anchored in narrow national contexts. Given that well
{"title":"Agrarianism as Modernity in 20th-Century Europe: The Golden Age of the Peasantry Alex Toshkov, Bloomsbury Academic, London, New York, Oxford, 2019, 256 pp., 9781350090576","authors":"I. Marin","doi":"10.1017/S0956793320000151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956793320000151","url":null,"abstract":"Alex Toshkov’s book is an impressive tour de force in the national archives of four Eastern European countries and the Russian State Archives in an attempt to place agrarianism at the heart of political history in Central and Eastern Europe in the interwar period. The aim of the book is that of taking the agrarian project seriously as the road not taken and exploring the agrarians’ bid to elaborate ‘a more ethical modernity, a third way between capitalism and communism’ (p. 7). The author concentrates on the socio-political factors that ‘allowed peasant parties to stake out a space for themselves’ (p. 8) in national politics and internationally. The book follows a thematic rather than chronological structure and relies on a composite theoretical framework bringing together insights from nationalism, subaltern, corruption and transnational studies. The focus of analysis is placed on Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia while the choice of agrarian movements aims to showcase different faces of modernity: radical agrarianism in Bulgaria, national agrarianism in Yugoslavia and parliamentary agrarianism in Czechoslovakia. The first chapter focuses on the impact of the war and consequent political radicalisation in Bulgaria as a defeated country. Chapter Two pieces together the fate of the International Agrarian Bureau starting from a fragmentary archive and trying to sidestep communist mystification. The third chapter explores a double-case study, Bulgarian and Croatian nationalism and its relationship to the respective agrarian movements, and draws on insights from subordinate studies. Chapter Four highlights vital characteristics of agrarianism as both context specific but also following three guiding principles: parliamentarism, land reform and the cooperative movement. The fifth chapter provides an analysis of the delegitimation campaigns against Bulgarian and Croatian agrarians and uses theories of corruption as an explanatory framework. The conclusion shows how the Second World War changed societies dramatically; both the political elites and the masses they claimed to represent, and thus rendered agrarian politics irrelevant before the actual onslaught of communism. Toshkov’s method of zooming in and out, alternating between case study and broad synoptic analysis, is well suited to the concept of the book and helps overcome national parochialism. As the author himself puts it, the book is a stimulating ‘experiment in how national historiographies can be stitched together to provide a whole that is greater than the individual parts’ (p. 9). The important achievements of this monograph are thus several: revaluating interwar agrarianism from a fresh perspective untainted by the negative teleology of the movements’ wartime decline; basing this revaluation on a wealth of new primary sources; and placing the analysis in a broader European context, rather than remaining anchored in narrow national contexts. Given that well","PeriodicalId":44300,"journal":{"name":"Rural History-Economy Society Culture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0956793320000151","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56918754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.1017/S0956793320000114
Colin Shepherd
Abstract It can be argued, based upon a limited range of surviving evidence, that the land-locked centre of Buchan formed a distinctive upland zone functioning alongside and interwoven with the surrounding lower lands during the thirteenth century. The area can be characterised as less densely settled and engaged in extensive pastoral farming regimes that contrasted with contemporary arable farming of a more intensive nature on the lower-lying lands. Subsequent demographic and agricultural changes have rendered that former environment invisible and the limited documentary sources of the thirteenth century have compounded its mystery. Although a relatively remote upland area, its economy was at least as successful per capita than the rich grain lands surrounding it. Rather than representing a place of secondary importance, it may well have been instrumental in fuelling Aberdeen’s rich thirteenth-century export trade of sheep products to the Low Countries and, perhaps, shared a symbiotic relationship with the lower, arable lands.
{"title":"The Central Uplands of Buchan – a distinctive agricultural zone in the thirteenth century: fact or fiction?","authors":"Colin Shepherd","doi":"10.1017/S0956793320000114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956793320000114","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract It can be argued, based upon a limited range of surviving evidence, that the land-locked centre of Buchan formed a distinctive upland zone functioning alongside and interwoven with the surrounding lower lands during the thirteenth century. The area can be characterised as less densely settled and engaged in extensive pastoral farming regimes that contrasted with contemporary arable farming of a more intensive nature on the lower-lying lands. Subsequent demographic and agricultural changes have rendered that former environment invisible and the limited documentary sources of the thirteenth century have compounded its mystery. Although a relatively remote upland area, its economy was at least as successful per capita than the rich grain lands surrounding it. Rather than representing a place of secondary importance, it may well have been instrumental in fuelling Aberdeen’s rich thirteenth-century export trade of sheep products to the Low Countries and, perhaps, shared a symbiotic relationship with the lower, arable lands.","PeriodicalId":44300,"journal":{"name":"Rural History-Economy Society Culture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0956793320000114","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49142504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.1017/S0956793320000060
Theodor Cepraga, B. Suditu
Abstract In the second half of the nineteenth century, the Romanian provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia experienced a series of modernising reforms, some of them concerning the agrarian regime. The enforcement of the Organic Statues in the 1830s attempted to reform the political and economic life of the principalities, but it favoured the big landowners, at the expense of the peasantry. The agrarian reform enacted in 1864 put an end to serfdom and granted the right to own land to former corvée peasants. It was soon followed by the appropriation for the newlyweds, a law that offered land to newly married peasants in order to settle them in low populated rural areas. Population growth triggered a new demand for agricultural land because the big landowners still controlled approximately two thirds of the arable land. As a result, in 1881 and 1889 the state passed two laws concerning the sale of public domains to the peasantry, attempting to improve their standard of living. This article focuses on the process of rural colonisation, which took place at the end of the nineteenth century after the sale of state-owned estates to the peasants. Using data extracted from official statistics the article analyses, from a spatial point of view, the creation of a series of new settlements in low populated but fertile regions of the country. Finally, the article investigates how, at that time, this rural colonisation was perceived by peasants, politicians and rural sociologists.
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Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.1017/S0956793320000175
Matthew Bayly
Are you a parachutist or a truffle hunter? A curious question from which to start in regards this publication by the Suffolk Records Society, bringing together a collection of transcribed records of the Loes and Wilford Poor Law Incorporation from over its sixty-one-year lifespan. Shaw adopts such a metaphor from Le Roy Ladurie, the French Annales historian, to explain the scope of this work: historians can be either parachutists, observing patterns from high above; or truffle hunters, scratching ‘with their noses searching for some : : : precious fact’ (Shaw, 2019). There are clearly dangers in both, with the parachutist missing the tasty morsel and the hunter often oblivious to their wider surroundings. Shaw concludes that the historian is usually an amalgamation but offers this volume to ‘cater to the needs of the truffle hunter’ (Shaw, 2019). The local, then, is the focus here. The volume explores the experience of rural incorporations which, outside of the Webbs (1922) and Digby (1978), has largely been bypassed in discussions of Old Poor Law enabling legislation. As Shaw comments, such incorporations ‘have only obtained a passing comment : : : with most texts failing even to mention their existence’ (Shaw, 2019). Distinct from the more familiar and nationally-reaching 1723 Knatchbull’s Act and 1782 Gilbert’s Act, rural incorporations were a particularly East Anglian experience (albeit also existing in Shropshire, Hampshire and the Isle of Wight) formed between 1756 and 1806 by parliamentary act and providing indoor relief within a workhouse for incorporated parishes (Higginbotham, 2016). Shaw’s focus is on the oldest of such incorporations in Suffolk: the Loes and Wilford Poor Law Incorporation, formed in 1765 and disincorporated in late 1826. The volume begins with an introduction, setting out the local, national, legislative and historiographical context of the work, as well as including a longitudinal analysis of policy and outcomes over the course of the incorporation. The documentation-proper is split between seven quarterly minute books, beginning in July 1765 and ending in October 1826, with a further section on post-disincorporation documents. These post-1826 documents consist largely of correspondence and accounts, but also include overviews of names and settled parishes for resident paupers; inventories of the incorporation’s goods; and important, general demographic information for incorporated parishes. The content of the final section gives a good overview of the nature of the documentation in general, which outlines the detailed day-to-day running of the incorporation through such things as committee meeting notes; accounts and finance records; demographical information about both administration and paupers; inventories; legislative documentation; and incorporation policy. The minute books for the 1810s and 1820s also give particularly detailed information, organised via parish, on pauper demographics, settlement and weekly an
你是跳伞者还是松露猎人？萨福克记录协会出版的这本出版物汇集了Loes and Wilford Poor Law Incorporation 61年来的转录记录，这是一个奇怪的问题。Shaw采用了法国《年鉴》历史学家Le Roy Ladurie的这样一个比喻来解释这项工作的范围：历史学家可以是空降兵，从高处观察模式；或者松露猎人，“用鼻子抓一些：：：珍贵的事实”（Shaw，2019）。两者都有明显的危险，跳伞者错过了美味的食物，而猎人往往忽视了他们广阔的环境。Shaw得出结论，历史学家通常是一个融合体，但提供这本书是为了“满足松露猎人的需求”（Shaw，2019）。那么，当地人就是这里的焦点。本卷探讨了农村公司的经验，除了Webbs（1922）和Digby（1978）之外，在旧穷人法授权立法的讨论中，农村公司在很大程度上被忽视了。正如Shaw所评论的，这样的公司“只得到了一个短暂的评论：：大多数文本甚至没有提到它们的存在”（Shaw，2019）。与更为人熟悉的全国性的1723年《克纳奇布尔法案》和1782年《吉尔伯特法案》不同，农村公司成立是1756年至1806年间通过议会法案形成的一种特别的东安格利亚体验（尽管也存在于什罗普郡、汉普郡和怀特岛），并在济贫院内为合并教区提供室内救济（Higginbotham，2016）。肖的重点是萨福克郡最古老的此类公司：Loes and Wilford Poor Law公司，成立于1765年，1826年末解散。该卷以引言开头，阐述了工作的地方、国家、立法和历史背景，并包括对合并过程中的政策和结果的纵向分析。文件本身分为七个季度会议记录簿，从1765年7月开始，到1826年10月结束，还有一节关于解散后的文件。这些1826年后的文件主要包括信件和账目，但也包括对居住贫困者的姓名和定居教区的概述；公司货物的存货；以及为合并教区提供重要的一般人口统计信息。最后一节的内容很好地概述了文件的一般性质，通过委员会会议记录等内容概述了公司的详细日常运作；账目和财务记录；关于政府和穷人的人口统计信息；存货；立法文件；以及合并政策。1810年代和1820年代的会议记录簿还通过教区组织，提供了关于穷人人口统计、定居以及每周和季度津贴的特别详细的信息。提供了有关文件范围和性质的详细和准确信息（包括档案参考号、文件的状况和尺寸测量），编辑说明通过提供现代
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Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.1017/S0956793321000017
Peter Mandler
{"title":"The Changing Fortunes of a British Aristocratic Family, 1689–1976: The Campbells of Cawdor and Their Welsh Estates John E. Davies, Woodbridge, Boydell Press, 2019, x + 343 pp","authors":"Peter Mandler","doi":"10.1017/S0956793321000017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956793321000017","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44300,"journal":{"name":"Rural History-Economy Society Culture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0956793321000017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48218936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.1017/S0956793321000030
A. Jackson
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